PROFESSIONAL ETHICS

Prepared by:
Shrabani Acharya
PhD Scholar, National Law University Odisha,
BBA LLB (Honours), 2013-2018batch, National Law University Odisha,
Cleared Odisha Judicial Service, 2018, Rank 18,
LL. M (Criminal and Securities Law), 2020-2021 batch, KIIT School of Law, Kalinga Institute of Industrial
Technology, Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha.
Disciplining the Lawyers : Law and
Professional Ethics by G. Geetisha
 Lawyer's profession has been regarded as an honourable or noble profession
by the world for several centuries.
 It is through adherence to highest standards of professional ethics that the
stature of the Bar can be enhanced.
 Unless the lawyer observes the highest standards of professional ethics he
cannot earn the respect of the community nor do his peers in the profession
accept him as an outstanding lawyer.
 If people lose confidence in the profession on account of the deviant ways of
some of its members, it is not only the profession which will suffer but also
the administration of justice as a whole.
 When the entry into the profession is regulated, internal discipline is ensured
and the very conduct of its members is regulated by a set of rules called
professional ethics. These set of rules take care of disciplining and even
removing its members from the profession
 contd…
 Professional ethics ensure that rights of the lawyers are also to be protected.
This is because unless and until their rights are protected and certain
professional privileges are given, they cannot fairly and fearlessly discharge
their responsibilities.
 These can be achieved only through an organised Bar.
 Even though India has an organised Bar and disciplinary authorities to
regulate the profession we cannot run away from the reality that the
reputation of the Bar is today at its lowest ebb.
 There are many reasons for the same.
 The main reason is the deviant behaviour from the accepted standards of
professional ethics. But this deviant behaviour is mostly due to actual
ignorance of ethical requirements.
 Professional misbehaviour can be minimized through self-policing and legal
education.
 The Bar Associations and the Bar Councils through its disciplinary committees
have great responsibility in preserving the nobility and honour of the
profession.
Professional Ethics: Nature and
Scope
 Ethics is essentially a moral science. It is that branch of philosophy, which is
only concerned with human character and conduct.

 Ethics condemns every sort of falsehood whereas law condemns and

punishes only those which affect the functioning of the society, state and
government.

 What may be legally wrong may be ethically right and vice versa.
 Eg abortion is legally wrong but a rape victim may be allowed to abort on
ethical grounds.

 In legal profession, the two wings of administration of justice, namely, :

 the Bench and the Bar have to work according to certain norms, which are
collectively called legal ethics.
Contd…
 Legal ethics mean :

