Professional Ethics in Higher Education

Dr. Radhika Kapur

Abstract

In higher educational institutions, the concept of professional ethics is regarded to be

of utmost significance in achieving the desired goals and objectives. As the individuals grow,
they are provided with information in terms of professional ethics. This information is
provided to them by their family members and teachers. When the individuals are able to
understand the meaning and significance of professional ethics and implement them, they are
able to bring about improvements in their lives and achieve personal and professional goals.
Within the course of pursuance of higher education, it is necessary for the students to take
into account professional ethics. This concept is vital not only for students, but also for other
members of the educational institutions as well, including directors, heads, professors, and
staff members. In the effective implementation of professional ethics, it is vital for the
individuals to ensure that they communicate effectively, form good terms and relationships
with others, depict honesty and righteousness and carry out their job duties in a well-
organized manner. The main areas that have been taken into account in this research paper
include, meaning and significance of professional ethics, objectives of professional ethics,
types of professional ethics, and measures to improve professional ethics.

Keywords: Educational Institutions, Higher Education, Individuals, Measures,

Objectives, Professional Ethics

Professional ethics are referred to the principles, which the individuals need to take
into account on a regular basis. In higher educational institutions, the members include,
heads, professors, research scholars, administrative, technical and clerical staff members and
students. They are different from each other in terms of various aspects, these include, caste,
creed, race, religion, ethnicity, gender, age, personality traits, educational qualifications and
socio-economic background. Within the educational institutions, they have their own job
duties to perform. It is apparent that they need to possess essential educational qualifications
and competencies in terms of their job duties, but apart from job knowledge, they need to be
professional in their conduct. Usually, in higher educational institutions, the individuals are
well-aware in terms of all aspects and traits that are needed to depict professionalism. But
within the course of implementation of job duties as well as within the course of pursuance of
educational programs, they understand the meaning and significance of professional ethics.

It is vital for all the members of the educational institutions to generate information in
terms of professional ethics on a regular basis, so they are able to benefit in number of ways.
The main areas in terms of which they benefit are, maintain good terms and relationships
with others, performing one’s job duties in a satisfactory manner, incurring the feeling of job
satisfaction and retaining one’s job. As it has been comprehensively understood that it is not
only essential for the members to generate awareness and augment their understanding in
terms performance of job duties, but it is vital for them to generate awareness in terms of
professional ethics as well. Professional ethics needs to be depicted in performance of one’s
job duties and responsibilities, and in dealing with others and various situations. Particularly,
when the individuals need to cope with problems and challenges, they need to be professional
in their conduct. Therefore, it is vital for the individuals to generate information in terms of
professional ethics on a regular basis throughout their jobs or in pursuance of educational
programs.

Meaning and Significance of Professional Ethics

It is stated that an aimless life is a meaningless life. Therefore, it is vital for the
individuals to formulate aims and objectives. The formulation of aims and objectives would
facilitate the individuals to stay focused and inculcate the traits of morality, ethics, diligence,
resourcefulness and conscientiousness. In addition to these traits, the individuals are able to
recognize the meaning and significance of professional ethics. Professional ethics are referred
to as the principles, which need to be focused upon throughout one’s lives. It is of utmost
significance for the individuals to implement professional ethics within as well as outside the
home. When they are dealing with family members or community members or they are in
jobs or pursuing educational programs, it is of utmost significance for all the individuals to
implement professional ethics. Professional ethics render a significant contribution in
enabling the individuals to become good human beings as well as in achieving personal and
professional goals.

Family members are regarded as the first and foremost teachers, who make provision
of information in terms of professional ethics from the stage of early childhood. When the
individuals get enrolled in educational institutions from nursery schools to universities, they
also generate information from their educators. But it is up to the individuals to acquire an
efficient understanding and implement them in their daily lives. From the stage of early
childhood, the individuals need to understand that they need to implement professional ethics
in their lives. As they get enrolled in elementary schools, secondary schools, higher
educational institutions and then get engaged in employment opportunities, the inculcation of
professional ethics enables them to achieve their professional goals in a satisfactory manner.
Apart from acquisition of education and employment opportunities, it is vital for the
individuals to maintain good terms and relationships with their family members and emerge
into productive citizens of the country. These objectives can be achieved, when the
individuals generate information in terms of professional ethics. Therefore, it can be stated,
meaning and significance of professional ethics is recognized, when they are implemented in
an appropriate manner within as well as outside the homes.

