液压系统相关概念

Concepts Related to Hydraulic System

液压执行原件

（将压力能转化为动能）

液压控制原件
（压力、流量、方向）
压力控制阀 - 控制压力
流量控制阀 - 控制流量
方向控制阀 - 控制方向

液压动力原件
（将发动机动能转化为液压能）

辅助原件
（油箱、过滤器、冷却器等）
1 、 液压元件：我们把液压系统内实现某一功能的液压单元称为液压元件。如：缸、泵、阀、油箱、滤芯等；为了便于
区别，根据其功能分为四类。
Hydraulic elements: the hydraulic unit to achieve a certain function in the hydraulic system is called hydraulic
element. For example: cylinder, pump, valve, oi tank, filter element etc.; for the convenience of distinguishing,
divide these elements into 4 categories.
动力元件：在液压系统内把机械能转换为液压能的元件称为动力元件。 如：泵
Power elements: the elements converting the mechanical energy into hydraulic energy are called power
elements. For example: pump
控制元件：在液压系统内改变液压油大小、方向和流量的元件称为控制元件。如：先导操纵阀、主控阀、节流阀、
单向阀、安全阀
Control elements: the elements to change the hydraulic oil size, direction and flow rate are called control
elements. For example: the pilot control valve, main control valve, throttling valve, one-way valve and safety
valve
执行元件：在液压系统内把液压能转换为机械能的元件称为执行元件。 如：油缸（直线运动）、马达（圆
周运动）
Actuating elements: the elements converting the hydraulic energy into mechanical energy are called actuating
elements. For example: cylinder (linear motion), motor (circular motion)
辅助元件：在液压系统内起辅助作用的元件称为辅助元件。 如：油箱、油冷器、蓄能器、液压滤芯、软硬管、密
封圈
Auxiliary elements: the elements having auxiliary function in the hydraulic system are called auxiliary elements.
For example: oil tank, oil cooler, accumulator, hydraulic filter element, hose, pipe and sealing ring
2 、 液压系统 将液压传动的动力元件 、控制元件 、执行元件 和辅助元件通过管路有机的连接起来，
形成封闭的系统，以液体作介质传递能量，实现液压设备的各种动作，我们把这种系统称为液压系
统。
Hydraulic system The system connecting the power elements, control elements, actuating
elements and auxiliary elements through pipeline to form an enclosed system and deliver the
energy with liquid as medium to achieve various actions of hydraulic equipment is called hydraulic
system.

3 、 发动机功率 = 转速 × 扭矩 当发动机功率恒定时，转速越高其输出的扭矩越小，反之转速越低其输
出的扭矩越大。 Engine power = speed × torque With the engine power constant, the output
torque is lower when the speed is higher and higher when the speed is lower.

4 、 泵的功率 = 压力 × 流量 当泵的功率恒定时，负载越大其动作越慢，反之负载越小动作越快（负载
决定压力，流量决定速度）。
Pump power = pressure × flow rate With the pump power constant, the action is slow when the
load is high and the action is quick when the load is low (the load determines the pressure while
the flow rate determines the speed).
5 、 帕斯卡定律 加在密闭容器内的压强能够大小不变的向各个方向传递（密闭容器内压强大小处处相等）
Pascal's law The pressure applied to the closed container inside will be transmitted to every direction without changing the
pressure size (the pressure size is the same in the container)

P=F/A F=PA

(P= 压强 F= 力 A= 面积 )
(P=pressure F=force A=area)

P=P1=P2=F1/A1=F2A2

F1=PA1 F2=PA2

A1<A2 F1<F2
6 、 压力单位换算 压力的基本单位为帕斯卡（ Pa ）
Conversion of pressure unit The fundamental unit of pressure is Pascal (Pa)
1Pa = 1 N/ ㎡ 1bar = 105Pa
1kgf/cm2= 0.9807 ×105Pa 1MPa = 106Pa
7 、 排量 在液压系统内，泵的排量是指缸体内所有柱塞从上止点移动到下止点所排出液体体积的体积总和。
Displacement In the hydraulic system, the pump displacement means the sum of volume of fluid discharged
when the all the plungers move to BDC from TDC.
变量液压泵的排量是由柱塞的行程决定的，而行程又是由斜盘的倾角决定的，因此，当斜盘倾角越大时，变量液
压泵的排量越大。
The displacement of variable hydraulic pump depends on the plunger stroke while the stroke is determined by
the swash plate rake. When the swash plate angel is large, the displacement will be large as well.
8 、 流量 单位时间内流过过断面的体积；或解释为单位时间内泵排出的体积或质量。
Flow The volume passing the section in unit time; or the volume or mass discharged by the pump in unit time.
9 、 流速 液体在单位时间内流过的距离叫流速。
Flow rate The distance of liquid flowing in unit time is called flow rate.
挖掘机泵的流量是由斜盘的倾角和发动机的转速决定的。
The excavator pump flow is determined by the swash plate rake and engine speed.