 "Usages and customs among members of the legal

profession, involving their moral and professional duties
towards one another, towards clients, and towards the courts;
that branch of moral science which treats of the duties which
a member of the legal profession owes to the public, to the
court, to his professional brethren, and to his client".
Contd…
 The rules of conduct laid down for the members of the Bar are
referred to as professional ethics of lawyers.
 So, professional ethics is that branch of moral science, which lays
down certain duties for the observance of its members, which he
owes,
• to the society;
• to the court;
• to the profession;
• to his opponent;
• to his client and to himself.
Contd…
 The four interwoven ethics or conceptions of what a lawyer
ought to do can be discovered in lawyers' ethical debates,
treatises, and judicial pronouncements. They are' :
1.The ideal of devoted service to clients in a legal system where
citizens need advice and representation to use the legal system
(the advocacy ideal).
2. The ideal of fidelity to the law and justice if the system is not
to be sabotaged by clients who will pay a lawyer to anything
(the social responsibility ideal).
3. An ideal of willingness to work for people and causes that are
usually excluded from the legal system (the justice ideal).
4.The ideal of courtesy, collegiality, and mutual self-regulation
amongst members of the profession (the ideal of collegiality)
Contd…
 In India, the rules made by the Bar Council of India under Section 49(1) (c) of the
Advocates Act, 1961 prescribe the standards of professional conduct and etiquette
of Advocates.'
 The violation of these standards of conduct will affect the prestigious image of the
profession and hence treated as professional misconduct.
 Thus Justice R.P.Sethi, in R.D. Saxena v. Balram Prasad Sharma(2000) 7 S.C.C.
264;observed that an advocate is liable to disciplinary action if he departs from the
high standards which the profession has set for itself and conducts himself in a
manner which is not fair, reasonable and according to law.
 It is necessary that every advocate on the roll of a State Bar Council should strictly
follow these standards.
 Thus an advocate has a four-fold obligation,
 the obligation to his clients to be faithful to them, the obligation to the profession
not to bring down its fair name or injure its credit by any act of his and
 an obligation to the court as a dependable arm of the missionary through which
justice is administered.
 He has also an obligation to the public at large to protect, to preserve and to save
 justice for the maintenance of a welfare society
contd...
 the Bar Council Rules are silent with respect to certain
conduct usually resorted to by the lawyers, which
affects the dignity and image of the profession.
 The Preamble of Chapter II of Part VI of the Bar Council
Rules says that non specific mentioning of any
particular conduct shall not be construed as a denial of
the existence of that etiquette.' For example, the
 Bar Council Rules are silent about the unethical
practices followed by lawyers
 like bench fixation and giving opinions through media
about pending cases.'
 These practices have not been challenged before any
court so far. But such practices need to be curtailed.
contd...
 The Supreme Court of India in In the Matter of 'G',
a Senior Advocate of the Supreme Court (A.I.R.
1954 S.C. 557.) held that the fact of there being no
specific rules governing the particular situation is
not a reason for accepting a less rigid standard.
 The absence of rules increases the responsibility of
the members of the profession attached to the
court as to how they should conduct themselves in
such situations, having regard to the very privilege
that an advocate of the Supreme Court now enjoys
as one entitled, under the law, to practice in all the
courts in India.
Importance of Professional ethics
 The importance of legal ethics lies in asking to
oneself the fundamental question as to the nature of
the conduct, giving honest answers, and living by
those answers.
 Thus here the professional body and the court in turn
have to critically analyse the values the professional
men hold and the extent to which they live by them.
 So, if on an analysis it is found that the conduct of a
lawyer does not hold the values the community
cherish and uphold, then such a conduct will attract
disciplinary action i.e., only those unethical conduct
which affects image of the profession in the society is
subjected to disciplinary proceedings.
Need for a Code of Legal Ethics
The reputation of the Bar depends more on
the integrity and sense of responsibility of its
members than on their learning and
knowledge of technical rules.
 Mere judicial control is not enough to secure

respect for professional observances by the

members of the Bar.
 Judicial supervision, to be effective,is to be

supplemented by means of extra- judicial

agencies.
contd...
 Before saying that there is a need for a code of legal ethics, one may have to
look at the 'advisability and practicability' of the adoption of such a code.
 A code of legal ethics is not only advisable, but under existing conditions, is
of very great importance for several reasons like:
 a) Legal profession is necessarily the keystone of the arch of Government. So
if this key stone is weakened by increasingly subjecting it to corroding and
demoralising influence of those who are controlled by greed, gain or other
unworthy motive, then the arch will definitely fall.
 b) Members of the Bar, like judges, are officers of the courts. So like judges,
they should hold office only during good behaviour. 'Good behaviour' should
be defined and measured by such ethical standards, however high, as are
necessary to keep the administration of justice pure and unsullied. Such
standards may be crystallised into a written code of professional ethics.
 A lawyer failing to conform thereto should not be permitted to practice and
retain membership in professional organization." But what is professional
misconduct varies from case to case.
Codification of legal ethics has many advantages. Some of them
are the following:
 The main reason for lawyer's deviant behaviour from the honourable and
accepted standard of conduct is not intentional delinquencies. It is rather as a
result of ignorance of the ethical requirement of the situation. The existence of
a code of professional ethics will furnish an authoritative statement of ideals
by which every lawyer, when in doubt, may be guided.
 Codification will tend to raise and strengthen the standard of professional
honour. Any departure from the standards prescribed by the organised Bar will
lead to a loss of professional reputation and no lawyer in the ordinary
circumstances is likely to risk it.
 Professional character cannot be built in a day. So in order to form a good
character, it is necessary that a young lawyer should have correct standards of
conduct held up before him. These rules should exist in a simple and readily
accessible form, to influence his conduct from the commencement of his
career.
 A code of this kind will be helpful to the bar councils and courts in judging and
regulating acts of the lawyer.
 Existence of a code, based on ancient traditions, for the guidance of lawyers
will be of great help in checking the growing tendency in the direction of
commercialising the vocation of the Bar
contd...
 According to P. Ramanatha Iyer, two cardinal
rules may be laid down as to professional
ethics :
 I . Nothing which politeness and right feeling

demand of a lawyer in his dealings with

others can properly be withheld by him.
 2. Nothing which is morally wrong can be

