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    Mohamed Baumy
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    Batteries convert chemical energy into electrical energy through redox reactions. They are made up of voltaic cells connected in series, with each cell containing two different metals or electrodes separated by an electrolyte and salt bridge. Electrons flow from the anode through an external wire to the cathode, producing a current. The voltage produced depends on the reduction potentials of the electrodes used. Connecting multiple cells or using electrodes with more negative/positive potentials can increase the battery's output. However, batteries also pose environmental risks if hazardous materials are used or if they are not properly recycled.

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    Batteries convert chemical energy into electrical energy through redox reactions. They are made up of voltaic cells connected in series, with each cell containing two different metals or electrodes separated by an electrolyte and salt bridge. Electrons flow from the anode through an external wire to the cathode, producing a current. The voltage produced depends on the reduction potentials of the electrodes used. Connecting multiple cells or using electrodes with more negative/positive potentials can increase the battery's output. However, batteries also pose environmental risks if hazardous materials are used or if they are not properly recycled.

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    3 views17 pages

    Batteries 4

    Uploaded by

    Mohamed Baumy
    Batteries convert chemical energy into electrical energy through redox reactions. They are made up of voltaic cells connected in series, with each cell containing two different metals or electrodes separated by an electrolyte and salt bridge. Electrons flow from the anode through an external wire to the cathode, producing a current. The voltage produced depends on the reduction potentials of the electrodes used. Connecting multiple cells or using electrodes with more negative/positive potentials can increase the battery's output. However, batteries also pose environmental risks if hazardous materials are used or if they are not properly recycled.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 17

    Batteries

    Eng.Mohamed Bayoumi
    What is a battery?
    • It is something that converts chemical energy
    into electrical energy.
    • They produce current via redox reactions:
    – Red=reduction (gaining electrons) ›››› “Cathode"
    – Ox=oxidation (losing electrons) ›››› “Anode"
    • Batteries are essentially Voltaic Cells
    connected in series.
    What is a voltaic cell?
    Major components:
    ZINC
    • Metals

    COPPER
    What is a voltaic cell?
    Major components:
    ZINC
    • Metals
    • Electrolytes ZnSO4(aq)

    CuSO4(aq)

    COPPER
    What is a voltaic cell?
    Major components:
    ZINC
    • Metals
    • Electrolytes ZnSO4(aq)
    1.0 Molar
    • “Salt Bridge”
    • Wire
    AGAR

    Battery lifetime depends


    on the mass of metal in CuSO4(aq) WIRE
    the electrodes. 1.0 Molar

    COPPER
    What is a voltaic cell?
    ZINC

    ZnSO4(aq)

    ANODE

    AGAR

    CATHODE WIRE
    CuSO4(aq)

    COPPER
    How does it make energy?

    • The solid zinc anode


    oxidizes and becomes Zn2+
    • Electrons travel through
    the wire toward the cathode
    • The aqueous Cu2+ is reduced
    and adds to the solid copper
    cathode
    The standard hydrogen electrode
    (SHE)
    How much energy can it make?
    • You can predict the voltage (direct current) between
    any two materials based on reduction potentials.
    • A reduction potential, Eocell, is the difference between
    the standard reduction potential of the cathode
    (Eored(cathode)) and the anode (Eored(anode)).

    Eocell= Eored(cathode)-Eored(anode)
    How can you get more
    energy?
    1. Connect several cells in series
    (1.044V+1.044V+1.044V…)
    2. Work outside of standard
    conditions (concentration, temp,
    etc.)
    3. Use different compounds for the
    electrodes.
    The greatest voltages are from
    a combination of the compound with
    the most negative potential
    (anode) and the most positive
    (cathode). These happen to be Li
    and F, respectively.
    Rechagable li ions
    nppa
    Environmental Impacts
    • Some electrodes are made of
    hazardous materials
    – Cadmium in Ni-Cd batteries
    – Lead in lead-acid batteries (like
    a car battery)
    – Mercury-electrode batteries
    (banned in 1996)
    – Arsenic and Antimony in
    lead-acid batteries
    Environmental Impacts
    • When batteries are not
    recycled, they ultimately end
    up contaminating soil, air,
    water, and finally end up in
    the food chain.
    • Using secondary (rechargeable)
    batteries helps to prevent
    pollution.
    THANK YOU!

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