The Relational Model

Instructor: Najib Ullah Sadaat | Email: najeeb.szu@gmail.com | Linked In, Twitter, Instagram: @NajeebSadaat | Contacts: 07(0,6,8)6 24 90 24 11/24/2023
2 Lecture Outline
 Database Models
 The Relational Model
 Relation
 Example Relation

Instructor: Najib Ullah Sadaat | Email: najeeb.szu@gmail.com | Linked In, Twitter, Instagram: @NajeebSadaat | Contacts: 07(0,6,8)6 24 90 24 11/24/2023
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The Relational Model
 The single most important standard in database processing today.
 This model was developed and published in 1970 by Edgar Frank Codd,
commonly referred to as E. F. Codd.
 Today, it is used for the design and implementation of every commercial
relational database worldwide.

Instructor: Najib Ullah Sadaat | Email: najeeb.szu@gmail.com | Linked In, Twitter, Instagram: @NajeebSadaat | Contacts: 07(0,6,8)6 24 90 24 11/24/2023
4 The Relational Model
Two concepts:
1. Database is used to keep track of THINGS
2. Relational DBMS products store data in the form of TABLES.

Clarification:
3. The formal name for a “thing” that is being tracked is ENTITIY, which
is defined as something of importance to the user that needs to be
represented in the database.
4. The formal name for the “table” is RELATION.

Instructor: Najib Ullah Sadaat | Email: najeeb.szu@gmail.com | Linked In, Twitter, Instagram: @NajeebSadaat | Contacts: 07(0,6,8)6 24 90 24 11/24/2023
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Relation
A relation is a two-dimensional table consisting of rows and columns that has
the following characteristics:
1. Rows contain data about an entity
2. Columns contain data about attributes of the entity
3. Cells of the table hold a single value
4. All entries in a column are of the same kind
5. Each column has a unique name
6. The order of the columns is unimportant
7. The order of the rows is unimportant
8. No two rows may hold identical sets of data values

Instructor: Najib Ullah Sadaat | Email: najeeb.szu@gmail.com | Linked In, Twitter, Instagram: @NajeebSadaat | Contacts: 07(0,6,8)6 24 90 24 11/24/2023
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Example Relation

Student_ID First_Name Last_Name Department Phone Address

100 Ahmad Jan IS 0786778899 Khost
101 Shaheen Khan IT 0700800900 Khost
102 Mohsin Sadaat IT 0777885885 Paktika
103 Kamal Khosty IS 0765889944 Khost
104 Rahim Gul IS 0799454545 Logar
105 Rashid Arman IT 0789123456 Nangarhar

Instructor: Najib Ullah Sadaat | Email: najeeb.szu@gmail.com | Linked In, Twitter, Instagram: @NajeebSadaat | Contacts: 07(0,6,8)6 24 90 24 11/24/2023
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Now, Create Example Relations

 Teacher
 Course
 Book
 Car
 Customer
 Country
 etc

Instructor: Najib Ullah Sadaat | Email: najeeb.szu@gmail.com | Linked In, Twitter, Instagram: @NajeebSadaat | Contacts: 07(0,6,8)6 24 90 24 11/24/2023
8

Thank You!

Instructor: Najib Ullah Sadaat | Email: najeeb.szu@gmail.com | Linked In, Twitter, Instagram: @NajeebSadaat | Contacts: 07(0,6,8)6 24 90 24 11/24/2023