BS(CS) Part-3, 2nd Semester 2023

Wireless Sensor Networks

Week #1
Pre-Requisite Review

Overview of
Data Communications
and Networks
 Outline
• Introduction to Data Communication and Networks
– Network components, network types
• Network Models
– OSI model, Internet model, Layers
• Network Standards
– Standards making, common standards
• Transmission Media
• Future/Emerging Trends
– Integration of voice, video, and data, new information services
– Pervasive computing and IoT Systems
– Mobile adhoc and wireless sensor networks
 Components of a Network
Router
Servers
File
HUB
Server

Web Client
Server Computers

Print Printer
Server
 Network Types (based on Scale)
• Local Area Networks (LANs) - room, building
– a group of PCs that share a circuit.

• Backbone Networks - less than few kms

– a high speed backbone linking the LANs at various locations.

• Metropolitan Area Networks (MAN) - (< few 10

kms)
– connects LANs and BNs at different locations
– leased lines or other services used to transmit data.

• Wide Area Networks (WANs) - (> few 10 kms)

– Same as MAN except wider scale
 Intranet vs. Extranet vs. Internet
• Intranet
– A LAN that uses the Internet technologies
– Open only those inside the organization

• Extranet
– A LAN that uses the Internet technologies
– Open only those invited users outside the organization
– Accessible through the Internet
– Example: Suppliers and customers accessing inventory information in a
company over an extranet

• Internet
Implementation of Communications
Functions

Communication

Communication
Applications Applications Single
layer
OS OS implemen-
tation

Applications Applications
Multi layer
implementation
OS OS -Breaking down into
smaller components
-Easier to implement
 Multi-layer Network Models
• The two most important such network models: OSI and
Internet (i.e. TCP/IP model)
• Open Systems Interconnection Model
– Created by International Standards Organization (ISO) as a framework
for computer network standards in 1984
– Based on 7 layers
• Internet Model (TCP / IP)
– Created by DARPA originally in early 70’s
– Developed to solve the problem of internetworking
– Based on 5 layers
– Based on Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)
suite
 7-Layer Model of OSI
Physical DataLink Network Transport Session Presentation Application
Please Do Not Touch Steve’s Pet Alligator

• Application Layer
– set of utilities / protocols used by application programs
• Presentation Layer
– formats data for presentation to the user
– provides data interfaces, data compression and translation between
different data formats
• Session Layer
– initiates, maintains and terminates each logical session between
sender and receiver
 7-Layer Model of OSI
• Transport Layer
– deals with end-to-end issues such as segmenting the message for
network transport, and maintaining the logical connections between
sender and receiver
• Network Layer
– responsible for making routing decisions
• Data Link Layer
– deals with message delineation, error control and network medium
access control
• Physical Layer
– defines how individual bits are formatted to be transmitted through
the network
 Internet’s 5-Layer Model
Physical DataLink Network Transport Application
Please Do Not Touch Alligator

• Application Layer
– used by application program
• Transport Layer
– responsible for establishing end-to-end connections, translates
domain names into numeric addresses and segments messages
• Network Layer - same as in OSI model
• Data Link Layer - same as in OSI model
• Physical Layer - same as in OSI model

*
Comparison of Network Models
Message Transmission Using Layers
sender receiver

Applications Applications

A receiving layer
wraps incoming
message with an
envelope A receiving layer
removes the
• Adds layer
layer related
related
envelope and
addressing
forwards the
information
message up
 Protocols
• Used by Network model layers
• Sets of rules to define how to communicate at
each layer and how to interface with adjacent
layers
Layer N+1 Layer N+1

Layer N Layer N

Layer N-1 Layer N-1

sender receiver
Message Transmission Example
 Standards
• Importance
– Provide a “fixed” way for hardware and/or software systems (different
companies) to communicate
– Help promote competition and decrease the price
• Types of Standards
– Formal standards
• Developed by an industry or government standards-making body
– De-facto standards
• Emerge in the marketplace and widely used
• Lack official backing by a standards-making body
 Standardization Processes
• Specification
– Developing the nomenclature and identifying the
problems to be addressed
• Identification of choices
– Identifying solutions to the problems and choose
the “optimum” solution
• Acceptance
– Defining the solution, getting it recognized by
industry so that a uniform solution is accepted
 Major Standards Bodies
• ISO (International Organization for Standardization)
– Technical recommendations for data communication interfaces
– Composed of each country’s national standards orgs.
– Based in Geneva, Switzerland (www.iso.ch)
• ITU-T (International Telecommunications Union –Telecom
Group
– Technical recommendations about telephone, telegraph and data
communications interfaces
– Composed of representatives from each country in UN
– Based in Geneva, Switzerland (www.itu.int)
 Major Standards Bodies (Cont.)
• ANSI (American National Standards Institute)
– Coordinating organization for US (not a standards- making body)
– www.ansi.org
• IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers)
– Professional society; also develops mostly LAN standards
– standards.ieee.org
• IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force)
– Develops Internet standards
– No official membership (anyone welcomes)
– www.ietf.org
Some Data Comm. Standards
Layer Common Standards
HTTP, HTML (Web)
5. Application layer MPEG, H.323 (audio/video)
IMAP, POP (e-mail)
4. Transport layer TCP (Internet)
SPX (Novell LANs)
3. Network layer IP (Internet)
IPX (Novell LANs)
Ethernet (LAN)
2. Data link layer Frame Relay (WAN)
PPP (dial-up via modem for MAN)
RS-232c cable (LAN)
1. Physical layer Category 5 twisted pair (LAN)
V.92 (56 kbps modem)
Transmission medium and physical layer
Classes of transmission media
GUIDED MEDIA

Guided media, which are those that provide a physical

communication path or channel from one device to
another, include twisted-pair cable, coaxial cable, and
fiber-optic cable.