理想状态下，液体在同一时间内流过同一通道两个不同截面的体积相等。即 q=v1A1=v2A2= 常量。

Under ideal state, the volume of liquid pass the two different sections in the same passage should be the same,
that is, q = v1A1 = v2A2 = constant.

当系统面积相同时流量决定速度。 根据以上原理，在同一台挖掘机上，油缸活塞杆越粗，力量越大，速度越慢，反之油
缸活塞杆越细，力量越小，速度越快。
The flow determines the speed when the system area is the same. According to the above principle, for the same
excavator, the thicker cylinder piston rod will achieve higher force but lower speed; the thinner piston rod will
achieve lower force but higher speed.
10 、 液阻 由于流动油液各质点之间以及油液与管壁之间的摩擦与碰撞会产生阻力，这种阻力叫液阻。Fluid resistance The resistance generated by the friction among the
particles in the oil and the friction and impact between the oil and pipe wall is called fluid resistance. 液阻会造成压力损失。 The fluid
resistance will result in pressure loss.

2) Small pipe diameter (passage diameter)

1) Longer pipe

3) High flow 4) High oil viscosity

11 、泄漏 从液压元件密封间隙漏过少量油液的现象称泄漏。
Leak The little oil leaking from the hydraulic element seal clearance is called leak.

泄漏分内泄漏和外泄漏，泄漏必然引起流量损失。
The leak falls into internal leak and external leak, both certainly causing loss of flow.
 泄漏和液阻是造成挖掘机不能正常工作的重要原因，在检修液 压故障时要认真分析并检测各处压
力值是否符合规定值。
The leak and fluid resistance are the substantial clauses for the malfunction of excavator. During
the hydraulic system troubleshooting, it is necessary to analyze and test the pressure.

12 、 工作压力 它是指液压泵在实际工作时输出油液的压力值，即泵出油口处压力值，也称为系统
压力。此压力取决于系统中阻止液体流动的阻力。阻力（负载）增大，工作压力升高；反之则工作
压力降低。泵的最大工作压力是由其组成部分零件的结构强度和密封好坏来决定的，随着泵工作压
力的提高，它的泄漏量增大，效率降低。
Operating pressure It means the pressure of output oil during the hydraulic pump operation,
namely, the pressure at the pump oil outlet, also called system pressure. This pressure depends
on the system resistance preventing the fluid flowing. The operating pressure will be higher if the
resistance (load) increases; contrarily, the operating pressure will be lower. The maximum
operating pressure of pump depends on the part structure strength and sealing conditions. As the
pump operating pressure increases, the leak will increase and the efficiency will reduce.
13 、 额定压力 它是指在保证液压泵的容积效率、使用寿命和额定转速的前提下，泵连续长期运
转时允许使用的压力最大限定值。它是泵在正常工作的条件下，按试验标准规定能连续运转的最
高压力。当泵的工作压力超过额定压力时，就会过载。
Rated pressure It means the maximum pressure under which the pump can continuously
operate for long-term with the volumetric efficiency, service life and rated speed of hydraulic
pump guaranteed. This pressure is the maximum pressure under which the pump can operate
continuously under normal operation conditions and test conditions. Overload will occur if the
operating pressure exceeds the rated pressure.

14 、 最高允许压力 在超过额定压力的条件下，根据试验规定，允许泵短暂运行的最高压力值，
称为泵的最高允许压力。
Maximum allowable pressure With the rated pressure exceeded, the maximum pressure
under which the pump can operate temporarily according to the test regulations is called the
maximum allowable pressure of pump.
15 、 液压冲击 在液压系统中 , 当油路突然关闭或换向时 , 会产生急剧的压力升高 , 这种现象成为液压冲击。
Hydraulic shock In the hydraulic system, when the oil circuit is shut off or reversed suddenly, the sharp
pressure rise will occur, which is called hydraulic shock.