Objectives of Professional Ethics

The objectives of professional ethics have been stated as follows:

1. Ensuring that all individuals are treated with respect and courtesy and there should
not be any kind of discrimination on the basis of any factors, i.e. caste, creed, race,
religion, ethnicity, gender, age, and socio-economic background.
2. Ensuring fair treatment to all the individuals. The individuals, particularly the
ones who are in leadership positions ensure that all subordinates are treated fairly.
3. The teachers need to ensure that when they are dealing with students, teaching
them and making effective use of teaching-learning methods, instructional
strategies and teaching-learning materials, they need to be knowledgeable and
competent.
4. The individuals are able to acquire an efficient understanding in terms of their job
duties and responsibilities. When one understands the meaning and significance of
professional ethics, they understand their duties and responsibilities within as well
as outside the home.
5. Professional ethics renders a significant contribution in preparing the individuals
for different opportunities. Within the course of acquisition of education and
employment, the individuals need to be well-prepared for opportunities and that is
facilitated through professional ethics.
 6. The individuals also get prepared to cope with various types of challenges.
Challenges are regarded as an integral part of one’s lives. Therefore, it is vital for
the individuals to become well-prepared to cope with various challenges.
7. Professional ethics renders an important contribution in facilitating human
behaviour. It is indispensable for all the individuals, irrespective of their
categories and backgrounds to depict good and decent behaviour and this is
facilitated through inculcation of professional ethics.
8. Professional ethics renders a significant contribution in building moral judgement.
It is necessary for the individuals to exercise moral judgement, in case, they need
to make selection between two or more alternatives. Moral judgement helps in
making wise and productive decisions.
9. One cannot carry out their tasks and functions in seclusion, particularly within the
course of acquisition of education and employment opportunities, through
professional ethics, they are able to recognize the meaning and significance of
effective communication.
10. Professional ethics contributes in the establishment of principles and moral
standards of behaviour. As in order to emerge into good human beings and
achieve personal and professional goals, it is vital for the individuals to inculcate
principles and moral standards of behaviour (Ethics: Definition, Scope, Nature
and Objectives, 2018).

Types of Professional Ethics

The various types of professional ethics that the individuals need to be aware of are
stated as follows:

Honesty – Honesty is regarded as the crucial ground for ethical behaviour in not only
the field of education, but in other fields as well (Vadi & Jaakson, 2006). Honesty is regarded
as the greatest of all human values. It makes provision of great personal benefits and even a
large social circle and one is able to receive rewards and appreciation. It is not regarded as the
truth but truthfulness, which includes the intent of that truth. It is regarded as more than truth,
it deals with motives and intents. In higher educational institutions, it is vital for the students
to generate awareness in terms of academic honesty. Academic honesty is, when they put in
their own ideas and viewpoints in their assignments and projects. On the other hand, when
they are using someone else’s ideas and viewpoints, they are supposed to cite the sources. It
is of utmost significance to put into operation academic honesty in order to achieve academic
goals. Violation of academic honesty may enable the students to experience dire
consequences, which may even include expulsion from the educational institutions.
Therefore, it can be stated that it is vital to implement honesty for all the members of the
educational institutions in order to perform well and achieve desired goals.

Diligence, Resourcefulness and Conscientiousness – The traits of diligence,

resourcefulness and conscientiousness are considered indispensable for the individuals to put
into operation, irrespective of their tasks and activities. In higher educational institutions, all
the members aim to carry out their job duties in a well-organized manner and achieve
personal and professional goals. Hence, in order to generate the desired outcomes, it is vital
for the individuals to inculcate the traits of diligence, resourcefulness and conscientiousness.
The adult individuals are usually aware of these traits, when they realise their responsibilities.
The individuals are required to carry out not only one, but numbers of job duties. Apart from
job duties, they need to manage household responsibilities and personal lives. Therefore, in
order to ensure personal as well as professional duties get carried out in an appropriate
manner, the individuals need to implement time management skills. Diligence facilitates in
putting into practice, meticulousness, and persistence, resourcefulness enables the individuals
to exercise creativity and ingenuity and conscientiousness enables the individuals to depict
industriousness, assiduousness and regularity. Therefore, it can be stated, when the members
of the educational institutions depict these traits, they are able to carry out their job duties
satisfactorily as well as achieve personal and professional goals.

