ATS, TT, TIG

Anti tetanus serum, Tetanus toxoid, Tetanus

Immuno-globulin

ATS
Equine liquid purified concentrated anti tetanus
serum (ATS, tetanus anti-toxin, TAT) is a protein
fraction isolated from equine blood hyper
immunized with tetanus anatoxin or toxin. The
Tetanus toxoid preparation is purified and
concentrated after partial enzymatical
digestion. 0.5% Chloroform is used as a
preservative.
 Preparation for scheduled immunization
against tetanus contains 3000 international
units (IU) of the anatoxin.
  Formulation of equine serum (ATS) appears
like clear, slightly opalescent, colorless or
yellowish fluid without any debree or pellets. 
BIOLOGICAL AND
IMMUNOLOGICAL PROPERTIES: 
 The preparation contains anаtoxins to
promote and establish individual self-
immunity toward the tetanus toxin. ATS
serum contains horse antibodies, which are
ready to neutralize tetanus toxins in
urgency. 
ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE:
 Administration: Before administering
serum by intracutaneous or intramuscular
injection patient’s sensitivity should be
tested with 0.1 ml of diluted (1:100) serum
from red vial, injected in inner elbow area.
The reaction is negative if in 30 min the area
of injection is shown as spot with diameter <
1 cm. If the test is positive then use of the
serum for such a patient is prohibited. 
 Non dominant hand
SIDE EFFECTS AND REACTIONS:
 Some allergic reactions may be developed
after administration of the serum.
 Short term reactions are developed
immediately or in several hours after
injection;
 an mid-term reactions are developed on the
2nd-6th day after administering the serum.
 Remote or long term reactions might be
developed in two weeks or later.
 These reactions have a symptoms of fever,
itching or skin rashes, swelling joints,
pains etc.
ADMINISTERING THE SERUM WITH POSITIVE
SENSITIVE TEST RESULT MAY LEAD TO
ANAPHYLACTIC SHOCK. 
  It is desirable that each immunized patient
should be closely observed for 1 hour after
the serum injection. The proper equipment
and medications to conduct counter-allergical
measures and antishock therapy must be
available near the site of immunization with
the serum.
 Patients where injected with ATS must be
instructed to call a physician immediately, if
fever, harsh itching, skin rash, joint swellings
or pains and other symptoms typical for
systemic disease occur
MECHANISM OF ACTION/EFFECT:

Tetanus antitoxin neutralizes the toxin

produced by Clostridium tetani

Precautions to Consider

Cross-sensitivity and/or related problems

Patients allergic to any product prepared

from horse serum may also be allergic to
tetanus antitoxin {09}.
 
Breast-feeding

It is not known whether tetanus antitoxin is distributed into breast

milk. However, problems in humans have not been documented.

Pediatrics

Appropriate studies on the relationship of age to the effects of tetanus

antitoxin have not been performed in the pediatric population.
However, pediatrics-specific problems that would limit the usefulness
of this medication in children are not expected.

Geriatrics

No information is available on the relationship of age to the effects of

tetanus antitoxin in geriatric patients.
 TT
 Tetanus toxoid is a vaccine used to provide
active immunity against tetanus toxin.
Tetanus or lockjaw is a serious disease that
may result in death.
 The tetanus toxoid vaccine is used for active 
immunization against tetanus in individuals 7
years of age and older.
 WHAT ARE THE SIDE EFFECTS OF TETANUS
TOXOID?
All vaccines may cause minor injection site reactions including:
 Pain

 Redness

 Swelling (edema)

 Warmth

 Discomfort

Some individuals also may experience:

 Fever

 Malaise

 Joint pain

 Myalgia

 Fainting (syncope)

 Nausea

Rare but serious side effects include:

Guillain-Barre syndrome
Other neurological complications
Rare cases of anaphylactic shock have been reported after receiving
some preparations containing the tetanus toxoid.
WHAT IS THE DOSAGE FOR TETANUS TOXOID?

 The recommended dose is 0.5 ml injected

intramuscularly. Repeat at 4 to 8 weeks after
the first dose and at 6 to 12 months after the
second dose.
 Administered in dominant hand

Some medications may decrease the

therapeutic benefits of the tetanus toxoid
vaccine.
Example of such medications include:
 Antineoplastic agents (anti-cancer
 medications)
 Immunosuppressives
 TIG
 Anti-tetanus immunoglobulin, also known
as tetanus immune globulin (TIG)
and tetanus antitoxin, is a medication made
up of antibodies against the tetanus toxin. 
 It is used to prevent tetanus in those who
have a wound that is at high risk and have
not been fully vaccinated with tetanus toxoid.
It is also used to treat tetanus along
with antibiotics and muscle relaxants.  
 It is given by injection into a muscle.
 Common side effects include pain at the site
of injection and fever.
  Allergic reactions including anaphylaxis may
rarely occur.
  Use during pregnancy is deemed
acceptable.
  It is made from human blood plasma

  It is on the World Health Organization's List

of Essential Medicines, the most effective
and safe medicines needed in a health
system.
THANK YOU!

Reference: https://
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-tetanus_immunoglobulin
https://
www.medicinenet.com/tetanus_toxoid-injection/arti
cle.html
https://www.drugs.com/mmx/tetanus-antitoxin.html
http://
www.allergen.ru/eng/instructions/antitetanus.php