造成液压冲击的主要原因是液压速度的急剧变化、高速运动工作部件的惯性力和某些液压元件反应动作不够灵
敏，产生液压冲击时 , 系统中的压力瞬间就要比正常压力大好几倍 , 特别是在压力高、流量大的情况下 , 极易引
起系统的振动、噪音甚至导管或某些液压元件的损坏 , 既影响系统的工作质量又会缩短其使用寿命，同时加速油
液组织破坏。
The main causes for the hydraulic shock include the rapid change of hydraulic speed, inertia force of working
parts at high speed and insensitive response of some hydraulic elements. During hydraulic shock, the system
pressure will be times of normal pressure at the moment, in particular if the pressure and flow are high, which
will cause the system vibration, noise and even the breakage of guide tube or some hydraulic elements,
impairing the operation quality, shortening the service life and accelerating the breakage of oil organization.
 挖掘机安装液压锤时，由于频繁换向会给系统造成频繁液压冲击，因此在挖掘机安装液压锤时，
为了有效保护液压元件液压油及液压滤芯，更换周期必须减半。
If the excavator is provided with hydraulic hammer, the frequent reversing will cause frequent
hydraulic shock to the system. Therefore, to protect the hydraulic element hydraulic oil and filter
element, the replacement cycle must be shortened by half.

16 、 空穴现象 一般液体中溶解有空气，水中溶解有约 2% 体积的空气，液压油中溶解有 (6% ～ 12%)

体积的空气。成溶解状态的气体对油液体积弹性模量没有影响，成游离状态的小气泡则对油液体
积弹性模量产生显著的影响。空气的溶解度与压力成正比。当压力降低时，原先压力较高时溶解
于油液中的气体成为过饱和状态，于是就要分解出游离状态微小气泡，其速率是较低的，但当压
力低于空气分离压时，溶解的气体就要以很高速度分解出来，成为游离微小气泡，并聚合长大，
使原来充满油液的管道变为混有许多气泡的不连续状态，这种现象称为空穴现象。
Cavitation In general, the air will be dissolved in the liquid. For the water, the air may occupy
2% (in volume) approximately; for the hydraulic oil, the air may occupy (6% ~ 12%) (in volume).
The dissolved gas has no influence on the bulk modulus of elasticity of the oil while the free
state minute bubbles will generate remarkable influence on the bulk modulus of elasticity. The
air dissolvability is proportional to the pressure. When the pressure reduces, the gas
originally dissolved in the oil will be under supersaturation state and the free state mini bubbles
will be released at low speed. When the pressure is lower than the air separation pressure, the
dissolved gases will be released at very high speed, become the free mini bubbles, group
together and grow up to make the state of pipeline originally full of oil become discrete state
containing too many bubbles. This is called cavitation.
如果液压系统中发生了空穴现象 , 液体中的气泡随着液流运动到压力较高的区域时 , 气泡在较高
压力作用下将迅速破裂 , 从而引起局部液压冲击 , 造成噪音和振动；另一方面 , 由于气泡破坏了液
流的连续性 , 降低了油管的通油能力 , 造成流量和压力的波动 , 使液压元件承受冲击载荷 , 影响其
使用寿命。同时气泡中的氧也会腐蚀金属元件的表面 , 我们把这种因发生空穴现象而造成的腐蚀
叫气蚀。
Where the cavitation occurs, when the bubbles in the fluid flow to the higher pressure zone,
they will quickly break under the function of higher pressure and consequently result in
hydraulic shock, generating noise or vibration; on the other hand, as the bubble breaks the
continuity of liquid flow, it will reduce the oil pipe passing capacity, cause flow and pressure
fluctuation, make the hydraulic elements withstand the shock load and impair the service life. In
addition, the oxygen in the bubble will corrode the surface of metal elements. Such corrosion
caused by cavitation is called cavitation erosion.
在液压传动装置中 , 气蚀现象可能发生在油泵、管路以及其它具有节流装置的地方 , 特别是油泵装置 , 这种现
象最为常见。气蚀现象是液压系统产生各种故障的原因之一 , 特别在高速、高压的液压设备中更应注意。
In the hydraulic transmission gear, the cavitation erosion may occur in the oil pump, pipeline and other parts
equipped with throttling gear, in particular the oil pump devices. The cavitation erosion is one of the causes
for the hydraulic system malfunction, especially for the high speed and high pressure hydraulic equipment.
空穴现象，引起系统的振动，产生冲击、噪音、气蚀使工作状态恶化，应采取如下预防措施：
The cavitation will cause system vibration, shock, noise and deteriorate the operating conditions. To avoid
cavitation, take the following preventive measures:
限制泵吸油口离油面高度，泵吸油口要有足够的管径，滤油器压力损失要小，自吸能力差的泵用辅助供油；
管路密封要好，防止空气渗入；节流口压力降要小，一般控制节流口前后压差比 p1/p2 ＜ 3.5

