1

MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY,

JAMSHORO
INSTITUTE OF PETROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS ENGINEERING

FINAL THESIS DEFENCE

IMPROVING THE RHEOLOGY AND REDUCING THE FILTRATE INVASION
OF DRILLING MUD USING NANOPARTICLES AND THEIR COMPOSITES -
AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY

PRESENTED BY ROLL NO
Fawad Ahmed Nizamani 19PG03
Touseef U Rehman 19PG39
Fawad Ahmed Tago 19PG08

Supervised By: Co-Supervised By:

Engr. Muhammad Ali Memon Engr. Ramesh Kumar
Lecturer, IPNGE, MUET Senior Engineer, OGDCL
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 CONTENTS
❑Suggestions and their implementation from Interim report defense
❑Introduction
❑Literature Review
❑Problem Statement
❑Objectives
❑Scope
❑Methodology
❑Work Plan
❑Results and conclusion
❑Relevant Standard Development Goals (SDGs)
❑References 3
 Suggestions and their implementation from
Interim report defense

First suggestion: Temperature stability of nanoparticles

1. LDH: Produced LDH with Calcium and Aluminium in its composition is highly stable at high temperature. An article by
Yunshan et al (2020) found that it LDH can even resists high temperatures flames. It is resistant to temperatures up to 900
degree Celsius according to research done by Elena S. Zhi Tova et al in 2020
2. Wheat Starch nano-powder: Starch based nano-powders are also highly thermally stable. A research conducted by
Vikash Nain in 2017 found it stable up to 1000-degree cesius
3. Composite nano-fluid: As composite nanofluid is made of both primary fluids it is thermally stable as well.

4
Cont.…

Second Suggestion: Stability of produced nano-particles with different

lithologies

1. LDH: Produced Aluminium and Calcium based LDH produces a basic pH environment. It is chemically stable and
does not react with formation rocks. It was shown by Muhammad Abdideh et al in 2021
2. Wheat Starch nano-powder: Starch based nano-particles are of organic origin and they are less reactive in nature
3. Composite nano-fluid: As being the composed both the previous nanoparticles composite nano-fluid is also non-reactive
in nature.

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 Introduction

● Mud cake is a thick layer of mainly Barite and loss of

circulation materials formed over the wall of the wellbore.

● This layer stops drilling filtrate from entering the

formation.

● But there is always some amount of drilling mud filtrate

which travels through the pores and goes into the
formation rocks.

● This fluid that enters into the formations disturbs the

naturally present fluid saturations.
6
CONT…

● It can also damage the permeability of near wellbore zones

resulting in the skin damage.

● If it damages surrounding rock permeability more than their

original state then it cause a positive skin factor, but if there is no
skin damage due to a strong mud cake then skin factor is zero
which is purpose of this thesis. While carrying out acidizing job
reduce skin damage and cause negative skin factor.

● A driller while drilling the well has to keep over-balance pressure

in a limited range, where if he goes above this window it causes
filtrate invasion, while if he goes below then it causes wellbore 7
 8
Fig 1 Mud cake sample (Zong Tao Chen 2018)
Fig 2 Nanoparticles and their composites on wellbore wall (Adnan Aftab 2017) 9
Fig 3 pores in the downhole (Zong Tao Chen 2018) 10
Cont....

● The figure here shows wellbore

environment with damaged,
semi damaged and undamaged
zones.

● The damaged zones are due to

entering of mud filtrate in the
pores in the rocks around the
borehole.

Fig 4 Wellbore enviroment (Guocai Wang 2009) 11

Cont.…

● These three zones are called as flush

zone, transition zone and uninvaded
zone.

● Each of these zones has a different

property of saturation, pressure and
radius.

Fig 5 Uncased borehole (Hussein J Akeiber 2017) 12

Fig 6 Particles breaking (Raymond L. Murray 2001) 13
Fig 7 Nanoparticles used in drilling mud (Pasty Christian 2008) 14
 Literature review
S.No Researcher Year Summary
01 Sayed Ali 2023 The paper reviews the state-of-the-art of using nanoparticles (NPs) to improve drilling
Nabvi fluids. It explains what NPs are, how they can be classified, and how they can affect
various properties of drilling fluids such as rheology, stability, lubricity, filtration, shale
inhibition, etc. It also discusses some challenges and future directions for using NPs in
drilling fluids

02 M A Majeed 2023 This paper is a systematic review of the effects of nanoparticles on water-based drilling
et al fluid, especially on shale stability. The paper covers the experimental methods,
rheological properties, filtration properties, thermal stability, and environmental impact
of nanoparticle water-based drilling fluids. The paper also discusses the challenges and
future directions for nanoparticles in water-based drilling fluid research.