professionally right.
Need for an Enforcement Machinery — Court or
Self-Regulation ?
 The enforcement of regulatory controls for the legal
profession may be divided into many categories:
 1)Disciplinary controls (traditional selfregulation);
 2) Liability controls (negligence etc.);
 3) Institutional controls (enforced by courts and state
administrative agencies on lawyers who practice before
them); and,
 4) Legislative controls (enforced by a special independent
regulator or commission or even by the Government).
Professional Self-Regulation
 Professional status, public trust and confidence in the standards of the profession
are the essential elements of any profession.
 In the case of legal profession there is an equally essential element, which must be
added namely the element of independence. All these elements adding to the
status, mobility and respect of the profession are essential for the concept of self
regulation.
 The traditional approach to the lawyers' ethics institutionalises lawyers' autonomy.
 Firstly, the regulation of legal ethics adopts a self- regulatory model.' This may be
through Bar Associations, within law firms and lawyers' chambers or using the rules
of court.''
 Self-regulation allowed the profession to remain independent of Government so
that lawyers could defend individuals against the state whereever necessary without
bias or fear of reprisal.
 Secondly, the traditional ethical theory of lawyers' role in society is one of isolation
from the general community ethics and values. The only consideration that dilute
the duty to the client are the overriding duties to neither break the law, nor breach
the lawyers' duty to the court.
 These overriding duties have been interpreted weakly by courts and disciplinary
authorities, and have rarely been applied except when a lawyer is actively dishonest
to the profession
Disciplinary Jurisdiction
 Once a person enters into the profession, under the traditional model, he is
assumed to be competent and capable of giving legal service. The regulations then
focus its attention on the standards of character.
 He is punished for his professional or other misconducts. Thus traditional self-
regulation is disciplinary in nature and usually has no role to play in resolving
disputes with clients about competence or standards of service.
 This is despite the fact that the vast majority of complaints about lawyers concern
poor service. These complaints were not even investigated by disciplinary
authorities until recently.
 Thus in N.G.Dastane v. Shrikant S. Shivde, the High Court observed:"When the Bar
Council in its wider scope of supervision over the conduct of advocates in their
professional duties comes across any instance of such misconduct, it is the duty of
the Bar Council concerned to refer the matter to its Disciplinary Committee.
 The expression "reason to believe" is employed in Section 35 of the Act only for the
limited purpose of using it as a filter for excluding frivolous complaints against
advocates.
 If the complaint is genuine and if the complaint is not lodged with the sole purpose
of harassing an advocate or if it is not actuated by malafides, the Bar Council has a
statutory duty to forward the complaint to the Disciplinary Committee."
Difference between Law and Ethics
 Law:
 Meaning-The law refers to a systematic body of rules that governs the whole society and the
actions of its individual members.
 What is it?-Set of rules and regulations
 Governed by- Government.
 Expression-Expressed and published in writing.
 Violation-Violation of law is not permissible which may result in punishment like imprisonment
or fine or both.
 Objective-Law is created with an intent to maintain social order and peace in the society and
provide protection to all the citizens.
 Binding-Law has a legal binding.
 Ethics:
 Meaning-Ethics is a branch of moral philosophy that guides people about the basic human
conduct.
 What is it?-Set of guidelines
 Governed by-Individual, Legal and Professional norms
 Expression-They are abstract.
 Violation-There is no punishment for violation of ethics. But for violation of Professional ethics
there is certain pnalties and fines.
 Objective-Ethics are made to help people to decide what is right or wrong and how to act.
 Binding-Ethics do not have a binding nature.
Code of Ethics Examples: From
Personal to Professional
 The Legal Profession
 Lawyers, paralegals and other employees of the legal profession are bound to a general
code of ethics. A few of these governing ethics include:

 Confidentiality - Lawyers must maintain their clients' confidence at all times.