Approachability and Amiability – Approachability and amiability are regarded as the

types of professional ethics, which enable the individuals to deal with other individuals in an
appropriate manner and maintain good terms and relationships with them. In higher
educational institutions, it is apparent that individuals cannot work in seclusion, it is
indispensable to inculcate the traits of approachability and amiability. The heads of the
departments and associate professors are required to organize meetings in order to discuss
various matters. The staff members need to collaborate with each other and work in order to
carry out the administrative functions. The research scholars and students need to socialize
with each other to acquire an understanding of academic concepts and provide solutions to
academic problems and challenges. Verbal as well as written forms of communication takes
place between all the members of the educational institutions. Apart from discussing work-
related matters, the members also get engaged in informal conversations. Formal and
informal conversations, both are considered equally important. Through the implementation
of these traits, they are able to form effective terms and relationships with others, carry out
their job duties in a well-organized manner, achieve professional and personal goals and
objectives and retain their jobs.

Morality and Ethics – Morality and ethics are regarded as significant aspects, in terms
of which individuals need to generate awareness from the stage of early childhood. When
from the initial stage, the individuals generate awareness in terms of these traits and put into
practice in their daily lives, they are able to achieve personal and professional goals as well as
enhance their overall quality of lives. Morality and ethics impart knowledge and
understanding among the individuals in terms of norms, values, principles and standards. In
higher educational institutions, when the individuals are in leadership positions of directors
and heads, or employed as professors or staff members or are research scholars or students,
they need to ensure that they implement morality and ethics in the performance of their job
duties as well as in dealing with others. In the implementation of morality and ethics, these
individuals realise that they need to be principled and ethical in their conduct. When the
members are performing their job duties, they need to ensure, they not just make use of their
knowledge and competencies, but also put into operation, morality and ethics. These traits
enable the individuals to be professional in their conduct, achieve desired outcomes and
enhance the overall system of education.

Truthfulness – The meaning of truthfulness can be understood in terms of various

ways. It is referred to representing the truth, telling the facts, corresponding with what is
genuine or real and speaking the truth with sincerity (Truthfulness, 1997). The job duties and
responsibilities of the members of not only in the higher educational institutions, but in all
fields, organizations and educational institutions can be carried out in an appropriate manner,
when they depict truthfulness. For example, when the professors assign research projects to
the students and they need to conduct field research, then it is vital for them to make field
visits, take notes, or collect information through surveys or interviews, which they would put
in their projects. In order to achieve good grades and achieve academic goals, it is vital for
the researchers and students to ensure that the information is factual. On the other hand, when
the directors, heads, professors or other staff members are to carry out their job duties or
when they need to convey any information to their superiors or subordinates or colleagues,
they need to ensure that the information is truthful. Therefore, it can be stated that when
individuals depict truthfulness, they are able to augment professionalism, achieve desired
goals, acquire rewards and appreciation and enhance the overall system of education.

Justice and Autonomy – Justice and autonomy are referred to as professional ethics,
which render a significant contribution in generating the feeling of contentment among the
individuals. In higher educational institutions, the individuals are different from each other on
the basis of factors, such as, caste, creed, race, religion, ethnicity, age, gender, educational
qualifications, competencies and socio-economic background. It is vital to make provision of
equal rights and opportunities to all and not any form of discrimination. The directors and
heads are vested with the authority to make decisions in terms of various aspects of the
departments. When they are making decisions, in some cases, they may take ideas and
suggestions from others, whereas, in other cases, they may use their own discretion.
Similarly, within the classroom settings, the professors may make decisions on their own or
obtain suggestions from students. But when the individuals are given the opportunities to
express their ideas and suggestions, they feel, they are provided with justice and autonomy.
In most cases, when research scholars, pursuing doctoral programs are required to submit
their assignments, they are provided with autonomy to set-up their own target date.
Therefore, it can be stated, justice and autonomy need to be focused upon in the right manner
and right direction.

