Christ the King College

GRADUATE SCHOOL
1st Semester, AY 2020-2021

EDUCATION 206 – Principles and Theories of Educational Management

MODULE: #3

CHAPTER 3 – Managing in a Cultural and Ethical Environment

1. Define and explain ethics

Its simplest, ethics is a system of moral principles. They affect how people make decisions and lead their
lives. Ethics is concerned with what is good for individuals and society and is also described as moral
philosophy. The term is derived from the Greek word ethos which can mean custom, habit, character or
disposition.
Ethics covers the following dilemmas:
 how to live a good life
 our rights and responsibilities
 the language of right and wrong
 moral decisions - what is good and bad?
Our concepts of ethics have been derived from religions, philosophies and cultures. They infuse debates on
topics like abortion, human rights and professional conduct.
Approaches to ethics
Philosophers nowadays tend to divide ethical theories into three areas: metaethics, normative ethics and
applied ethics. Meta-ethics deals with the nature of moral judgement. It looks at the origins and meaning of
ethical principles. Normative ethics is concerned with the content of moral judgements and the criteria for
what is right or wrong. Applied ethics looks at controversial topics like war, animal rights and capital
punishment.

2. As teachers, we are bound to understand and follow our Professional Code of Ethics.
A. Cite at least 3 provisions in the Code that you think are mostly violated
Article II Section 7. A teacher shall not use his position or official authority or influence to coerce any
other person to follow any political course of action.
Article II Section 2. A teacher shall recognize that the interest and welfare of learners are of first and
foremost concerns, and shall deal justifiably and impartially with each of them.
Section 5. A teacher shall not engage in the promotion of any political, religious, or other partisan
interest, and shall not, directly or indirectly, solicit, require, collect, or receive any money or service or
other valuable material from any person or entity for such purposes.

B. Why do you believe this provision/s is/are most violated, knowing fully well that an unethical behavior
is an act against what God wants us to do?
Teachers as a human being. An individual who is entitled to views and opinions and have the
power to influence. Article section 5 and 7 may serves as guidelines as it is mostly violated in the
workplace, the intimidation.
Teachers shall first and foremost recognize he interest and welfare of the learners. As this sounds
simple, it is subject to several factors also. As resources to deliver quality education is limited especially
to remote areas. Kudos to some teachers who were self-sustaining, crowd sourcing. When there’s
unavailability, they improvised the downside also especially if it’s out sight and supervision, some areas
are not properly monitored thus Article II section 2 have lapses.

C. What would you recommend so school personnel, from the highest ranks to the lowest, will
conscientiously follow ethical guidelines?
 The professional educator assumes responsibility and accountability for his or her performance and
continually strives to demonstrate competence. The professional educator endeavors to maintain the dignity
of the profession by respecting and obeying the law, and by demonstrating personal integrity.
The professional educator applies for, accepts, or assigns a position or a responsibility on the basis of
professional qualifications, and adheres to the terms of a contract or appointment. The professional educator
maintains sound mental health, physical stamina, and social prudence necessary to perform the duties of any
professional assignment. The professional educator continues professional growth. The professional educator
complies with written local school policies and applicable laws and regulations that are not in conflict with
this code of ethics. The professional educator does not intentionally misrepresent official policies of the
school or educational organizations, and clearly distinguishes those views from his or her own personal
opinions. The professional educator honestly accounts for all funds committed to his or her charge. The
professional educator does not use institutional or professional privileges for personal or partisan advantage.

3. What is the nature of ethical decisions? What makes a decision moral? Cite examples that relate to school
setting.
Ethical decision-making refers to the process of evaluating and choosing among alternatives in a
manner consistent with ethical principles. In making ethical decisions, it is necessary to perceive and
eliminate unethical options and select the best ethical alternative.
Schools can best support students' moral development by helping teachers manage the stresses of
their profession and by increasing teachers' capacity for reflection and empathy. Educators influence
students' moral development not simply by being good role models—important as that is—but also by
what they bring to their relationships with students day to day: their ability to appreciate students'
perspectives and to disentangle them from their own, their ability to admit and learn from moral error,
their moral energy and idealism, their generosity, and their ability to help students develop moral
thinking without shying away from their own moral authority. That level of influence makes being an
adult in a school a profound moral challenge. And it means that we will never greatly improve students'
moral development in schools without taking on the complex task of developing adults' maturity and
ethical capacities. We need to rethink the nature of moral development itself.

