Design of Water Treatment with Rapid

Sand Filter
Solution:
Cascade Aerator:
 What is the purpose of (cascade)aeration in water
● treatment?
Aeration is one of the important unit operation of gas transfer .
● The process of cascade aeration is based mainly on gravity and the aeration of this type have more
efficiency due high surface for contact with atmosphere.

● The aim of the aeration is to create extensive new and self renewing interface between air and water to
keep interfacial films from building up in thickness. The efficiency of aeration depends on the amount of
surface contact between air and water, which is controlled primarily by the size of the water drop or air
bubble or thickness of water lamina created.
Aeration of water is done to accomplish the following objectives AND It is used in the water Treatment
process for various resons
● It removes taste and odour.
● It increases the dissolved oxygen content of the water.
● It removes H2S (hydrogen sulphide),VOC and CH4 (Methane) hence odour due to this.
● It decreases the CO2 content of water and thereby reduces the corrosiveness and raises the ph value.
● It converts iron and manganese from their soluble state to their insoluble state so that these can be
precipitated and removed.
● Due to aeration of water, aeration bacteria may be killed to some extent.
● It is also used for mixing chemicals with water.
● Also reduces temperature
(Design of cascade aeration)

● Velocity of flow of waste through the aerator is 0.3m/s to 12m/s

● Total area required for aerator is 0.015m2/m3/hr to 0.045m2/m3/hr
● Height of aerator 3m to 6m
● No of steps provided 4 to 6
● Dia. of Ist cascade=2xDia of tip

● Diameter of the tip=

Dia. Of bottom cascade/No.of steps provided
>Dia of inlet pipe
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DGWOqAwNpas
● Discharge Q=25MLD
=25x106 l/day
=25x106x10-3
24x60x60
=0.289m3/sec
=1041.6m3/hr

a)Design of inlet pipe

Using contunity equation
Q=AxV
Assume velocity of flow through inlet pipe is 1m/’s
Q=0.29m3/sec
0.29=Phi xd2x1
4
d=0.60m
Actual area of inlet pipe= 0.29=Phi x0.62
4
A=0.28m2
b)Design of Bottom cascade
● Discharge Q=1041.6m3/hr
● Assume total area required for aerator is 0.025m2/m3/hr
● Area of aerator=1041.6x0.025=26.04m2

● Actual area of inlet pipe is = 0.28 m2

● Gross area of aerator=26.04+0.28=26.32m2
26.32=Phi xD2
4
Say D=5.79m

C) Dimension of Aerator
Assume height of aerator is 3m and the riser to be provided for 5nos
Height of each riser=3/5=0.6m
Dia of tip=Dia of bottom cascade/no of riser provided
=5.79/5=1.158>dia of inlet pipe(0.6m)

Dia of 1st cascade=2xDia of tip

=2x1.158=2.316m
Dia of 2nd cascade=3xDia of tip
=3x1.158=3.474m
Dia of 3rd cascade=4xDia of tip
=4x1.158=4.632m
Dia of 4th cascade=5xDia of tip
=5x1.158=5.79m
=Dia of bottom cascade. Hence ok.
Assume the width of connecting channel is 1m .provide a free board of 0.3m to
the connecting channel and its total height is 1m.
D.Summary
1.Dia of inlet pipe=0.6m
2.Dia of bottom cascade=5.79m
3.No.of riser=5
4.Ht of riser=0.60m
5.Dia of tip=1.158m

6. Width of collecting channel=1m

7.Ht of collecting channel=1m
● Change the fig.
Design of Flash mixer
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sPxpK9loE74
Design criteria
1.Detention time =30 to 60 secs
2.Depth of tank=1 to 3.5m
3.Speed of the paddle=80 to 120 rpm
4.Power required=1 to 3 watt/m2/hr
5.Velocity at the tip of the paddle should be greater than=3m/s
6.Velocity of flow in mixer is 0.3 to 1.2m/s.
7.Height of diameter ratio 1:1 to 2:1
8.Velocity gradient(G) should be greater than =300sec.
9.Free board should be =0.3m
10.Diameter of impeller to the diameter of tank 0.2 to 0.4

In Flash mixer coagulant is agitated vigorously by a paddle operated by a variable speed motor
11.Velocity of paddle is given by =2πrn/60
Where r is radius of impeller
n= no of rotations of impeller 80 to 120rpm
12.Power required for impeller is given by
P =µG2V
µ-viscosity of the fluid=1.0087x10-3 N.S/m2
G-velocity gradient
V –volume of the tank

Aim: In Flash mixer coagulant is agitated vigorously by a paddle operated by a

variable speed motor
● 13.Area of the blade is given by
● P=1/2xCD x x AxVr3

A-area of the blade

Vr- relative velocity of the impeller and fluid
Vr=0.75Vp

C
D coefficient of drag of blade=1.8

Design

Design a flash mixer for a discharge of 500m3/hr.

Assume suitable data wherever required.

