Professional Documents
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Capnograph
the graphical representation of the concentration or partial pressure of expired CO2
during a respiratory cycle in a “waveform” format
38
mmH
g
Capnogram
a real-time waveform record of the concentration of carbon dioxide in the
respiratory gases
38
4 Main Uses of Capnography
Severity of asthma
Monitoring head injured patients
Cardiac arrest
Tube confirmation
INDICATION
Hypoventilation Hyperventilation
EtCO2 – End Tidal CO2
Normal 35 – 45 mmHg
Hypoventilation > 45 mmHg
Hyperventilation < 35 mmHg
Beginning of
new breath
End of
inspiration
•Oxygen Saturation
• Reflects Oxygenation
• SpO2(oxygen saturation) changes lag when patient is
hypoventilating or apneic
• Should be used with Capnography
Capnography
• Carbon Dioxide
• Reflects Ventilation
• Hypoventilation/Apnea detected immediately
• Should be used with pulse Oximetry
Types of CO2 Monitors
Colorimetric Monitors
Infrared Monitors
Mainstream
Sidestream
Colorimetric
-Disposable detector
-Color changes in the presence of CO2
-This occurs when CO2 is exhaled, causing the pH to
decrease changing the disc from purple
to tan.
Infrared Monitoring
Mainstream
Sensor located
directly in pt.’s
breathing circuit
Used primarily on
intubated patients.
Sensor has a longer
warm up time before
gas sample is
analyzed
Infrared Monitoring Technology
Sidestream
Sample is removed
from pt.’s airway and
delivered to a distant
sensor.
Can be used on
nonintubated
patients.
Min. sample volume
100cc – 150cc
Normal Waveforms
Normal
Hyperventilation
Shortened waveform
ETCO2 < 35 mm Hg
Management: If conscious gives biofeedback. If ventilating, give slow
ventilations.
ROSC (Return of Spontaneous Circulation)
•Absence of waveform
•Absence of ETCO2
•Management: Re-Intubate
CPR
A capnogram that does not touch the baseline is indicative of a patient who
is rebreathing CO2 through insufficient inspiratory or expiratory flow
Patient is re-breathing CO2
Management: Check equipment for adequate oxygen flow
If patient is intubated allow more time to
The Head Injured Patient
Carbon dioxide dilates the cerebral blood vessels,
increasing the volume of blood in the intracranial vault and
therefore increasing ICP
Recognizing the head
injured patient and
titrating their CO2
levels to the 30-35
mmHg range can help
relieve the untoward
effects of ICP
The Head Injured Patient
Titration IS NOT hyperventilation. Intubating a head
injured patient and using capnography gives a means to
closely monitor CO2 levels.
Titrate EtCO2
EtCO2 and Cardiac Arrest
The capnograph of an intubated cardiac arrest
patient is a direct correlation to cardiac output