4. From a school setting, what is the importance of ethical decisions? Discuss

Ethics plays a very important role in Education. Ethics are interpreted as the discipline of dealing
with good and bad with commitment and moral duty. Ethics are well-established levels that make the
measures right and wrong. It is classified as unique values such as integrity and discipline, Honesty amid
others and applies them in daily routines. Ethics impacts the behaviour and permit an individual to make
the right options. To manage life and act responsibly is very hard without ethics. The significance of
ethics cannot be disregard in any level of life it’s important that they are practised in the area of
Education. Ethics in Education are important because they assist to run the system smoothly. The Ethics
sets the standards of what’s acceptable and what’s not, therefore, protecting the Interest of both teachers
and students. The Ethics in Education has been offered a lot of significance over the years and
institutions are creating courses that assist students to understand these ethics. Ethics in Education are
accessible on both the teachers and the students. In day as well as boarding school, it’s the teacher’s duty
to make the students aware of the ethics. The school management frequently takes it upon them to
acquaint the teacher with the ethics that apply to their profession.

5. Define and explain organizational culture.

Organizational culture is the collection of values, expectations, and practices that guide and inform
the actions of all team members. Think of it as the collection of traits that make your company what it is. A
great culture exemplifies positive traits that lead to improved performance, while a dysfunctional company
culture brings out qualities that can hinder even the most successful organizations.
Don’t confuse culture with organizational goals or a mission statement, although both can help
define it. Culture is created through consistent and authentic behaviors, not press releases or policy
documents. You can watch company culture in action when you see how a CEO responds to a crisis, how a
team adapts to new customer demands, or how a manager corrects an employee who makes a mistake.
6. It’s not just what you say that’s important; it’s what you do. A father can talk about being ethical till he’s blue
in face, but if his children see him always cutting ethical corners – bringing home “free” office supplies from
where he works, or bragging about buying stocks based on “inside” information, for instance – his children
may learn that “being unethical is really ok.”
Discuss
It’s not just what you say, that’s important, it’s what you do. As they say, well done is better than
well said. Instead of talking how it’s done, why not put it to work. Actions speaks louder than words, as it
shows authenticity and sincerity. As a catholic priest said in his homily, a prayer and faith without action is a
dead faith. Might true that words can influence someone, but sometimes what is been saying is contrary to
what is been doing. Where’s justice and just maybe when you use words as your actions probably you won’t
stop talking.

7. Discuss organizational culture

Basically, organizational culture is the personality of the organization. Culture is comprised of the
assumptions, values, norms and tangible signs (artifacts) of organization members and their behaviors.
Members of an organization soon come to sense the particular culture of an organization. Culture is one of
those terms that's difficult to express distinctly, but everyone knows it when they sense it. For example, the
culture of a large, for-profit corporation is quite different than that of a hospital which is quite different than
that of a university. You can tell the culture of an organization by looking at the arrangement of furniture,
what they brag about, what members wear, etc. -- similar to what you can use to get a feeling about someone's
personality.
Corporate culture can be looked at as a system. Inputs include feedback from, e.g., society,
professions, laws, stories, heroes, values on competition or service, etc. The process is based on our
assumptions, values and norms, e.g., our values on money, time, facilities, space and people. Outputs or
effects of our culture are, e.g., organizational behaviors, technologies, strategies, image, products, services,
appearance, etc.
The concept of culture is particularly important when attempting to manage organization-wide change.
Practitioners are coming to realize that, despite the best-laid plans, organizational change must include not
only changing structures and processes, but also changing the corporate culture as well.
There's been a great deal of literature generated over the past decade about the concept of organizational
culture -- particularly in regard to learning how to change organizational culture. Organizational change
efforts are rumored to fail the vast majority of the time. Usually, this failure is credited to lack of
understanding about the strong role of culture and the role it plays in organizations. That's one of the reasons
that many strategic planners now place as much emphasis on identifying strategic values as they do mission
and vision.
https://managementhelp.org/organizations/culture.htm
8. Critical Thinking Exercise