 Competence - Legal professionals must represent their clients with a high level of
competence.
 Professional Courtesy - Lawyers must treat their colleagues with fairness and courtesy.
 The Medical Profession
 The American Medical Association imposes a code of ethics on physicians. It addresses
everything from interpersonal relationships with other staff members to information on
patient care. For instance:

 Trust - Doctors must instill a sense of trust between themselves and their patients.
 Do No Harm - Doctors cannot engage in any activity that would cause harm to their
patients.
 Privacy - Doctors cannot share the details of their patients' medical treatments or
histories without permission.
contd...
 The Business World
 Corporations and business sectors have code of ethics to help workers decide if certain
behaviors are appropriate and acceptable when dealing with clients and outside agencies.
Many organizations require employees to attend yearly training on ethics and, in some cases,
to sign statements promising to adhere to all ethical guidelines laid out by the company.
 Examples of ethics in the business world include:
 Integrity - Employees should maintain honesty and clear communication in the workplace.
 Teamwork - Members of a professional organization should work together to get the job
done.
 Objectivity - Employers should not make career decisions based on whom they like best or
with whom they have personal relationships.
 Teachers and Education
 Teachers and other education professionals are role models to their students. Their code of
ethics not only protects their students against mistreatment, but it also protects their sense
of fairness itself. Some code of ethics examples in education include:

 Consideration - Teachers should put the needs of their students first.

 Growth - Educators need to pursue professional growth.
 Communication - Teachers work with parents as a support team for each student.
 Personal Codes of Ethics
 Individual codes of ethics can originate from religion, secular philosophy or rules of social
behavior derived from upbringing and experience. They are typically in line with the rest of
one's society, but one may have stricter or more relaxed personal ethics as well.
contd...
 Ethical Expectations in Society
 Society at large assumes that certain ethics, morals and values can be expected regardless of
religion, geographic location or nationality. The classic example is the Golden Rule: "Do unto
others as you would have them do unto you." Other examples of societal ethical behavior
include:

 Respect - Citizens must respect another's property, choices and lives.

 Loyalty - People put their family and friends' needs before their own.
 Honesty - Individuals tell the truth to community members and authority figures.
 Religious Codes of Ethics
 Certain codes of ethics, such as religious codes of ethics, apply only to members of select
groups. They are based on morals shared by tenets and members of that religion. Examples of
religious codes of ethics include the Ten Commandments of Judaism, the Beatitudes of
Christianity, the Five Pillars of Islam, and the Noble Eightfold Path of Buddhism.

 Some shared ethics in these religions include:

 Value of Life - Do not kill your fellow human.

 Pursue Peace - Avoid violence when possible.
 Do Not Steal - Don't take things that don't belong to you.
contd...
 Secular Codes of Ethics
 Personal codes of ethics do not require religion, however.
Immanuel Kant's categorical imperative and the Utilitarian
rule of the greatest good for the greatest number are
both ethical codes that do not require any religious basis.
Some of these ethics may include:

 Sustainable Living - Live in a way that doesn't waste

unsustainable resources.
 Care for the Vulnerable - Those who are medically or
economically disadvantaged should have priority of care.
 Benefit the Greater Good - Make sure that your decisions
help others rather than just yourself.
Hart vs Fuller Debate (Law vs
Morality vs Ethics)
 Prof HLA Hart was a legal positivist and a critical
moral philosopher. As a legal positivist, he states
that it is not necessary that laws have to
necessarily satisfy certain demands of morality.
 While acknowledging the close relationship that
exists between law and morality, he does not
believe them to be inter-dependant on each other.
 He states that the existence of law cannot be
judged by its merits or demerits. A law happens to
exist, irrespective of our likes or dislikes.
contd...
 Whether the law confirms to a set of minimum
moral standards is not a pre-requisite for
existence of a legal system.
 It is not essential that a legal system must exhibit
some conformity with morality.
 Laws simply do not cease to exist on the ground of
moral criticisms.
 Example:-Supreme Court ordered after
decriminalization of adultery any of either spouse
can have an love affair with anyone else as it is
their right to privacy but this is again creating an
immoral perspective.
contd...
 Hart does not deny that the development of
law has been profoundly influenced by
morality. Hart acknowledges that law and
morals are bound to intersect at some point.
 Therefore, it becomes necessary to distinguish
between what law is and what law ought to be.
 According to Hart, legal interpreters should
display the truthfulness or veracity about law,
by concentrating on what it says rather than
focusing on the aspect on what one wishes it to
be said
 Hart says that the essence of law consists of two different
kinds of rules, i.e. the primary and secondary rules.
 Primary rules are the duty imposing rules that have legal
sanction which imposes certain duties on the citizens.
 Secondary rules are the power-conferring rules that
prescribe the manner in which the primary rules are to be
recognized, changed and adjudicated.
 Together the primary & secondary rules form the heart of
the legal system.
 And, the principle of justice or the rule of recognition
isthe ultimate rule that binds the legal system as a
coherent whole.
contd...
 Hart acknowledges the problem that might occur due to lack
of precision in the words used in language of a statute, which
he refers to as the core of the law.
 Not all cases might exactly fall within the core of the law.
Sometimes standard instances of the words may not be
sufficient to give proper effect to the law.
 Prof Hart calls these as the problems of the penumbra. It then
becomes necessary that the meaning of the words in a statute
is decided first while applying legal rules to the facts of the
case.
 Hart believes that the problems of the penumbra can be easily
solved by way of judicial interpretation.
 In solving the problems of the penumbra, Hart talks about the
necessary intersection between law and morals.
 The criterion which at times, makes a decision sound in such
cases is when a moral judgment is made about what the law
ought to be, and in such circumstances, morals can be of an
influential factor in deciding cases in penumbra
Fuller’s point of view
 Professor Fuller defines law as a particular way of achieving
social order by guiding human behavior according to rules.
 It is the enterprise of subjecting human conduct to the
governance of rules.
 According to Fuller, our legal procedures are built out of
norms of justice, which have a moral aspect.
 The procedures which are embodied in a legal system are
morally important in determining whether a set of rules
count as a legal system.
 He believes that for a law to be called a law in true sense, it
must pass a moral functional test.
 If a rule or a set of rules fails to conform to this function, it
does not count as law. Eg-Sabrimala Case
contd...
 While explaining the concept of morality, Fuller
categorizes the term morality into two different set of
components.
 One set comprises of “morality of aspiration” and
“morality of duty”.
 Morality of aspiration connotes a desired norm of human
conduct which would seek to promote his best interest.
 Morality of duty describes the standards which are
followed by human beings at given time and place, so as
to ensure smooth functioning of the society. Eg-in
camera trial court room how a women rape victim is
going to be cross-examined, the ettiquetes to be
followed.
contd...
 The other set of moralities consist of what
Fuller calls as the “external morality of law”
and “internal morality of law”.
 Internal morality of law is concerned with the

procedure involved in making law.

 Internal morality of law can be said to be a

morality of aspiration rather a morality of duty.

 And, external morality of law denotes the

substantive rules of law which are applied in

decision making.
contd...
 Fuller rejects the positivist approach to law.
He urges the law makers to realize that there
exist other ways and means to attain
society‟s end rather than relying only to law.
 He believes that if the law makers realize this,

then they can make efficient use of law as an

instrumentality to regulate our society.
 Fuller asserts that not all mandates which

have the power to compel compliance can be

rightfully treated as law.
contd...
 Fuller prescribes eight standards, and says that for a principle to be
acceptable as law, it must be measured in terms of these standards.
 1.The principle must be expounded in a manner so that it can be generally

applied.
 2. Law must always be promulgated, i.e they must be communicated to the

people to whom they are directed.

 3. Newly formed principles of law, should always be applied in a prospective

manner.
Retrospective application of law should only be permitted on rare occasions
depending
upon exogenous circumstances.
 4. There should be clarity in law.

 5. Law should be free from contradictory mandates.

 6. Laws should not impose on individuals impossible standards of action.

 7. Abiding by previously announced norms, i.e stare decisis is desirable

according to Fuller, as the individuals are spared of the changes that they are
otherwise subjected to in case frequent alteration of laws.
 8. According to Fuller, for a law to attain its objectives, it must satisfy the

requirements of what he terms as “congruence”, which is the conformity with

the prescribed norms andthe actions of individuals.
contd...
 The Hart- Fuller debate demonstrates the opposing views of positivism
and natural law,
particularly in the context of Nazi laws.
 Gustav Radbruch, a Jew by birth, and a firm believer in the positivist
doctrine, had changed his belief and became a staunch supporter of
natural law theory, post seeing the atrocities perpetrated by Nazi regime
on the Jews under the Nazi Laws,
 and encouraged everyone to discard the doctrine of laws and morals. This

prompted Hart to initiate the discourse on law and morality.