Topics discussed in this section:

Twisted-Pair Cable
Coaxial Cable
Fiber-Optic Cable
Twisted-pair cable
UTP and STP cables
Table: Categories of unshielded twisted-pair cables
UTP connector
Coaxial cable
Table: Categories of coaxial cables
BNC connectors
Optical fiber

Fiber construction

7.32
Fiber-optic cable connectors
UNGUIDED MEDIA: WIRELESS

Unguided media transport electromagnetic waves

without using a physical conductor. This type of
communication is often referred to as wireless
communication.
Electromagnetic spectrum for wireless communication
Omnidirectional antenna Unidirectional antennas
NOTES:

Radio waves are used for multicast communications,

such as radio and television.

Microwaves are used for unicast communication such as

cellular telephones, satellite networks,
and wireless LANs.

Infrared signals can be used for short-range

communication in a closed area using line-of-sight
propagation.
Emerging Trends in Networking
– Integration of voice, video, and data
– Pervasive computing and IoT Systems
– Mobile adhoc and wireless sensor
networks
 Integration of Voice, Video & Data
• Also called “Convergence”
– Networks that were previously transmitted using
separate networks will merge into a single, high
speed, multimedia network in the near future
• First step (already underway)
– Integration of voice and data
• Next Step
– Video merging with voice and data
– Will take longer partly due to the high data rates
required for video
Pervasive Computing Systems

VISION
 Given by ‘Mark Weiser’ in 1991

CONCEPT

 Invisible Computing
2 Anytime, Anywhere Computing

GOAL
To provide services seamlessly without
demanding user’s attention
 Pervasive Computing Systems
• Pervasive computing systems, also known as ubiquitous
computing systems, refer to environments in which
computing devices are seamlessly integrated into everyday
objects, environments, and activities.
• The goal of pervasive computing systems is to create an
environment where technology is almost invisible, seamlessly
interacting with users and assisting them in their tasks
without requiring explicit user intervention.
• These systems rely on technologies like sensors, wireless
communication, and distributed computing to enable context-
awareness, adaptability, and automation in various scenarios.
• Pervasive systems can be found in smart homes, smart cities,
healthcare settings, industrial automation, and more.
 Internet of Things (IoT)
In 1999, Kevin Ashton first introduced the notion of Internet of Things (IoT). Kevin advocated that likewise the
Internet, IoT has potential to bring significant change in human lifestyle globally.
The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to a network of interconnected physical devices, vehicles, buildings, and other
objects embedded with sensors, software, and network connectivity, enabling them to collect and exchange data.
The overall goal of IoT systems is to enhance efficiency, improve decision-making, and provide innovative services by
connecting the physical and digital worlds.

Figure: Kevin Ashton – Inventor of the term IoT

 Internet of Things (IoT)
 The IoT consists of three main components:
1. The things (real world everyday objects) themselves
2. The communication network connecting the things, and
3. The computing infrastructure.

Figure: Internet of Things (IoT)

 Applications of IoT

 IoT applications are diverse

and can include areas such as:
 Smart Homes and Smart Offices
 Medical and Healthcare
 Transportation
 Manufacturing Industries
 Agriculture
 Environmental Monitoring
 Buildings Monitoring and
Construction Engineering, etc.

Figure: Applications of IoT

 Example Scenarios of IoT: Smart Home
 Consider a scenario of smart home
that contains several smart devices
connected to a central home
controller device through standard
Internet protocols.

 The embedded smart devices

provide remote services to the home
occupants to achieve their desired
goals, such as turning ON/OFF
lights of a room or adjusting light
levels, turning ON/OFF air-
condition or heater or adjusting
cooling and heating levels,
opening/closing of window blinds,
etc.

Figure: Internet of Things (IoT) Example Scenario-1

 Example Scenarios of IoT: Patient Monitoring

 Another example scenario of

IoT could be a health-care
system,
system where a nano-chip
might be injected to every
registered user/patient in
order to monitor her health
and provide her auto-
assistance when ever
needed.

Figure -5: Internet of Things (IoT) Example Scenario-2

 Mobile Adhoc Networks (MANETs)
 A Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) is a decentralized and self-organizing
network of mobile devices that communicate with each other without the
need for a fixed infrastructure or centralized control.
 In a MANET, each device, often referred to as a node, can act as both a sender
and a receiver of data and can forward data to other nodes, effectively
creating a multi-hop communication path.
 Mobile Adhoc Networks (MANETs)
 MANETs are commonly used in scenarios where traditional network
infrastructure is unavailable or impractical, such as in disaster recovery
operations, military communications, outdoor events, and remote areas.
 The dynamic nature of MANETs presents challenges in terms of routing,
network topology management, and maintaining connectivity as nodes move
and communication conditions change.
 Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs)
 Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) is the enabling technology for pervasive
computing and IoT systems.
 A Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is a network of small, low-power, and
autonomous devices called sensors that are distributed across a physical
environment to collect and transmit data.
 These sensors can monitor various environmental parameters such as
temperature, humidity, light, pressure, and more.
 WSNs are commonly used for applications like environmental monitoring,
industrial automation, healthcare, agriculture, and infrastructure monitoring.
The sensors in a WSN are typically resource-constrained, and they
communicate wirelessly with a central node called a sink or base station,
which collects and processes the data sent by the sensors.
 Efficient energy management, routing protocols, and data aggregation
techniques are critical in WSNs to prolong the network's lifespan and ensure
reliable data transmission.
 Next Week: We’ll continue our discussion on WSNs…
 THANKS

Any
Questions…!?