Neurological Mechanisms in

Alzheimer's
Explore the underlying brain changes and molecular processes that
contribute to the development of Alzheimer's.
1.Cholinergic System Dysfunction

• Explanation: The cholinergic system, which involves the

neurotransmitter acetylcholine, is significantly affected in Alzheimer's.
Degeneration of cholinergic neurons in the brain leads to a reduction
in acetylcholine levels in the brain. This neurotransmitter is crucial for
learning and memory. The decline in acetylcholine contributes to
cognitive impairments observed in Alzheimer's patients.
2.Genetic and Epigenetic Influences
• Explanation: Genetic factors, including mutations in genes like APP,
presenilin 1, and presenilin 2, can increase the risk of developing
Alzheimer's. Epigenetic modifications, such as DNA methylation
and histone acetylation, also play a role in regulating gene
expression in Alzheimer's. Understanding these genetic and
epigenetic influences provides insights into individual
susceptibility and potential therapeutic targets.
3.Synaptic Dysfunction and Neurotransmitter Alterations:

• Background: Alzheimer's disease results in the loss of synapses, the connections between
neurons, and alterations in neurotransmitter levels.
• Detailed Explanation: As the disease progresses, there is a significant decline in synaptic density.
This loss of synapses disrupts communication between neurons, impairing cognitive function.
Additionally, changes in neurotransmitter levels, particularly acetylcholine, are observed in
Alzheimer's. The decline in acetylcholine is associated with memory deficits. Understanding these
synaptic and neurotransmitter changes is crucial for developing therapeutic strategies to alleviate
cognitive symptoms.
4.Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption:

• Explanation: The blood-brain barrier (BBB) regulates the passage of

substances between the bloodstream and the brain. In Alzheimer's,
there is evidence of BBB disruption, allowing the entry of
inflammatory molecules and potentially harmful substances into the
brain. BBB dysfunction further amplifies neuroinflammation and
contributes to the overall neurodegenerative process.
Bibliography:
• https://molecularneurodegeneration.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.
1186/s13024-020-00391-7
• https://academic.oup.com/hmg/article/19/R1/R12/623639
• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5290713/#:~:text=Th
e%20characteristic%20features%20of%20Alzheimer's,decline%20in%
20a%20progressive%20manner
• https://molecularneurodegeneration.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.
1186/s13024-019-0333-5