Rat-a-tat
 Limit the distance from the pump oil suction port to the oil level, the suction port should have
sufficient pipe diameter, the oil filter pressure loss should be low and adopt auxiliary oil supply for
the poor suction capacity pump; seal the pipeline properly to prevent the air infiltration; maintain
the choke pressure drop low, generally, the pressure difference ratio behind/before the choke
should be p1/p2 < 3.5
17 、 液压油 作为传递运动和动力的载体。除了传递能量以外也是精密零件的润滑剂和系统冷却剂根据
资料统计，液压系统 70 ％以上的故障是由于选用不正确的液压油，或者油中含有脏物和其他污染
物引起。
Hydraulic oil Used as the carrier for motion and power transmission. In addition to power
transmission, the oil is also the precision components lubricant and system coolant. The
statistics data shows that more than 70% hydraulic system malfunction is caused by the
incorrect hydraulic oil or the dirt and other pollutant in the oil.
对液压油的要求：
Requirements for the hydraulic oil:
适宜的粘度和良好的粘温特性；在工作温度和压力下，具有优良的润滑性， 剪切稳定性和一
定的油膜强度；对热、氧化、水解等具有较好的化学稳定性要有良好的抗泡性要有良好的防
锈性；在额定压力下，压缩率小；燃点、闪点高，挥发性小；不含水分和其他杂质；对密封
材料的影响小。
Proper viscosity and viscosity-temperature characteristics; under operating temperature
and pressure, excellent lubricating property, shear stability and certain oil film strength;
resistant to the heat, oxidation and hydrolysis and good rust resistance; low compression
ratio at rated pressure; high burning point and flash point and low volatility; free of moisture
and other impurity; low influence on the sealing materials.
 Name of element Symbol Description

Main pipeline or main oil

passage Heavy solid line

Control pipeline or control oil Broken line

passage

One component or
component seal Double dot dash line
 Crossing and connected

Oil circuit crossing Crossing, not connected

Crossing, not connected

Pressure port or preserved oil port

The oil circuit is used for
special purpose after being
closed
Prime mover Power source of hydraulic system

General symbol for pump

Hydraulic pump One-way constant

displacement pump

One-way variable pump

 Two-way constant
displacement pump

Two-way variable
pump

General symbol for motor

One-way constant
displacement motor
 One-way variable motor

Hydraulic motor

Two-way constant
displacement motor

Two-way variable motor

Variable speed motor

 Cylinder General symbol for cylinder

Choke

Reduce the oil passage size

to reduce the pressure; flow
Adjustable choke control valve
 One-way valve

Hydraulic control one-way valve

2/2 reversing valve Direction control valve

3/6 reversing valve

Direction 1
Middle
Another direction
 Overflow valve

Pressure control valve

Pilot overflow valve

Pipe end on the level

管端在液面下，并带空气过滤器
Pipe end under level, with air
Oil tank filter

Sealed type pressurized oil tank

 General symbol for filter

Filter with by-pass valve

Filter

Air filter

保证液压油箱内压力略大于大气压力
To ensure the pressure inside the
hydraulic oil tank a little higher
Venting device than the atmosphere pressure

Cooler General symbol for cooler

 Heater

Accumulator Gas separator accumulator

Rotary joint Three-way rotary joint

Locking

Brake or clutch

Unlocking