CRIM 1

Introduction to Criminology
 NATURE OF CRIMINOLOGY

• An Applied Science- anthropology, psychology, sociology, and other natural

sciences may be applied in the study of the causes of crime while chemistry,
medicine, physics, mathematics, and etc. may be utilized in crime detection.
• A Social Science- in as much as crime is societal creation and that it exists in a
society, its study may be considered part of social science.
• Dynamic- criminology changes as social condition change. That means the
progress of criminology is concordant with the advancement of other sciences
that have been applied to it.
• Nationalistic- the study of crime must always be in relationship with the
existing criminal law within the territory.
 PURPOSE OF STUDYING
CRIMINOLOGY

• The primary aim is to prevent the crime problem.

• To understand crimes and criminals which are basic to know the action to be
done to prevent them.
• To prepare for a career in law enforcement and scientific crime detection.
• To develop an understanding of the constitutional guarantees and due process
of law in the administration of justice.
• To foster higher concept off citizenry and leadership together with an
understanding of one moral and legal responsibilities to his fellowmen, his
community and the nation.
 IMPORTANCE OF STUDYING
CRIMINOLOGY

• A source off philosophy of life

• A background in a profession or for social service.
• Because criminals are legitimate object of interest. They should be understood
in order to control them.
• Because crime is a costly problem.
 ALLIED DISCIPLINE/FIELDS OF
CRIMINOLGY

• Criminal Sociology
• Criminal Biology
• Criminal Psychology
• Criminal Anthropology
• Criminal Psychopathology
• Penology
• Criminal Etiology
• Criminal Phenomenology
• Victimology
 HISTORICAL ACCOUNTS AND
EVOLUTION OF CRIMINOLOGY
 DEMONOLOGICAL SCHOOL

• Non-classical of pre-scientific school

• Most ancient theory of crime
• Crime is an hard work of the devil.
• Devil takes possession of the soul of man and makes him think and do wrong,
once the devil takes over the man’s soul, the sense of morality and fear of God
disappears from his breast; he become reckless and is unable to forsee the
consequences of his actions.
3 MAJOR CRIMINOLOGY SCHOOL
OF THOUGHT
 CLASSICAL SCHOOL

• This is during the enlightenment by the utilitarian and social-contract

philosophers Jeremy Bentham and Cesare Beccaria
• Man is a calculating animals
• The main belief of this school is all men are self-seeking and therefore they
attempt to commit offense.
• “Men possess free will and act as per their pleasure and pain (hedonism)
 POSITIVIST SCHOOL

• Founded by Cesare Lombroso and led by Enrico Ferri and Raffaele Garofalo
(considered as holy three of criminology).
• Also know as Lombrosian School
• This focuses on criminals rather than crime.
• Every person is different so is their understanding of right and wrong hence, the
person and not the crime should be punished.
• This school started by considering crime as a product of heredity and environmental
factors.
• This is linked with biological, psychological and sociological theories to criminal
behavior.
 NEO-CLASSICAL SCHOOL

• Is a modifier of Classical School of Beccaria.

• This also adhere to the principle of responsibility under freewill but provide
some improvements.
• This theory argue that classical theory should be modified in certain details ,
since child and lunatics cannot calculate pleasure and pain, they should not be
regarded as criminal or to be punished.
• According to this theory, there is a difference between total free will and
determinism and argues, no person has total free will.
COMPARISON OF CLASSICAL AND
POSITIVIST SCHOOL
 CLASSICAL SCHOOL POSITIVIST SCHOOL

• Legal definition of crime • No to legal definition

• Punishment fit for crime • Punishment fit the criminal

• Doctrine of freewill • Doctrine of determinism

• Death penalty allowed • Abolition of death penalty

• No empirical research • Inductive method

• Definite sentence • Indeterminate sentence

 PIONEERS OF CRIMINOLOGY

• Cesare Bonesana Beccaria (1738-1794)- Father of Modern Criminal Law And Criminal Justice.
• Jeremy Bethanmm (1748-1832)- Founder of Modern Utilitarianism.
• Gabriel Tarde (1843- 1904)- Founder of Neo-classical School.
• Cesare Lombroso (1835- 1909)- Father of Modern Criminology
• Enrico Ferri (1856-1929)- Founder of Positivist School
• Raffaele Garofalo (1851-1934)- Father of Criminology
• Emile Durkheim (1858-1917)- advocate the anomie theory
• Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)- founder of psychoanalysis
• Robert E. Park (1864-1944)- Advocates human ecology theory
• Ernst Kretschmer (1888-1964)- pioneered the kretschmer syndrome
• William Herbert Sheldon (1898-1977)- pioneered the somatotyping theory
• Edwin Sutherland (1883- 1950)- pioneered the differential association theory and the Dean of modern
Criminology
• Walter Reckless (1899-1988)- pioneered the containment theory
• Karl Max (1818-1883)- pioneered the capitalism and communism theory
 PIONEERS OF CRIMINOLOGY

• Robert King Merton (1910-2003)- Founding father of modern sociology

• Albert K. Cohen (1918-2014)- pioneered the subcultural theory
• Gresham Sykes (1922-2010)- coauthored techniques of neutralization: theory of delinquency
• Richard Cloward (1926-2001)- coauthored differential opportunity theory
• Lloyd Ohlin (1918-2008)- coauthored differential opportunity theory
• George Herbert Mead (1863-1931)- key figure to affiliate the development of pragmatism