Smart grid & Smart substation

Qi Zheng
North China Electric 13641071827
Power University qizheng319@ncepu.edu.cn
 Concept of “Smart grid”
 The Smart grid is a new modern power grid that combines
advanced sensor technology, information technology,
communication technology, decision-making technology,
automatic control technology and new energy generation
technology.
 Smart grid is the development direction to ensure the security,
reliability and economy of power system.
 Smart grid composition 1 - power generation
 To use advanced, efficient and diversified power generation
technology, mainly focusing on renewable power sources.
 To realize on-line monitoring important operating parameters of the
unit.
 To ensure orderly and smooth access of renewable energy.
 To guarantee secure, stable and economic operation of the power.
 Smart grid composition 2 - transmission grid
 To improve the utilization efficiency of power transmission and
transformation equipment and enhance the capacity of transmission
and distribution networks.
 To increase the controllability and adjustability of transmission line
capacity, improve the security and economy of power grid
dispatching.
 To utilize new technology, such as FACTS, superconducting
technology, real-time monitoring technology, etc.
 Smart grid components 3 - transformers
 Intelligent substation is the key support point of smart grid
 To maximize manufacturing period and minimize on-site installing
period, so that the main primary and secondary equipment can be
assembled before arriving at the substation to the maximum extent.
 Intelligent substation realizes “all-station information collection
and application”
 Smart grid composition 4 - power distribution
 The "micro-grid" operating mode is introduced in the intelligent
distribution network system.
 Increased proportion of distributed power access.
 Electric vehicle charging station and large capacity storage access.
 Intelligent dispatching mechanism for improving ability of emergency
response, fault repair and accident resilience.
 Smart grid composition 5 - use power link
 Users participate in grid operation actively, adjust peak-to-valley
difference, stabilize fluctuations in power consumption, and use
electricity more efficiently.
 Decentralized automatic load control technology strengthen the
participation of customers.
 Smart grid composition 6 - scheduling
 Intelligent dispatching needs integrated and unified platform.
 To build a strong and flexible power communication network.
 To realize “unified modeling, leveled processing, integrated
application” of fundamental information.
 To deepen the operation monitoring, security warning and intelligent
decision-making technology of large power grids.
 Smart Grid Features 1 - Strong
 When serious disturbances and faults occur, the power grid has
capability to maintain continuous power supply in stead of a large-
scale power outage.
 The operational status of the grid is assessed in real time to detect,
diagnose and eliminate potential hazards.
 On the occasion of damages, such as terrorist attacks, natural disasters
or hacker attacks, the grid can isolate the fault in a small scale.
 Smart Grid Features 2 - Self-healing
 Power grid can realize pre-control and automatic resilience without or
with a little amount of human intervention, so that the faulty
components in the power network can be isolated as well as healthy
components can be put into use, minimizing or avoiding power
interruption to customers.
 Smart Grid Features 3 - Compatible
 To accommodate distributed power
and micro-grid.
 To enable interaction with users.
 To increase the proportion of clean
energy in terminal energy
consumption.
 Smart Grid Features 4 - Economy
 To support the effective development of electricity market
operations and power transaction, realize optimal allocation of
resources, reduce power grid losses, and improve energy efficiency.
 To establish bi-directional interaction.
 To guarantee effective “Demand side response”.
 Smart Grid Features 5 - Integration
 To achieve high integration and sharing of grid information.
 To realize standard management through unified platform and model.
 To promote intelligent interaction between power generation, power
supply and power consumption.
 To achieve bi-directional flow of "power flow and information flow“.
 Smart Grid Features 6 - Optimization
 To optimize asset utilization, reduce investment costs, operation costs
and maintenance costs.
 The development of power electronics technology will do favor to
power quality.
 The application of smart meters will improve the quality of service.
 Intelligent Substation
 Based on digital substation, by using advanced, reliable, integrated,
low-carbon and environment-friendly equipment, the intelligent
substation will automatically completes measurement, protection,
surveillance and control.
 The fundamental characteristics of intelligent substation are
digitization of all the information, unified information platform and
general information sharing.
 The intelligent substation makes many advanced functions viable,
such as real-time automatic control of the grid, intelligent adjustment,
online analysis, decision-making, and collaborative interaction.
 Features – 1. Information Acquisition Localization
 The intelligent components of the process level are installed near
primary devices and packaged together with primary devices.
 The function of intelligent components is information collection and
command execution.
 Features – 2. Information Platform
 The station level of the intelligent substation can obtain “entire,
synchronous, unique, standard” data of the station.
 IEC 61850 standard provides technical support for information
sharing.
 Features – 3. Intelligent Information Application
 Information based on the IEC 61850 series of standards has a "self-
describing" function.
 Information application include: source data maintenance, intelligent
error prevention, intelligent operation ticket, sequence control, station
domain control.
 Features – 4. Equipment Maintenance Status
 Electrical equipment on-line monitoring system will be integrated into
a unified wide-area monitoring and early warning system, e.g. high
voltage equipment on-line monitoring and secondary equipment on-
line monitoring.
 Equipment diagnosis will transit from "single device monitoring" to
"system monitoring".
 Traditional substation structure

Control Center HMI Engineering

Station level
Router

Station Bus
10 MBit/s Switch
Optical Fiber IEC61850-8

Bay Relay Relay Bay Relay Relay Bay

Controller A B Controller A B level
Cables
Conventional Conventional Conventional Conventional
Switchgear CT / VT's Switchgear CT / VT's

Process level
 "Direct sampling direct trip“ structure

Control Center HMI Engineering

Station level
Router

Station Bus
Switch
IEC61850-8

Bay Relay Relay Bay Relay Relay Bay

Controller A B Controller A B level
IEC61850-9-2 IEC61850-9-2 Process Bus

Modern Modern Modern Modern

Switchgear CT / Switchgear CT /
VT's VT's

Process level
 "three-level two-network" structure

Control Center HMI Engineering

Station level
Router

Station Bus
Switch
IEC61850-8

Bay Relay Relay Bay Relay Relay Bay

Controller A B Controller A B level
IEC61850-9-2 IEC61850-9-2 Process Bus

Modern Modern Modern Modern

Switchgear CT / Switchgear CT /
VT's VT's

Process level
 "two levels and one network" structure

Control Center HMI Engineering

Router

Station Bus
Switch Station level
IEC61850-8
IEC61850-9-2
Bay Relay Relay Bay Relay Relay
Controller A B Controller A B

Process Bus

Modern Modern Modern Modern

Switchgear CT / Switchgear CT /
VT's VT's

Process level
 IEC61850 Standard
 Power users and system integrators need the intelligent substation to
be open and interoperable between devices.
 Interoperability refers to the ability to exchange information between
two or more intelligent electronic devices from the same manufacturer
or different manufacturers in order to use the information to achieve
specific functions.
 IEC61850 Standard
 IEC 61850 series standard were officially released in 2003 after
discussion for many years.
 As the only substation network communication standard in the world
IEC 61850 series standard have been a unified rules for power
systems from dispatching centers to substations, from transmission to
distribution networks.
 IEC61850 Standard
 Have established hierarchical framework including all the intelligent
electronic devices.
 Have developed service models that meet the real-time information
transmission requirements of power systems.
 Have defined amount of abstract communication service interface,
specific communication service mapping.
 IEC61850 Standard
 The IEC61850 standard establishes three types of information service
models: MMS (manufacturing message specification), GOOSE
(general-oriented substation event object), SV (sampled value)

 The MMS communication mechanism regulates the transmission of

operation and maintenance messages between the bay level and the
station level.
 The GOOSE communication mechanism regulates the transmission of
switch messages (1) inside the bay level; (2) between the bay level
and the process level.
 The SV communication mechanism regulates the transmission of
sampled value messages between the bay level and the process level.
 Electronic current transformer

Current sensing Different principles: accuracy

Measurement transmission Common trend: fiber (reduced costs)

Measurement processing Common trend: electronic

 Electronic current transformer
Traditional CT

Faraday electromagnetic induction

Iron core coil
principle

Magnetic circuit saturation

High measurement accuracy for
in the situation of big
fundamental frequency current
current

Can’t measure steady DC current, Low measurement accuracy

low measurement accuracy for low when short circuit fault
frequency current occurs
 Electronic current transformer
 The coil on the frame is Active ECT--Rogowski coil
evenly wound N
Inductance M  S 0
 Uniform area of the l
frame section
 frame wall thickness is
negligible Electromagnetic
induction
 t   M i t 

Voltage d t  di t 
sampling u t   M
dt dt

Reduction
current u t   i t 

u t   i t 
 Electronic current transformer
Faraday optical rotation Linearly Faraday rotation
principle polarized light angle

When the linearly polarized light

passes through Faraday optically
active material, the rotation angle
F is proportional to the length of `
the Faraday material L and the
magnetic flux density B of the
magnetic field.
F =VLB magnetic
Faraday optically
field
active material
(glass, fiber)
Passive ECT--Optical Current Transformer
The Faraday optical rotation angle has a good linear relationship with the
magnetic induction, or the current that produces the magnetic induction,
and is independent of the current change. The dynamic measurement
capability is naturally good.
 Electronic voltage transformer
Active EVT U1
(1) Resistor voltage divider
(2) Capacitor voltage divider R1
(3) Inductive voltage divider U2 R3

S R2

U C1 The stray capacitance

caused by the inherent
C1
U1 electric field between the
voltage divider and the
C2 object at the ground
UC 2 results in the
measurement error.
 Electronic Voltage Transformer

Passive EVT

(1) Pockels electro-optic effect voltage transformer

(2) Kerr electro-optical effect optical voltage transformer

(3) Inverse piezoelectric effect optical voltage transformer

Thank you!