 He delivered Holmes lecture at Harvard Law School in April 1957, titled

“Positivism and the Separation of Law and Morals” which got published in
 the Harvard Law Review in 1958. The reply was given by Fuller in his

article titled “Positivism and Fidelity to Law: A reply to Prof. Hart” which
also got published in the Harvard Law Review in 1958.
 This marked the beginning of the famous debate that took place between

them.
 https://www.legalbites.in/professional-ethics-seven-lamps-of-advocacy/
ETHICS IN JOURNALISM
 'Ethics' implies the norms which a journalist must uphold and cherish in order to keep
the integrity and the sanctity of the profession intact.
 Journalists like other citizens, are governed by all the laws of the land. In the profession
of journalism, as in other professions, there is a sizeable area of activity which remains
out of the domain of law and must be governed by a profesional code of ethics.
 In order to Carry the message effectively, and to maintain the credibility of his/her
newspaper or magazine, a journalist has to disseminate news and views in accordance
with established norms and traditions of the society.
 Today it is no secret that newsmen are being threatened and coerced and they are
being even physically eliminated.
 Despite all the provocations and dangers, journalists must function strictly within the
framework of ethical norms. Some of the well accepted ethical norms are as follows:-
 a) Accuracy and Fairness : A journalist must inform, and comment on matters of public
interest, in a fair, accurate unbiased'and decent manner. Inaccuracy and personal
remarks should always be avoided.
 b) Prepublication Verification : Verification and checking of news before publication is
all the more necessary where its publication, and the comments based thereon, can
create complications.
 c) Caution Against Defamatory Writings : Newspapers should not publish anything
which is per se defamatory or libellous against any individual or organi,sation, unless
after due care and checking, they have sufficient reason to believe that it is true and
that its publication will be for public good.
contd...
 d) .Privacy : 1ntrusion or Invasion on the privacy of individuals is not permissible
unless outrweighed by genuine overriding public interest. While publishing names
or pictures'of victims of sex crimes, great caution should be exercised. . .
 e) Eschew Suggestive Guilt : Newspapers should eschew suggestive guilt by
association. They should not name or i.dentify the family or relatives or associates
of a person convicted or accused of a crime when they are totally innocent and a
reference to them is not relevant to the matter reported.
 f) Corrections : When any factual error or mistake is detected or confirmed, the
newspaper should publish the correction promptly, with due prominence and with
an apology or expression of regret in a case of serious lapse. He should also give
due weightage to the right of reply and to the letters to the Editor.
 g) Communal Reports : Proper verification must be done before publishing reports
regarding communal clashes or disputes. The report should not vitiate the
situation. Instead it should aim at soothing the ruffled feelings.
 h) Sensational Headings : Sensational headings should be avoided. Headlines
should conform to the contents of news stories. They should be clear,
unambiguous and authentic.
 i) Eschew Vulgarity and Obscenity : Obscene and vulgar items should be done
away with as these offend the public's good taste. Also, never glorify violence.
 j) Avoid Crass Commercialism : In order to make profits, a newspaper should not
throw the ethics and journalistic values to the winds. Instead, it should try to
create a suitable equilibrium between objectivity and commercialism.
 k) Avoid Caste, Religion or Community Disclosures : In general, a newspaper
should ,not identify a person with his caste, religion or community
Ethics in Business Management
 The Principles of business ethics developed by well known authorities
like Cantt, J. S.Mill, Herbert Spencer,
 Plato, Thomas Garret, Woodrad, Wilson etc are as follows
 1. Sacredness of means and ends: The first and most important
principle of business ethics emphasizes that the means and
techniques adopted to serve the business ends must be sacred and
pure. It means that a good end cannot be attained with wrong means,
even if it is beneficial to the society.
 2. Not to do any evil: It is unethical to do a major evil to another or to
oneself , whether this evil is a means or an end.
 3. Principle of proportionality: This principle suggests that one should
make proper judgment before doing anything so that there is a fair
view taken & others do not suffer from any loss or risk of evils by the
conduct of business.
 4. Non co-operation in evils: It clearly pins out that a business should
not co-operate with any one for doing any evil acts.
contd...
 5. Co-operation with others: This principles state that business
should help others only in that condition when others deserve help.
 6. Publicity: According to W. Wilson, anything that is being done or
to be done, should be brought to the knowledge of everyone. If
everyone knows, none gets opportunity to do an unethical act.
 7. Equivalent price: According to W. Wilson, the people are entitled
to get goods equivalent to the value of money that they will pay.
 8. Universal value: According to this principle the conduct of
business should be done on the basis of universal values.
 9. Human dignity: As per this principle, man should not be treated
as a factor of production and human dignity should be maintained.
 10. Non-violence : If businessman hurts the interests and rights of
the society and exploits the consumer by overlooking their
interests this is equivalent to violence and unethical act. - School of
Distance Education