You work for a medical genetics research firm as a marketing person. You love the job. The location is
great, the hours are good, and work is challenging and flexible. You receive a much higher salary than you
ever anticipated. You hear via the rumor mill that the company’s elite medical team has cloned the first
human, the CEO. It was such a total success that you have heard that they may clone every employee so
that they can use the clones to harvest body parts as the original people age or become ill. You are not sure
you believe in cloning. You joined the firm for reasons of its moral and ethical reputation. You feel that the
image presented to you was one of research and development of life-saving drugs and innovative medical
procedures. The thought of cloning was never on your mind, but now it must be.
a. What would you do?
- It may such a total success, but perhaps there may an underlying issues, moral and ethical.
In my perspective, it goes beyond the research and development of life-saving drugs and
innovative medical procedures. Perhaps it may save and extended life, but does it save the
dignity of life?
b. What are the ethical and cultural issues involved?
- As it sound legal, cloning specifically human may face ethical and cultural issues. Reasons
why less or over 30 countries banned it. One example we may sight is the issue of human
 identity and there are other philosophical issue concerning the nature of reproduction.
There might be a production/destruction of embryo to make a line of embryotic cells thus
endangering the right to life or the dignity of the unborn human being.
c. Would Filipino managers think differently about the discovery? Discuss
- Filipinos are rich in culture and tradition and a country of faith. I think Filipino will see it
as an unethical or immoral. Cloning might detriment the balance and natural flow of life.
d. Would cloning be an even more controversial ethical and moral issue in the future as it becomes part
of the medical decision making model?
- The intention perhaps of cloning is pure, but in a long run, this may turn human life into a
natural resources to be mined and exploited and erodes the worth and dignity of individual.

9. Caselet:
Like many companies, Allstate, Inc. faces pressure to be both cost competitive and provide new
services to its customers. It also faces pressure for continuous improvement in its financial performance
from its shareholders. Assuming that for Allstate to survive and prosper it needs to respond to both
customers and shareholders, what responsibilities does it have toward another important group of
stakeholders, its employees?

Here is the situation. In November 1999 the Allstate Corporation announced a series of strategic
initiatives to expand its selling and service capabilities, but back company shares to raise its stock price, and
cut expenses by reducing the workforce. As part of its restructuring, Allstate would transfer its existing
captive agency program to a single exclusive agency independent contractor program, thus markedly
reducing the need for agency support staff. In its press release on this initiative, Allstate management also
announced it would eliminate 4,000 current non-agent positions by the end of 2000, or approximately 10
percent of the company’s non-agent workforce.

Said Allstate CEO Edward Reyes, “Now, many of our customers and potential customers are telling
us they want our products to be easier to buy, easier to service and more competitively priced. We will
combine the power of our agency distribution system with the growth potential of direct selling and
electronic commerce . . . This unique combination is without parallel in the industry and will make Allstate
the most customer-focused company in the marketplace.”

Proponents of this type of restructuring might argue that Allstate is simply taking the steps needed to
be competitive. They might even say that if Allstate did not cut jobs to create the cash flow needed to fund
new competitive initiatives, it might ultimately fail as a business, putting all 54,000 of its employees at risk.

Yet Allstate’s program raises concerns. One analyst noted that by encouraging customers to purchase
insurance products directly from the internet, Allstate could threaten the commissions of its more than
15,000 agents. The announcement of cost cutting came one day after Allstate announced it would meet its
regular quarterly dividend of P50.00/share. The company has raised its dividend annually since 1993.

