STRUCTURAL SPECIFIC TOPICS

(TSR 4719)
1

IR. PRABOWO SETIYAWAN, MT., Ph.D.

 CONTENTS
2

1. TECHNOLOGY OF ADVANCED MATERIALS

1.1 Lightweight Concrete (Specialized Concrete)
1.2 Cold—formed Steel
1.3 Stainless Steel

2. DESIGN OF COLD-FORMED SECTIONS

2.1 Introduction
2.2 Properties of Materials
2.3 Section Properties
2.4 Local Buckling
2.5 Design of Members Subject to Bending
2.6 Members in Compression
2.7 Members in Tension
2.8 Connections
 1. TECHNOLOGY OF
LIGHTWEIGHT (ADVANCED)
3 MATERIALS

1.1 Lightweight Concrete (Specialized

Concrete)
In practice, the density of normal weight concrete lies within
the range of 2200 - 2600 kg/m3 (140 - 160 lb/ft3). Thus, the self-
weight of concrete elements is high and can represent a large
proportion of the load on a structure.

Using concrete with a lower density can result in significant

benefits in terms of load bearing elements of smaller cross
section and a corresponding reduction in the size of
foundations.
 1. TECHNOLOGY OF
LIGHTWEIGHT (ADVANCED)
4 MATERIALS

The use of concrete with a lower density permits construction

on ground with a low-bearing capacity; the formwork need
withstand a lower pressure; the total mass of materials to be
handled is reduced; can gives better thermal insulation than
ordinary concrete.

On the other hand, lightweight concrete has a higher cement

content than normal weight concrete; this represents
additional cost, and so does the more expensive lightweight
aggregate.
 1. TECHNOLOGY OF
LIGHTWEIGHT (ADVANCED)
5 MATERIALS
Based on the way of replacing some of the solid materials in
the mix by air void, there are three types of lightweight
concretes as follows:
 Lightweight aggregate concrete;

Air voids are placed in the aggregate particles.

 Cellular Concrete;

Air voids are entered into the cement paste.

 No-fines concrete;

Air voids are inserted between the coarse aggregate

particles.
 1. TECHNOLOGY OF
LIGHTWEIGHT (ADVANCED)
6 MATERIALS
The practical range of densities of lightweight concrete is
between about 300 and 1850 kg/m3 (20 and 115 lb/ft3).

ACI 21 SR-87 uses density to categorize concrete according to

its application. There are three categories:
1. Structural lightweight concrete;

Its density is between 1350 and 1900 kg/m3 (85 and 120
lb/ft3). It is used for structural purposes and has a
minimum compressive strength of 17 MPa (2500 psi).
 1. TECHNOLOGY OF
LIGHTWEIGHT (ADVANCED)
7 MATERIALS
2. Low-density concrete;
Its density is between 300 and 800 kg/m3 (20 and 50 lb/ft3).
This concrete is used for non-structural purposes, mainly
for thermal insulation purposes.
3. Moderate strength concrete;
Its compressive strength is between, measured on standard
cylinder is between 7 and 17 MPa (100 and 2500 psi) and
the thermal insulation characteristics are in between those
of low-density concrete and structural lightweight concrete.

Typical properties of common lightweight concretes are shown

 1. TECHNOLOGY OF
LIGHTWEIGHT (ADVANCED)
8 MATERIALS
Table 1.1 Properties of lightweight concrete (Murdock, 1987)

Types of Concrete Density Compressive Strength

(kg/m3) (MPa)
Lytag 1360 -1760 14.0 – 42.0
Agli and Leca 1360 -1840 14.0 – 42.0
Foamed slag 1680 – 2080 10.5 – 42.0
Pumice 720 - 1440 2.0 – 14.0
Clinker 1040 – 1520 2.0 - 7.0
Aerated concrete 400 – 960 1.4 – 4.9
No-fine concrete 3.5 - 11.0
• Coarse aggregate 1600 – 1840 2.4 – 3.1
• Lightweight aggregate 1600 – 1840 2.4 – 3.1

Plain concrete 2240 – 2480 14.0 – 70.0

 1. TECHNOLOGY OF
LIGHTWEIGHT (ADVANCED)
9 MATERIALS
1.1.1 Lightweight aggregate concrete
The essential characteristic of lightweight aggregate is its high
porosity, which results in a low apparent specific gravity. Some
lightweight aggregates occur naturally; others are
manufactured from natural materials or from industrial by-
products.

A. Natural aggregates
The main aggregates in this category are diatomite,
pumice, scoria, volcanic cinders, and tuff. All of these are
of volcanic origin except for diatomite.
 1. TECHNOLOGY OF
LIGHTWEIGHT (ADVANCED)
10 MATERIALS
Natural lightweight aggregates are not extensively used
because they are found only in some parts of the world.

Pumice is a lightweight coloured; froth-like volcanic glass;

bulk density in the region of 500 – 900 kg/cm3 (30 to 55
lb/ft3); good insulating characteristic; having high
absorption and high shrinkage.

Scoria is a vesicular glassy rock; rather like industrial

cinders; making a concrete of similar properties to that
containing pumice.
 1. TECHNOLOGY OF
LIGHTWEIGHT (ADVANCED)
11 MATERIALS
B. Manufactured aggregate
Manufactured aggregates are often known by a variety of
trade names, but are best classified on the basis of the raw
material used and the method of manufacture which causes
expansion.

These aggregates could be manufactured from either

natural materials i.e. expanded clay, shale, slate,
vermiculite and perlite or of industrial by-products i.e. fly
ash and blast furnace slag, clinker aggregate (cinder),
breeze.
 1. TECHNOLOGY OF
LIGHTWEIGHT (ADVANCED)
12 MATERIALS
1.2 Cold—formed Steel
A large number of proprietary products use cold-formed steel. For
example; cladding and decking, purlins and lintols. Cold-formed
steel forms the basis for a number of lightweight pre-fabricated
structures such as trusses, stud frame panels and portal frames.

Components are manufactured using two different methods: roll-

forming or brake pressing. The components may then be used to
form larger, more complex fabricated structures

The range of application of cold-formed steel structures is

considerable and increasing.
 1. TECHNOLOGY OF
LIGHTWEIGHT (ADVANCED)
13 MATERIALS
1.2 Cold—formed Steel
Cold-formed steel sections tend to be more sensitive to local
buckling effects than typical hot rolled sections. Cross sections are
generally stiffened to improve resistance to local buckling.