Communication – Communication is regarded as the key aspect in generating

information in terms of professional ethics and depicting them. When the individuals
communicate with their colleagues, superiors and subordinates in a polite and respectful
manner, they are regarded as professional and good-natured. Communication takes place in a
verbal as well as in a written manner. Verbal communication takes place either face to face or
over the phone, whereas, written communication takes place through notices, letters, emails
and messages. When the department heads need to impart information to the students or
professors or other staff members and are not able to meet them personally, they may either
send emails or put up notices. In order to depict professional ethics, it is vital for the
individuals to take into consideration various aspects in verbal as well as written
communication. In verbal communication, it needs to be ensured, proper language and decent
words are made use of, eye contact should be maintained, should speak softly and respond
appropriately. Whereas, in written communication, proper and decent words should be used,
addressing should be done appropriately, and information should be easily understandable to
the individuals. Therefore, it can be stated, effective communication is the life blood in
leading to proper functioning of the educational institutions.

Calmness – Calmness is a professional ethic, which needs to be put into operation by

the members throughout their jobs. Job duties and academic learning in higher educational
institutions is not easy. There are number of problems and challenges that take place, which
need to be dealt with. The problems may take place within the course of implementation of
job duties as well as in dealing with others. In some cases, the individuals are demanding and
difficult to deal with, whereas, in other cases, when the individuals have other job duties as
well and are required to complete an assignment within the limited time, they may feel
stressed. Therefore, in order to perform their job duties well and deal with stressful situations,
it is essential for the individuals to depict calmness. When the individuals possess a calm and
composed nature, they are able to develop logical thinking in terms of how to cope with
stressful and difficult situations. One of the important ways is putting into operation time
management skills and forming a schedule. This enables the individuals to assign priorities
and take out sufficient time for all tasks and activities. Therefore, through calmness, the
individuals are able to cope with problems and stressful situations in an effective manner.

Abilities to Cope with Psychological Problems – In one’s personal as well as

professional lives, the individuals are required to undergo various psychological problems of
anger, stress, anxiety and depression. In higher educational institutions, the individuals do
experience these problems. It is of utmost significance for all the members to develop their
abilities to cope with various types of psychological problems. But development of abilities
to cope with psychological problems is regarded as professionalism. When the individuals are
well-aware of the professional ethics that need to be put into operation to cope with
psychological problems, they are able to provide solutions to barriers that may arise within
the course of implementation of job duties and achievement of personal as well as
professional goals. There are situations that enable the individuals to experience
psychological problems. For example, when students need to work on their assignments as
well as go to their jobs, they may feel stressed. But when they are determined, diligent and
conscientious, they are able to develop the abilities to cope with psychological problems.
Therefore, it can be stated, when the members are able to develop the abilities, they are able
to carry out their tasks and achieve desired goals and objectives in a well-organized manner.
 Maintaining Confidentiality in Professional Relationships - Maintaining
confidentiality in professional relationships is regarded as a professional ethic. This
professional ethic enables the individuals to carry out their job duties in a systematic and
methodical manner. Maintenance of confidentiality is in terms of job duties. In higher
educational institutions, students are different from each other in terms of learning abilities.
When the students experience problems and setbacks in their academic performance, they
consult their professors and supervisors and receive ideas and suggestions. When the
professors are giving suggestions or are engaged in a conversation with them regarding their
academic performance, they usually keep the discussion confidential. Another aspect is, when
heads and professors are in a discussion meeting, they usually keep the doors closed and keep
it confidential. Professors usually focus on teaching their own subjects and grading their
assignments. They do not impart any information to their colleagues in terms of their work
duties. In some cases, the students also keep their grades and other information regarding
their assignments confidential and do not disclose it to their fellow students. Therefore, it can
be stated that maintaining confidentiality in professional relationships is regarded as one of
the important professional ethics that enables the individuals to carry out their job duties in a
systematic and well-organized manner.