Questions:
9.1 Is reducing the number of employees in a company in and of itself unethical? Why or why not?
- A decision of reducing the number of employees in a company may be an ethical move as it protects
the business and the remaining employees from failure.
9.2 If you decided it was generally ethical, what would the company have to do to make the employee
dismissals unethical?
- It may unethical when there lack of communications. Explaining perhaps the honest motives of the
layoff, providing advanced notice and severance pay/assistance can help with the adjustment.

9.3 What responsibilities does a company like Allstate have toward its employees?
- The first and the foremost responsibility of an organization towards its employees is to ensure that
they are happy and satisfied with their jobs encourage employees to appreciate each other. All state
also talk for the remaining employees explaining the layoff and to address rumors or uncertainty.
 9.4 Is there a moral dimension to the question of marketing Allstate insurance via the internet?
- Electronic/ digital transformation represents the critical response needed by organization to meet
rising customer expectations and respond to marker forces as it enable the organization to drive
innovation with an ever increasing level of business agility. While this transformation is vital to the
organization, it should also be reminded that the human dimension is as important as technology.

10. Teaching is considered as the noblest of professions. Comment taking into consideration that DepEd is
always considered one of the corrupt agencies of the government
Education sector corruption erodes social trust, worsens inequality, and sabotages development.
Types of corruption in elementary-secondary education range from academic cheating to bribery and
nepotism in teaching appointments to bid-rigging in procurement of textbooks and supplies. After
identifying priority problems in a locally led process, practitioners can use transparency- and
accountability-promoting tools to tackle corrupt behaviours and the incentives underlying them. Corruption
in education threatens the well-being of society because it erodes social trust and worsens inequality. It
sabotages development by undermining the formation of educated, competent, and ethical individuals for
future leadership and the labour force.
Corruption in primary and secondary education affects policy making and planning, school
management and procurement, and teacher conduct. Examples include cheating and other academic
violations; bribery, nepotism, and favouritism in school admissions, teacher appointments, and licensing of
education facilities; bid-rigging in the procurement of textbooks and school supplies; diversion of funds and
equipment; teacher absenteeism; and exploitation of schoolchildren for sex or unpaid labour.
Corruption contributes to poor education outcomes. Diversion of school funds robs schools of
resources, while nepotism and favouritism can put unqualified teachers in classrooms. Bid-rigging may
result in textbooks and supplies of inferior quality. When families must pay bribes for services, this puts
poor students at a disadvantage and reduces equal access to education. Teachers’ demands for sex may
cause girl students to drop out of school.
Assessing corruption risks and designing mitigation strategies must be a locally owned and locally
led process. Context mapping, using tools such as political economy analysis, power and influence analysis,
and the Integrity of Education Systems (INTES) approach, can help practitioners spot corruption problems
and identify likely allies or opponents of reform.
Stakeholders should engage in dialogue and consensus building to agree on which problems to
prioritise, taking into account their urgency and the political feasibility of different anti-corruption
strategies.
Anti-corruption strategies in education can make use of (a) transparency-promoting tools, such as
ICTs, participatory budgeting, Public Expenditure Tracking Surveys, and social audits, and (b)
accountability-promoting tools, such as performance-based contracting, teacher codes of conduct,
community monitoring, complaints mechanisms, salary reform, procurement reform, and public financial
management reforms.
Monitoring, evaluation, and learning should be built into anti-corruption reforms so that measures
can adapt to changing contextual realities.
Bilateral development agencies can support participatory sector planning processes that include
corruption risks as part of education sector situation analyses. They can support technical assistance for
political economy assessments, systems analysis, and other approaches to assessing corruption risks.
Assessments should build upon synergies with gender analysis and human rights–based approaches to
ensure that anti-corruption measures address aspects of inequity and vulnerability.
https://www.u4.no/publications/education-sector-corruption-
how-to-assess-it-and-ways-to-address-it