03 M A Al-Safran 2023 This paper is a study that proposes a new approach to predict the filtrate invasion of
et al nanoparticle-based drilling mud using artificial neural network (ANN). The paper uses
experimental data from previous studies to train and validate an ANN model that can
estimate the filtrate loss volume and depth for different types and concentrations of
nanoparticles. The paper claims that the ANN model can provide accurate and reliable
predictions of filtrate invasion for nanoparticle-based drilling mud.

15
 Literature review
S.No Researcher Year Summary
04 M A Al 2023 The paper studies the use of nanomaterials such as graphene, carbon nanotubes, and metal oxides as
Sabbagh drilling mud additives for water-based mud. It compares their effects on rheological properties, fluid
loss control, emulsion stability, lubricity, and corrosion inhibition with conventional additives. It
finds that nanomaterials can enhance the performance of water-based mud and make it more
comparable to oil-based mud.

05 Syeda Maryam 2023 This paper evaluates the environmental, health and safety impacts of nanoparticle application in oil
Hosseini et al well drilling fluids. It also provides a comprehensive overview of the current regulations and
standards for nanoparticle exposure and disposal in different countries. It suggests some strategies
for minimizing the potential risks of nanoparticle usage in drilling fluids, such as proper selection,
handling, monitoring and treatment of nanoparticles.

06 M. Zakaria 2023 This paper reviews the application of nanoparticles in drilling fluids, focusing on the types,
et al properties and effects of nanoparticles on the rheology, filtration and shale inhibition of drilling
fluids. It also discusses the challenges and opportunities of using nanoparticles in drilling fluids,
such as the dispersion stability, environmental impact and cost-benefit analysis.

16
Cont.…
S.No Researcher Year Summary

07 M S Al-Saba 2023 This paper is a laboratory evaluation of the effect of adding different nanoparticles to
et al water-based drilling fluids on their rheological properties and hole cleaning
efficiency. The paper tests four types of nanoparticles: aluminium oxide (Al2O3),
magnesium oxide (MgO), titanium dioxide (Tio 2), and copper oxide (CuO). The paper
also performs a sensitivity analysis of the parameters affecting hole cleaning such as
rheological properties, flow rate, cuttings size, and inclination angle. The paper finds
that adding nanoparticles can improve the viscosity, yield point, gel strength, and
cuttings transport ratio of water-based drilling fluids.

08 M Al-Saba 2023 This paper investigates the impact of different types of nanoparticles, such as silica, alumina, titania
et al and zirconia, on the rheological and filtration characteristics of water-based drilling fluids. It also
evaluates the thermal stability and corrosion resistance of the nanoparticle-enhanced drilling fluids

09 Tio et al 2023 This paper reviews the challenges and solutions of drilling high temperature wells using
V nanoparticles based drilling muds. It explains how nanoparticles can improve the
thermal stability, shale inhibition, lubricity, and rheological properties of drilling muds.
It also compares the performance of different types of nanoparticles such as metal
oxides, carbon nanotubes, and polymeric nanoparticles.

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Cont.…
S.No Researcher Year Summary
10 S Patidar et al 2023 This paper investigates the effects of different types of nanoparticles (NPs) on the rheological
and filtration properties of water-based drilling fluids (WBDFs). The NPs used are titanium
nitride (TiN), silicon oxide (SiO2), iron oxide (Fe3O4), and aluminium oxide (Al2O3). The
paper also compares the performance of polymeric coated SiO2 and TiN NPs with their
uncoated counterparts. The paper reports that NPs can improve the viscosity, yield point, gel
strength, and fluid loss control of WBDFs at high temperatures and pressures. The paper also
suggests that polymeric coated NPs can enhance the stability and compatibility of NPs with
WBDFs.

11 M. Rostami 2022 The paper covers various aspects of using nanoparticles in drilling fluids such as Rheology,
et al filtration, thermal conductivity, lubricity, shale inhibition and wellbore stability. The paper
also identifies some challenges such as environmental impact, health and safety issues, cost-
effectiveness and standardization. The paper concludes that nanoparticles have a promising
potential for improving drilling fluids performance but more research is needed to overcome
the challenges.

12 Seyed Ali 2022 The paper focuses on how nanoparticles can be used as additives to enhance oil and gas
Nabavi et al drilling fluids. The paper reviews various applications of nanoparticles such as Silica,
Alumina, Iron Oxide, Carbon nanotubes and Graphene in water-based and oil-based drilling
fluids. The paper also summarizes the benefits and drawbacks of using nanoparticles in
drilling fluids. The paper concludes that nanoparticles have a great potential for improving
drilling fluid performance but more studies are needed to optimize their use.
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Cont.…
S.No Researcher Year Summary
13 Mehdri 2022 The article concludes that nanoparticles can improve the rheological properties, thermal
Ghasemi conductivity, filtration control, shale inhibition, lubricity, and corrosion resistance of drilling
fluids. However, there are still some challenges such as cost-effectiveness, health and safety
risks, standardization, and optimization of nanoparticle concentrations.

14 W. Liu et al 2022 This paper reports the development of a low-cost, high-performance and environmentally friendly water-
based drilling mud using sugarcane-bagasse silica nanoparticles (SBSNs). It characterizes the SBSNs by
various techniques and analyses their effects on the performance of drilling fluid. It shows that SBSN-
drilling mud exhibits better rheological properties, reduced fluid loss, high temperature stability and
thinner filter cake than conventional water-based drilling mud.

15 Nurul Ain et al 2022 This paper discusses the role of polymeric nanoparticles in enhancing the properties and performance of
drilling fluids. It describes how polymeric nanoparticles can improve the viscosity, density, filtration, and
shale stability of drilling fluids. It also summarizes the advantages and disadvantages of using polymeric
nanoparticles as compared to other types of nanoparticles

16 M. Al-Batali 2022 This paper examines the effects of different types of nanoparticles, such as silica, alumina and iron oxide,
et al on the rheological properties and shale inhibition characteristics of water-based drilling fluids. It measures
the apparent viscosity, plastic viscosity, yield point and gel strength of the nanoparticle-enhanced drilling
fluids using a rheometer. It also measures the shale recovery and swelling index of the nanoparticle-
enhanced drilling fluids using a shale dispersion apparatus.

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Cont.…
S.No Researcher Year Summary

This paper studies the impact of different types of nanoparticles such as silica, alumina,
N. A. Al-Mansour and titanium dioxide on the rheological and filtration properties of water-based drilling
17 et al 2022
fluids. It shows that adding nanoparticles can enhance the viscosity, gel strength, and
thermal stability of drilling fluids. It also demonstrates that nanoparticles can reduce the
fluid loss and filter cake thickness of drilling fluids.

This paper reviews the recent advances in the synthesis and applications of nanoparticles
18 Gosh asp 2022
in drilling fluid systems. It discusses the effects of various nanoparticles on rheology and
Cheraghian
fluid loss control, mud cake thickness, filtration properties, and thermal properties of
drilling fluids. It also highlights the technical and economic benefits of using
nanoparticles as drilling additives

Abdul Hazim 2022 This paper reviews the application of nanoparticles in water-based drilling fluids and
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Abdullah wellbore stability, focusing on the types, properties and mechanisms of nanoparticles on
the shale inhibition and filtration characteristics of drilling fluids. It also discusses the
challenges and future prospects of using nanoparticles in water-based drilling fluids, such
as the dispersion stability, environmental impact and cost-benefit analysis.
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Cont.…
S.No Researcher Year Summary

20 Gosh asp 2022 This paper reviews the drilling fluids modified by nanoparticles and their effects on rheology, fluid
Cheraghian loss, mud cake thickness, filtration properties, and thermal properties. The paper also discusses the
synthesis and applications of various nanoparticles such as polymeric, ceramic, metal and carbon-
based NPs in drilling fluids system.

21 Gomathi 2022 This paper discusses how the application of various types of nanoparticles/nanocomposites helps to
Rajalakshmi enhance the rheological and filtration properties of the drilling mud. The paper also explains the
et al challenges and opportunities of using nanoparticles in drilling fluids for unconventional reservoirs
such as high temperature high pressure (HTHP) and highly saline reservoirs.

22 A. Al-Yami et al 2022 This paper presents a comprehensive overview of the applications of nanoparticles in
drilling fluids for enhanced drilling operations. It discusses the types and properties of
nanoparticles, such as silica, alumina, iron oxide, copper oxide and carbon nanotubes,
and their effects on the rheological behaviour, filtration control, shale stability, lubricity
and thermal conductivity of drilling fluids. It also reviews the experimental methods and
challenges for evaluating the performance of nanoparticle-based drilling fluids

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Cont.…
S.No Researcher Year Summary

23 M.A. Al-Maamari 2021 This paper evaluates the impact of different types of nanoparticles, such as silica,
et al alumina and titania, on the rheological properties and filtration losses control in water-
based drilling fluids. It measures the apparent viscosity, plastic viscosity, yield point and
gel strength of the nanoparticle-enhanced drilling fluids using a rheometer. It also
measures the filtration volume and filter cake thickness of the nanoparticle-enhanced
drilling fluids using a high-pressure high-temperature filter press.

24 S. Suriati et al 2021
This paper reviews the application of nanoparticles in enhancing oil recovery, focusing
on the mechanisms, types and effects of nanoparticles on the oil recovery efficiency and
reservoir performance. It also discusses the challenges and future prospects of using
nanoparticles in enhancing oil recovery, such as the nanoparticle transport, retention and
aggregation in porous media.

25 Qiang Wang et 2021 This is a scientific paper that explores the use of clay nanoparticles as additives for
al drilling fluids in deep hydrocarbon wells. The paper tests the performance of Oman
palygorskite (Pal) nanoparticles in improving the rheological properties and stability of
montmorillonite (Mt) based drilling fluids under high temperature and pressure
conditions. The paper concludes that Pal nanoparticles can enhance the drilling fluid
performance and reduce the environmental impact of drilling operations.

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 SUMMARY OF LITERATURE REVIEW
● The literature mentioned is about the usefulness of
nanoparticles in drilling fluid rheology, stability, lubricity,
filtration, shale inhibition.
● It also included how modern techniques of imitating human
mind working known as Artificial Neural Networking
(ANN) are used in combination with nanoparticles to drill
deep High Pressure and High Temperature (HPHT) wells.
● Due to nanoparticles being extremely small the study of
nanoparticles comes under the discipline of Quantum
Physics. Where the laws are different compared to our
macro level physical world.
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 PROBLEM STATEMENT

● This work deals with two problems. Filtrate invasion problem

and drilling mud rheology improvement. Filtrate invasion
causes positive skin (range: -6 to 100) damage to near
wellbore zones and reduce well deliverability. Rheology of
conventional drilling mud is not enough to carry cuttings for
wells.

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 OBJECTIVES

The objectives of this study are:

a) Preparing nanoparticles-based drilling mud additives,
b) Checking their effect on drilling mud properties.

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 SCOPE

The scope of this study is in drilling engineering. To enhance drilling mud’s

properties including reducing filtrate loss, increasing yield point and viscosity drilling
mud additives are used. The prepared additives Layered Double Hydroxide (LDH-
Cal(OH)2) reduces the filtrate invasion by depositing small nanoparticles in the spaces left
in the mud. Filtrate passes onto the formation if mud cake is not strong enough, the
second additive wheat starch nano-powder reduces filtrate invasion and also improves
viscosity, while the ­This thesis develops drilling mud which includes nanoparticles that
reduce filtrate invasion and increase viscosity, gel strength, cutting transport ratio and
yield point.

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 METHODOLOGY
1)LDH
● In order to enhance the properties of drilling mud nanoparticles of
different metals including Zink as well as well as polymers will be
employed. For the preparation of the first nano-particle which is Layered
Double Hydroxide (LDH) Calcium which is divalent and Aluminum
which is trivalent ion and chloride salts are used along with a base which
here was Sodium Hydroxide.

● The studies conducted till now have shown great improvement in drilling
properties by using nanoparticles. Primarily the filtrate invasion has been
observed to be very much reduced due to using lower size particles that
stop filtrate from seeping into the formation.

27
Fig 8 Step by step procedure 28
Fig 9 Ingredients used to make LDH 29
Cont.…
● The prepared solution of
LDH is for reducing j filtrate
invasion thus settles down to
the bottom of the container.
● This way when mud cake is
forming in the wellbore it
goes to the empty spaces in it
and deposits itself there thus
strengthening the cake.

Fig 10 LDH in distilled water solution 30

2) Wheat Starch nano-powder

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Fig 11 Step wise process of starch mass production (Roy L. Whistler, 2017)
Cont.…
● Initially a dough of wheat flour was prepared mixing
water oil and flour. This prepared dough was then
left in a bucket of water for 3 hours. Subsequently,
dough was removed a white solution was observed.
It was given some time to settle. Afterwards, starch
settled at the bottom of container.
● The time for which dough was left into water matters
a lot. As with time dough stabilizes and starch gets
settled into water. The greater this without
disturbance the pure starch is got at the end. If some
disturbance is caused when dough is settling into the
water, then dough itself may get mixed with starch in
the solution. This stabilization period is the most Fig 12 Starch based nano-powder
critical stage in wheat starch extraction. 32
3) LDH and Wheat Starch nano-powder composite

●An equal amount of LDH and wheat starch was

mixed in a container of 0.5 liters. The resulting
mixture was a composite of both the nano-fluids. It
has the properties of both the original nano-fluids.
●However, the ratios of mixing can be varied
according to the properties of which fluid are
required more.
●These the more a certain fluid is present in the
composite mixture the more its properties are
dominant.
Fig 13 Composite fluid i.e. mixture of two fluid
(Ronald Nguele, 2021)
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 Results

Figure 14 filtrate comparison of prepared nano-fluids to conventional 34

drilling mud
Cont.…

Figure 15 filter-cake thickness comparison of prepared nano-

fluids to conventional drilling mud 35
Cont.…

36
Fig 16 pH value comparison of prepared nano-fluids to
conventional drilling mud
Cont.…

Fig 17 Viscosity comparison of prepared nano-fluids to 37

conventional drilling mud
Cont.…

fluid Filtrate produced Filter-cake pH Viscosity (cp)

(cm3) thickness (mm)

Conventional 14 3 7.3 5
Drilling mud

LDH nano-fluid 6 1.9 8.5 7

Composite nano- 5 1.5 9.2 12

fluid

What-starch nano- 4 1.3 10.7 14

fluid

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Conclusion
From the above results and discussions, it was evaluated that utilizing Layered Double Hydroxide
(LDH), wheat starch nano-powder and the composite of both optimizes filtration and rheological properties of
drilling mud.
1. Composites of different nano-fluids were found to be more effective as they have properties of individual
fluids used. This way any desired result properties of drilling mud can be achieved as desired for the well
bore. As required for
2. Filtration loss was found to be low in drilling mud with nanoparticles. As they consist of smaller
molecules which can block the filtrate from seeping through.
3. pH value was found to be greater with LDH as compared to organic starch-based nano-fluid. As Starch
based nanofluid has no base used in its preparation it had the lowest pH value.
4. Viscosity was found to be greater with LDH nano-fluid as compared to composite fluid and Starch based
fluid.
5. Starch based nanofluid had the best filtration control.
6. Filter cake thickness was seen to be lowest in Starch based nanofluid while highest with LDH with
composite fluid being in between.
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Recommendations

Based on this research following recommendation can be made:

1. The use of LDH in drilling is suggested when a higher pH is required as it is can inhibit metal fittings from
corroding.
2. Organic wheat starch based nanofluid has high filtrate loss reducing and viscosity optimizing properties. Its
use is suggested where such conditions are required.
3. The composite of both the fluids has optimum viscosity, pH, and filtration control capacities. Properties can
be adjusted by varying the quantity of individual nano-fluids according to available conditions.
4. Starch based nanofluid produces lowest thickness filter cake and lowest filtrate loss. It can be used conditions
as required.

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Fig 11 Sustainable Development Goals (Steve Zwick 2016) 41
Goal no 6- Clean water and sanitation

● Using nanoparticles in drilling mud stops drilling

mud from entering in the underground fresh water
aquifers.

● When the aquifers stay fresh, people get pure

drinking water and they stay healthy.

Fig 12 Clean tap water (Ibrahim Alshomali et al

2020) 42
Goal no 8- Decent work and economic growth

● Using nanoparticle based additives in drilling mud

stops billions of dollars worth drilling mud from
entering into the formations.

● This way businesses can reduce losses and earn

more profit, resultantly they scale and people get
more jobs and better working conditions.

Fig 13 A farmer working in the fields

(Ernest Eigner 2022)
43
Goal no 9- Industry, innovation and infrastructure

● Nanoparticles based drilling mud additives are

based on Nanotechnology which is a new field and
has allot of use in petroleum industry.

● Using these additives would provide companies

with better mud engineering to solve many new
more complex ultra deep well problems which is all
engineering is about solving complex problems.

Fig 14 A control room (Lynn Shebab 2022)

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Goal no 13- Climate action

● The nanoparticles can be made from biological as

well as industrial wastes.

● Such as proposed nanoparticle Layered double

hydroxide (LDH) can be made from bones, shales,
Aluminium wastes thus leading to reducing climate
change.

Fig 15 Penguins in Antarctica (Linda Henry

2020)
45
Goal no 15- Life on land

● Proposed nanoparticle reduces filtrate invasion into rock

formations. These rock formations also contain fresh
water aquifers.

● These aquifers at some habitats fill natural ponds from

where animals drink water.

● These nanoparticles make a stronger mud cake which

reduces the filtrate invasion in to the aquifers and thus
leads to a cleaner drinking water for the animals.

Fig 16 An baby resting on mother’s back (Anna Olson

2022)
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47
 WORK PLAN
We are
here.!
Activities Time
Dec, Dec, Jan Feb, Mar, Apr, May,2 June, July, Aug, Sept, Oct, Nov
2022 2022 2023 2023 2023 2023 023 2023 2023 2023 2023 2023 2023

Topic selection ✔

Background Study ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔

Literature Review ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔

Proposal Submission ✔ ✔

Preparing nanoparticles in lab ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔

Interim Report Submission ✔

Progress Report Submission ✔

Thesis (Dissertation)
Submission
Progress Report Submission ✔

Thesis (Dissertation)
✔
Submission
Final Presentation & Viva ✔

48
 References

● Rajab and Goswanee (2022): Effect of clay particle size on viscosity with mixed metal hydroxides in
muds with low solids composition, Society of Petroleum Engineers conference Muscat, Oman.

● Nnamdi Chibuike Iheaturu (2014): preparing and characterizing of Nano porous shale cores
composites, SPE Technical conference Dhahran Saudi Arabia.

● W.T. Reochle et al (1986): The nature of the thermal decomposition of a catalytically active anionic
clay mineral, SPE Middle East Oil and Gas Show and Exhibition Manama, Bahrain.

● G.V. Chilling Arian et al (1984): Drilling and Drilling Fluids, Society of Petroleum Engineers
conference Muscat, Oman.

● G.R. Grey et al (1980): Composition and Properties of Oil Well Drilling Fluids J. Felix Berger Recent
Advances in Oilfield Chemistry, SPE Technical Conference and Exhibition Abuja, Nigeria.

● Agarwal S et al. (2010): Flow behaviour of nanoparticle stabilized drilling fluids and effect of high
temperature aging, Society of Petroleum Engineers conference Muscat, Oman.

49
Cont.…

● Bera A, Belhaj H. (2016): Application of nanotechnology by means of nanoparticles and nano

dispersions in oil recovery, SPE Saudi Arabia Technical Symposium Dhahran, Saudi Arabia.

● Cheraghian G. (2016): Effect of nano titanium dioxide on heavy oil recovery during polymer flooding,
Society of Petroleum Engineers conference Muscat.

● Khalilinezhad S. S. et al. (2016): Characterizing the role of clay and silica nanoparticles in enhanced
heavy oil recovery during polymer flooding, SPE Technical Conference and Exhibition Abuja, Nigeria.

● Haneef et al. (2012): Pioneering approach reduce oil well drilling problems, SPE Technical conference
Dhahran Saudi Arabia.

● Singh SK et al. (2010): Vital role of nano polymers in drilling and stimulations fluid applications, SPE
annual technical conference and exhibition. Florence, Italy.

50
Cont.…

● Kevin NM et al. (2019): Optimization of nano-silica in enhancing the properties of synthetic based
drilling fluids for tight gas reservoir conditions, Society of Petroleum Engineers conference Muscat,
Oman.
● Cheraghian G. (2015): Effects of nanoparticles on wettability: a review on applications of
nanotechnology in the enhanced oil recovery, SPE Technical conference Dhahran Saudi Arabia.
● Taha NM, Lee S. (2015): Nano graphene application improving drilling fluids performance, SPE/DOE
Symposium on Improved Oil Recovery Tulsa, Oklahoma.
● Cheraghian G. (2016): Application of nano-fumed silica in heavy oil recovery, SPE Middle East
Intelligent Oil and Gas Conference and Exhibition Dubai, UAE.
● V. L. Colvin et al. (2010): Green Carbon another source of renewable energy, SPE Saudi Arabia
Technical Symposium Dhahran, Saudi Arabia.
● A. Bera, H. Belhaj (2016): Application of nanotechnology by means of nanoparticles and nano-
dispersions in oil recovery, SPE Technical conference Dhahran Saudi Arabia.

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THANK YOU
Your comments and suggestions are
welcome 52