Measures to Improve Professional Ethics

It is indispensable for the individuals to formulate measures and bring about

improvements in professional ethics on a continuous basis. The various measures that are
focused upon bringing about improvements in professional ethics have been stated as
follows:

Making Ethical Performance a Strategic Priority – It is vital for the individuals to

form the determination that ethical performance should be their priority. They need to
develop the code, which would enable them to put into operation ethical performance. In
making ethical performance a strategic priority, a relevant code of ethics needs to be
established. In addition, clear objectives, standards, and expectations are regarded as the key
requirements for ethical performance. The relevant code of conduct that is established needs
to be supported by the focus on ethical performance in comprehensive decision making. The
reason being, decision making is regarded as an integral part of the functioning of higher
educational institutions and require inculcation of professional ethics. Therefore, when ethical
performance is made as a strategic priority, it leads to making of wise and productive
decisions (Hedborg, 2014).

Illustrating Leadership Skills – It is vital for the heads and professors to illustrate
leadership skills. Illustrating of leadership skills will not only enable the individuals to
improve professional ethics, but they are able to carry out other tasks and activities as well, in
an appropriate manner. It is the job of the leaders to guide and lead others in the right
direction, provide solutions to their problems, make provision of ideas and suggestions,
which would be productive and useful, implement conflict resolution methods in an
appropriate manner, and create an amiable and pleasant working environmental conditions.
Furthermore, the leaders need to be aware of various types of modern and innovative
methods and strategies, which would contribute in not only bringing about improvements in
professional ethics, but also overall system of education.

Encouraging Participation of Students – The primary objective of the educational

institutions is to lead to effective growth and development of the students. They aim that
students not only acquire an efficient understanding of the lesson plans, but also inculcate
professional traits, morals, ethics and values among themselves. In order to achieve this
objective, it is necessary to encourage the participation of students in various activities. One
of the common ways in which participation of students is encouraged is, when there are
organization of seminars and workshops, they volunteer to carry out number of tasks.
Participation in various activities enables them to bring about improvements in presentation
and communication skills. Furthermore, they are able to gain more confidence in themselves
and improve professional ethics. Therefore, in higher educational institutions, various
opportunities need to be created for encouraging participation of students.

Providing Support Systems for Staff Members – The staff members and educators also
need to be aware of various methods and strategies that are needed to improve professional
ethics. Not only students, but other members of the educational institutions also need to
generate awareness in terms of methods and approaches, which are focused upon bringing
about improvements in professional ethics. In making provision of support systems for the
staff members to bring about improvements in professional ethics, it is necessary to create a
working environment in such a manner, in which they develop motivation towards the
implementation of job duties. The working environment need to include, infrastructure,
materials, tools, technologies, equipment, amenities and other facilities. When all these
aspects will be made available within the working environment, the individuals will not only
perform their job duties satisfactorily, but bring about improvements in professional ethics as
well.

Implementation of Rules – It is vital to implement rules in educational institutions,

which need to be followed by all the members. When the members follow the rules, they will
be able to carry out their job duties in a well-organized manner, maintain discipline and
improve professional ethics. One of the important rules that needs to be implemented is, the
individuals need to treat each other with respect and courtesy. Furthermore, they need to
depict honesty and truthfulness in the implementation of their job duties as well as in dealing
with others. Within the course of time, there are changes taking place in the rules as well. But
when changes are made, it needs to be ensured that they prove to be favourable to the
members as well as educational institutions on the whole.

Measuring Effectiveness of Ethics Program – It is vital to formulate the measures to

identify how the ethics program has been effective in generating the desired outcomes. In
some higher educational institutions, not only in India, but in other countries of the world as
well, an ethics program is initiated, which focuses upon generating information among the
members in terms of professional ethics. As when individuals get recruited in employment
opportunities or students get enrolled in higher educational programs, it is vital for them to
generate awareness in terms of professional ethics. In the ethics program, there is recruitment
of well-qualified and competent trainers, who need to impart knowledge and understanding to
the individuals in terms of meaning and significance of professional ethics. Therefore, when
the individuals implement methods and approaches to measure the effectiveness of ethics
program, they are able to bring about improvements in professional ethics.

Illustrating Dedication and Punctuality – Professional ethics are clearly depicted,

when the individuals are dedicated and punctual towards their job duties. Within the working
environment, it is necessary for the individuals to be committed towards their job duties and
professional goals. These traits enable the individuals to take responsibility and assume
ownership of their performance (How to Improve Your Professional Ethics, 2018). In case,
they experience any problems or concerns, they are required to seek help from others. In
order to illustrate dedication and commitment, it is necessary for the individuals to illustrate
regularity and punctuality. Research has indicated that within the classroom settings, when
the students have maintained regular attendance, the professors form the viewpoint that they
have acquired an efficient understanding of professional ethics and even reward them.
Therefore, it can be stated that illustrating dedication and punctuality highlight that one has
understood as well as contribute towards bringing about improvements in professional ethics.

