INTRODUCTION TO

BIOINFORMATICS
P R E S E N T E D B Y:
MEHWISH NASIR
 LECTURE:1 OUTLINE

• Introduction to Bioinformatics
• Emergence of Bioinformatics
• Genomic research(HGP)
• Genomic Analysis(DNA,RNA)
• Needs of Bioinformatics
• Areas of Bioinformatics
• Applications of Bioinformatics
• Uses of Bioinformatics
• Scope of Bioinformatics
 Bioinformatics
Bio Infor ma ti cs
Biology Information maths statistics computer
technology science
science
 BIOINFORMATICS

• Bioinformatics involves the technology that uses

computers for storage, retrieval, manipulation and
distribution of information related to biological
macromolecules such as DNA, RNA and protein.

• Bioinformatics is an interdisciplinary field that combines

biology, computer science, and mathematics to analyze and
interpret biological data.
• Bioinformatics is an emerging branch of biological science
that emerged as a result of the combination of biology
and information technology
• Significance of bioinformatics in:
• Genomic research
• Drug discovery
• Disease diagnostics
• Evolutionary biology
 HUMAN GENOME PROJECT

• The Human Genome Project (HGP) was an international scientific research

project that aimed to map and sequence all the genes of the human genome. It
was one of the most significant scientific endeavors of the late 20th century and
early 21st century, with the primary goal of providing a complete and accurate
reference sequence of the human genome.

• The project was formally launched in 1990, with the main objectives being to
identify and map all the genes in human DNA, determine the sequence of the 3
billion DNA base pairs that make up the human genome, and to make this
information freely available to the scientific community and the public.

• Bioinformatics played a pivotal role in the successful completion of the HGP by

providing the computational tools and techniques necessary to analyze, manage,
and interpret the vast amount of genomic data generated during the project
 HUMAN GENOME PROJECT:

• Sequence Assembly
• Data Management
• Gene Prediction and Annotation
• Comparative Genomics
• Structure Analysis
• Functional Analysis
 GENOMIC ANALYSIS

DNA:Deoxyribonucleic acid
• DNA is found in the cells of
living things
• DNA contains all of the genetic
information that makes you who
you are and every
• Individual organism has unique
DNA like a finger print
 GENOMIC ANALYSIS

RNA: Ribonucleic Acid

• Ribonucleic Acid is a
polymer of nucleotides that
is made up of:
• Ribose sugar, a phosphate
group and bases such as
Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine
and Uracil.
 HISTORY

• History of bioinformatics has emerged from two different

fields
• 1. Computer science
• 2. Biology
• History of bioinformatics go long before the term,
bioinformatics was coined.
• In 1978 Paulien Hogeweg coined the term “Bioinformatics” to
refer to the study of information processes in biotic system
• Discovery of genetic inheritance by G.Mendel in 1865, could
be called as the start of bioinformatics history. As he carefully
recorded the data and analyzed the data.
 DATA STORAGE:

• Store/retrieve biological information (databases)

• Retrieve/ compare gene sequence
• Predict function of unknown genes/protein
• Search for previously known functions of gene
• Compare data with other researchers
• Compile/distribute data for other researchers
 NEED OF BIOINFORMATICS:

• Data Explosion: With the advent of high-throughput technologies

such as DNA sequencing, genomics, proteomics, and transcriptomics,
biological data is generated at an unprecedented rate. Bioinformatics
tools are necessary to process and make sense of this massive amount
of data.
• Genomic Studies: Bioinformatics is vital for genome sequencing and
analysis. It helps in identifying genes, regulatory elements, and
understanding the function of various genes. This information is
essential for understanding diseases, evolution, and genetic diversity.
• Drug Discovery: In pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries,
bioinformatics aids in the identification of potential drug candidates
and the understanding of drug-target interactions. This can accelerate
drug discovery and development.
AREAS OF BIOINFORMATIC
APPLICATION OF BIOINFORMATICS

• This branch finds application in Storage and retrieval of

biological data.
• Proteomics
• DNA Sequence
• Genome Analysis
• Evolutionary biology
• Gene expression
• Immuno-informatics
 USES OF BIOINFORMATICS

• Bioinformatics is used in various fields, especially in biomedicine where it has

various applications.
• Drug discovery: By the use of structure-based drug design with Bioinformatics,
scientists can come up with effective drugs for various illnesses and acute diseases.
• Personalized medicine: By assessing the genetic structure of the patient and their
respective medical history, personalized medicine can be curated which would
prove to be much more effective.
• Preventive medicines: This is majorly done by integrating data from
Bioinformatics, Bioanalytics, and Epidemiology. As the name says, preventive
medicines can prevent a chain of transmission of diseases or mitigate any acute
disease before its onset.
• Gene therapy: Gene therapy is the process where defective genes are replaced by
new ones in the gene structure of a living organism. Since each organisms gene
structure is very different, huge data may be involved to produce an accurate
replacement.
 BIOINFORMATICS SUBFIELDS &
RELATED DISCIPLINES
• Computational biology: The uses of data-based solutions to the issues in
bioinformatics.
• Genetics: It is the study of heredity and the gene diversity of inherited
characteristics/features.
• Genomics: It is the branch of biomolecular biology that works in the area of
structure, function, evolution, and mapping of genomes.
• Proteomics: The study of proteomes and their features.
• Transcriptomics: It is the study of the complete RNA and DNA transcriptase.
• Phylogenetics: The study of the relationships between groups of animals and
humans.
• Systems biology: Mathematical designing and analysis and visualization of large sets
of biodata.
• Structural analysis: Modeling that determines the effects of physical loads on
physical structures.
• Molecular modeling: The designing and defining of molecular structures by way of
computational chemistry.
• Pathway analysis: A software description that defines related proteins in the
 SCOPE OF BIOINFORMATICS

• The main scope of Bioinformatics is to fetch all the relevant data and process it into
useful information. It also deals with –
• Management and analysis of a wide set of biological data.
• It is specially used in human genome sequencing where large sets of data are being
handled.
• Bioinformatics plays a major role in the research and development of the biomedical
field.
• Bioinformatics uses computational coding for several applications that involve
finding gene and protein functions and sequences, developing evolutionary
relationships, and analyzing the three-dimensional shapes of proteins.
• Research works based on genetic disease and microbial disease entirely depend on
bioinformatics, where the derived information can be vital to produce personalised
medicines.
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