Calculations Involving The Mole

2.1 The Mole

2.2 Molar Mass
2.3 Moles to Mass
2.4 Mass to Moles
2.5 Mass of a compound to its Molar Mass
2.6 Moles to Particles
2.7 Particles to Moles
2.8 Percentage Composition
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 2.1
The Mole

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An undercover agent,
a counterspy,

Mole
a double agent

A burrowing mammal
with fossorial forefeet

A small congenital
pigmented spot on the skin

A breakwater

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P. 3 / 66
The MOLE, abbreviated as mol, is used to
measure the amount of substance. It is
equivalent to 6.022  10²³ elementary entities
or particles.

This number, known as the Avogadro’s number.

Instead of the word particles,

- atoms are used for elements
- ions for ionic compounds
- molecules for covalent bonds.
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A mole is the number of atoms in exactly 12.00 g
of pure 12C isotope.
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The use of the word mole is similar to some

terms we use in everyday living.

For example:
- A dozen is equivalent to 12 items.
- A ream of paper is equivalent to 500 pcs.

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2.1 The mole (SB p.18)

What is “mole”?
No. of
Unit used to
Item items per
count
unit
for
Shoes pairs 2
counting
Eggs dozens common
12
objects
Paper reams 500
Particles in
moles 6.022  1023
Chemistry
for counting particles like atoms, ions, molecules
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 sextillion
quadrillion
billion
~602,200,000,000,000,000,000,000 mol 1
million
trillion
quintillion

千進制
1 mole ~ 602.2 sextillions

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P. 7 / 66
 In calculating mass, number of moles, and
number of particles, dimensional analysis is
frequently used.

Given quantity is multiplied by a conversion

factor to obtained desired quantity.

Given quantity x Conversion Factor = Desired Quantity

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Conversion Factor is usually expressed in
fraction form.

The unit of denominator is the same unit as

the given quantity.

The unit of numerator is the unit of the

desired quantity.

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 Mole
2.1
Calculations

MOLAR MASS
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MOLAR MASS is the mass, in grams, of 1 mole
of a substance.

It is usually expressed in terms of grams per

mole or g/mol.

Molar Mass of the given pure substance is

equivalent to the sum of the average atomic
masses (amu – atomic mass unit).

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 MOLAR MASS

It is usually expressed in terms of grams per

mole or g/mol.

Molar Mass-is a general term used for all

compounds.
Formula Mass-is used in exchange for molar
mass in ionic compounds.
Molecular Mass-is used for covalent
compounds.

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2.1 The mole (SB p.20)

Molar mass is the same as the relative

atomic mass in grams.

Molar mass is the same as the relative

molecular mass in grams.

Molar mass is the same as the formula

mass in grams.

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 Molar Mass
Sample Problems: Calculate the molar mass of the
following substances:
1.Neon
From the periodic table, neon has an atomic mass of
20.18 amu. Its molar mass is 20.18 g/mol.

2. Water (H₂O)

H = 2 x 1.01 amu = 2.02 amu

O = 1 x 16.00 amu = 16.00 amu
18.02 g/mol

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 SAMPLE PROBLEMS

Calculate the molar masses of the following

substances.
1. Xenon
2. Molecular Sulfur (S₂)
3. Ethanol (C₂H₆O)
4. Phosphorus pentachloride (PCl₅)
5. Lactic Acid (C₃H₆O₃)

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 2.1 Mole
Calculations

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MOLES TO MASS
 MOLE TO MASS
In converting moles to mass, the molar mass is used as
a conversion factor.

Simply multiply the given number of moles to molar

mass of the compound.

Mass(grams) = no. of moles(mol) x molar mass (g/mol)

NOTE: Unit for moles will cancel out while the unit of
mass remains.
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 MOLES TO MASS
For example:
1.If an element Lithium has a mole of 0.97, how
much is its mass in g?
To get the molar mass of the given elements given mole, you will
be going to perform the given conversion below.

0.97 mol of Li x 6.99 g of Li = 6.78 g of Li

1 mol of Li

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 MOLES TO MASS
For example:
2. 12 mol of Calcium is how many molar mass of
Ca?
To get the molar mass of the given elements given mole, you will
be going to perform the given conversion below.

12 mol of Ca x 40.07 g of Ca = 480.84 g of Ca

1 mol of Ca

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 2.1 Mole
Calculations

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MASS TO MOLES
 MASS TO MOLES
In converting mass to moles, the reciprocal of the molar
mass is used as a conversion factor.

From a given mass, the number of moles is obtained by

dividing the mass of a compound by its molar mass.

no. of moles(mol) = mass (g) x 1 mol

molar mass (g)
NOTE: Unit for moles will cancel out while the unit of
mass remains.
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 MASS TO MOLES
For example:
1.How many moles of Carbon (C) are there in 5g of
Carbon?
To get the mole from the given mass you will going to perform the
given conversion below.

5g of C x 1 mol of C = 0.42 mol of C

12 g of C

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 MASS TO MOLES
For example:
2. There were 10g of Potassium (K), how many
moles are there?
To get the mole from the given mass you will going to perform the
given conversion below.

10g of K x 1 mol of K = 0.255 mol of K

39.09 g of K

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 2.1 Mole
Calculations
Mass of a compounds
to Its Molar Mass
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 Mass of a compound to its Molar Mass
Other examples:
1.What is the molar mass of water (H₂O) if it has 2.5
moles
First, get the average molecular mass of the water.
H = 2 x 1 amu = 2 amu
O = 1 x 16 amu = 16 amu
18 amu
Now that you get the average molecular mass of water,
you can now proceed to the conversion.

2.5 mol of H₂O x 18 g of H₂O = 45 g of H₂O

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1 mol of H₂O is the molar mass of
 Mass of a compound to its Molar Mass

Other examples:
2. How many mol of H2O are there in a 50 g H2O?

Since the average molecular mass of H2O is already

been solve, proceed immediately to the conversion.

50 g of H₂O x 1 mol of H₂O = 2.78 mol of H₂O is

the 18 g of H₂O mol of the 50g H₂O.

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 2.1 Mole
Calculations

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Moles to Particles
 MOLES TO PARTICLES

For moles to particles, multiply the given mole value

by the Avogadro’s number.

Since 1 mole of a substance is always equivalent to

6.022 x10²³ particles or molecules, the following factor
is used in calculations:
6.022 x10²³ particles
1 mole

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 MOLES TO PARTICLES
Sample Problems:
1.Silver is a precious metal incorporated by scientists as
the first layer of a reflective mirror that is proposed to
replace air-conditioning units in the future by reflecting
heat in space. How many atoms in 5 moles of silver?

atomsAg = 5 mol x 6.022 x 10²³ atoms

1 mol
atomsAg = 3.011 x10²⁴ atoms
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 MOLES TO PARTICLES
Sample Problems:
2. Rubbing alcohol is a solution of 70% ethanol. If 1.52
moles of ethanol (C₂H₆O) is present in every bottle of
ethanol, how many molecules are in one bottle?

moleculesC₂H₆O = 1.52 mol x 6.022 x 10²³

molecules
1 mol
moleculesC₂H₆O = 9.15 x10²³ molecules
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 2.1 Mole
Calculations

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Particles to Moles
 PARTICLES TO MOLES

Similar to the conversion of moles to particles, 1 mole of

a substance is equivalent to 6.022 x10²³ particles. The
number of moles to is now the desired quantity. From
the previous factor, the mole will become the
numerator.

1 mole
6.022 x10²³ particles

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 PARTICLES TO MOLES
Sample Problems:
1.Hydrogen is the lightest element and most abundant
element in the universe. Solve for the number of moles
1.46 x 10²⁴ atoms of hydrogen.

molH = 1.46 x 10²⁴ atoms x 1 mol

1.46 x 10²⁴ atoms
molH = 2.42 mol
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 PARTICLES TO MOLES
Sample Problems:
2.Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), which contains the
human genetic information, contains three sugar
molecules (C₅H₁₀O₄) with every three base pairs in
the strand. How many moles are in 2 x 10²⁴ sugar
molecules?

molecules C₅H₁₀O₄ = 2 x 10²⁴ molecules x 1 mol

6.022 x 10²³ molecules
molecules C₅H₁₀O₄ = 3.32 mol
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 2.1
Percentage
Composition

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 Percentage Composition

The mass of each in comparison to the mass of the

whole compound is called the percentage composition
(expressed in %).

The percent composition is the ratio of the mass of an

element compared to the compound’s mass.

% element in a compound = mass of the element

X 100 %
36 mass of the compound
 Percentage Composition
If you are going to calculate the % hydrogen and %
oxygen in water, the atomic masses of hydrogen and
oxygen, and water are obtained first. Water has an
atomic mass of 18.02 amu while hydrogen has 1.01
amu.
% H in H₂O = 2 x 1.01 amu
X 100 %
18.02 amu
% H in H₂O = 2.02 amu
X 100 %
18.02 amu

37 % H in H₂O = 11.2 %
 Percentage Composition

For oxygen with atomic mass of 16.00,

% O in H₂O = 16.00 amu
X 100 %
18.02 amu

% O in H₂O = 88.8 %
The percentage composition of H and O in H₂O is
11.2% and 88.8%, respectively. To check, the total
percentage composition of the elements in a
compound must be equal to 100%.
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