Aiming at High Productivity and Quality of Work – When the members are carrying
out their job duties, it is vital for them to aim at high productivity and quality of work. In
order to carry out their job duties in an appropriate manner, it is necessary for them to take
into account various factors. These include, generating awareness in terms of strategies and
approaches, using modern, technical, and pioneering methods, maintaining good terms and
relationships with others, conducting research on regular basis, identifying the limitations and
putting into operation the measures for bringing about improvements and depicting
professionalism. When the members are aware of these factors and work effectively to bring
about improvements in them, they would render a significant contribution in improving
professional ethics as well as augmenting productivity and quality of work.

Demonstrating a Strong Character – Strong character and professional ethics are

required to proceed simultaneously. It is vital for heads, professors, staff members,
researchers and students to ensure that they demonstrate a strong character in order to bring
about improvements in their tasks and functions as well as professional ethics. Important
ways of demonstrating a strong character is, when the individuals are able to cope up with
difficult situations in a manageable way. When they possess a calm and composed nature and
are well-aware of ways to exercise control on the feelings of anger and frustration, they
demonstrate a strong character. When the individuals are adults, they are well-aware of ways
of how to conduct themselves particularly within the workplace and when they are pursuing
higher education. Therefore, it can be stated that demonstrating a strong character is regarded
as one of the indispensable measures of bringing about improvements in professional ethics
as well as in achieving personal and professional goals.

Possessing Constructive Viewpoints – In some cases, individuals find it difficult to

work on a task or deal with individuals, who are demanding in nature. When these kinds of
challenges takes place, it is vital for the individuals to exercise professionalism. Professional
ethics can be improved by possessing constructive viewpoints. It is vital to possess
constructive viewpoints for the individuals, job duties and the working environmental
conditions. When individuals find certain tasks and functions difficult, it is vital for them to
obtain assistance. Seeking help and support from others would enable the individuals to carry
out their tasks satisfactorily. On the other hand, when dealing has to take place with
individuals, who are demanding in nature, then also it is vital for the individuals to form
constructive viewpoints and work diligently to meet their expectations. Therefore, it can be
stated that possession of constructive viewpoints render a significant contribution in
development of interest and enthusiasm and in improving professional ethics.

Conclusion

Professional ethics are regarded as the principles, which are of utmost significance. It
is vital for the individuals to focus upon professional ethics not only within the workplace or
when they are pursuing educational programs, but it is vital for them to focus upon them in
their personal lives as well. In order to achieve personal as well as professional goals, it is
vital for the individuals to focus upon improvements of professional ethics. The various types
of professional ethics are, honesty, diligence, resourcefulness and conscientiousness,
approachability and amiability, morality and ethics, truthfulness, justice and autonomy,
communication, calmness, abilities to cope with psychological problems and maintaining
confidentiality in professional relationships. When the individuals are well-aware of these
professional ethics and put them into operation in their professional lives, they are able to
benefit in number of ways. These include, performing one’s job duties well, maintaining
good terms and relationships with others, incurring the feelings of pleasure and contentment
and achieving personal and professional goals.

Apart from understanding the meaning and significance of professional ethics, it is

vital to generate awareness in terms of measures that are necessary to bring about
improvements in them. These are, making ethical performance a strategic priority, illustrating
leadership skills, encouraging participation of students, providing support systems for staff
members, implementation of rules, measuring effectiveness of ethics program, illustrating
dedication and punctuality, aiming at high productivity and quality of work, demonstrating a
strong character and possessing constructive viewpoints. The heads and educators within the
university departments usually discuss these measures. When the instructors are providing
information to the students in terms of lesson plans and academic concepts, then too it is vital
for them to impart information in terms of these factors. Finally, it can be stated that when all
the members are able to generate information and augment their understanding in terms of
these measures, they are able to improve professional ethics as well as achieve educational
goals in a well-organized manner.
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