Given. Q= 500m3/hr=500/60*60=0.139m3/hr
Q=AV
Assume velocity of flow=0.9m/sec
A=0.154 m2
phixd2 = 0.154m2
4

d= 0.45m
Design of tank

● Assume detention time=40sec

● Volume v=Q.dt
● V=0.139x40
● V=5.56m3
● Assume depth of tank=2.5m
● Area=5.56/2.5
● Area=2.224m2

● TT*D2/4=2.224
● D=1.7m
● Check=height /diameter
● =2.5/1.7=1.47(which lies in 1:1 to 3:1)
● Hence safe.
● Assume free board of 0.3m
● Total depth of the tank=waterdepth+Dia of inlet+free board
● Total depth of tank=2.5+0.45+0.3=3.25m
● Provide a tank of size 1.7m in dia and total depth is 3.25m for the flash
mixer
Design of Impeller and Paddle
Assume
dia of impeller/dia of Tank=0.3

Dia of impeller=0.3x1.7
Di =0.51m
r=0.255m
Velocity of paddle, Vp
Vp=2TT r n/60
Assume no of rotation(n)=120rpm
● 2TTx0.255x120/60
● Vp=3.2m/s >3.0m/s
● Hence safe.
● Power required by impeller
● P=umiuG2V
● Assume velocity gradient is 400sec
● P=1.0087x10-3x4002x5.56
● P=897.33 watt
● Area of blade
● P=1/2xCDxrhoxAxVr3
● 897.33=1/2x1.8x1000xAx(0.75x3.20) 3
● A=0.072m2
● Provide 2 nos of blade
● Area of each blade=0.072/2=0.036m2
● Provide the width of the blade is 0.05m
● The length(L)= Area/width=0.036/0.05
● =0.72m
● Length of the paddle=total depth-0.5
● The length=3.25-0.5
● =2.75m
● Provide 2 numbers of blades in a paddle of length 2.75m having size
(0.72mx0.5m)
Summary

● 1.Diameter of inlet pipe=0.45m

● 2.Diameter of tank=1.7m
● 3.Water depth of the tank=2.5m
● 4.Total depth of the tank=3.25m
● 5.Diameter of the impeller=0.51m
● 6.velocity of paddle=3.20m
● 7.No of blade=2
● 8.Size of blade=0.72x0.5m
● 9.Length of the paddle=2,75m
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W--Dk0PMyeQ
● Flocculation basin
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZxZBVqPGdhM

● clariflocculator
Parshal plume(fig -9.39) flocculation basin 9.38,9.39 qasim
Flocculation Basin:
Clarifier:
Launder:
https://youtu.be/mfnw8FuOcGc rapid sand filter
5mld
1.Design of filter units
2.Estimation of sand depth
3.Estimation of gravel and size gradation
4.Design of underdrainage system
5.Compute dimension of wash water trough
6.Computation of total depth of filter box
Design of filter units
● Assume quantity of backwash water used=3%
● Filter water requirement per day=1.03x5=5.15MLD

Assume
● Time lost during backwashing=30mins
● Quantity of filtered water required per hour=5.15/24-0.5=0.219Ml/h
Design of filteration units
● Assume design rate of filteration=5m3/m2/hr
● Filter area A=0.219x10⁶/5000=43.83m2
● Provide two filter units (minimum 2filter /plant)
Assume
Length(L) /width(W) ratio=1.25:1 (Range 1.25-1.33:1)
LxB=43.83m2
(2 filter unit)x(1.25BxB)=43.83
B=4.05m
L=1.25x4.05=5.5m
So provide Two filter units each with a dimension of 5.5mx4.05m
Estimation of Depth of sand
● Assume
● Depth of sand=60cm(Ramge 60-90cm)
Effective size of sand=0.5mm(Range 0.35mm to 0.6mm)
The depth can be checked against breakthrough of floc through sand bed by
calculating depth required by Hudson formula,
Q.d3. h/l=Bix29323
Here Q=rate of filteration=5000 x2
=10000m3/m2/hr or 10m3/’h/’m2
(Assuming 100% overloading under emergency condition)
 Contd…

● D=0.6mm(Assumed diameter)
h=terminal headloss=2.5m(Assumed)
L=Depth of sand(in meters)
Bi=4x10-4(Assumed) for poor response of filteration& average degree of
pretreatment

10x(0.6)3x2.5/l=4x10-4x29323

l=0.46m or 46cm
Hence assumed depth of 60cm will be adequate to avoid breakthrough of floc.
Estimation of gravel and size gradation
● Assume
● Size gradation of gravel be 2mm at top to 40mm at bottom
● The requisite depth ’l’ in cm of a component gravel layer of size ’d’ (mm) is computed
using empirical formula

l=2.54.k (log d)
l=30.48(log d)
Taking k=12, we have
l=2.54x12xl(og d)
l=30.48(log d)
When d=2mm
l=30.48(log 2 )=9.2cm
contd-

Therefore ,provide a gravel depth of 50cm

Design of underdrainage system
Rapidsand filter part II
=1809.6mm2
Also spacing of perforations=1.7x100
8
=21.25cm
Depth of trough=26+10=36cm
Provide wash water trough of size,40cmx36cm
Hence each filter tank will have a size of 4mx5.5mx3.2m
Review questions
Rapid Sand Filter: