Professional Documents
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OBSTETRICS
DR DEEPALI JADHAV
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
BJGMC & SGH, PUNE
Drugs in early pregnancy
Mifepristone- 200mg PO
induced
headache,dizziness,
Contraindication: severe asthma
Misoprostol
Synthetic prostaglandin
PO/PV route
Clinical use:
OXYTOCIN
ERGOT DERIVATIVES
PROSTAGLANDINS
OXYTOCIN
Preparations used
Synthetic oxytocin
Syntometrine
Desamino
oxytocin
Oxytocin nasal
solution
Effectiveness
Compromised fetus.
Previous history of caesarean section.
Complications likely to produce preterm labour.
APH.
INTERPRETATION :CST
Positive: persistent late deceleration of FHR following
50 % or more uterine contrations.
Negative: no late deceleration or significant variable
deceleration.
Suspicious: inconsistent but definite decelerations do
not persist with more uterine contractions.
Unsatisfactory: poor quality of recording or adequate
uterine contraction is not achieved.
Hyperstimultaion:
Deceleration of FHR with uterine contraction lasting >
90 seconds or occurring more frequently than every
2 minutes.
OXYTOCIN STIMULATION TEST
Procedure
Inference
Contraindications of oxytocin:
Pregnancy:
Grand multipara.
Contracted pelvis.
History of caesarean or hysterotomy.
Malpresentation.
Labour:
All the contraindications in pregnancy.
Obstructed labour.
Inco-ordinate uterine action.
Fetal distress.
Any time:
Hypovolemic state.
Cardiac disease.
OXYTOCIN STIMULATION TEST
Methods of administration:
Controlled intravenous infusion
For induction in labour
Use in labour
Intramuscular
5-10 units after the birth of the baby
as an alternative to ergometrine
ADVERSE EFFECTS
MATERNAL
Uterine hyperstimulation
Uterine rupture
Water intoxication
Hypotension
Anti-diuresis
FETAL
Fetal
distress,
fetal
hypoxia and
MONITORING DURING
OXYTOCIN USE
Assess
Intake output ratio.
Uterine contractions and FHR.
Blood pressure, pulse and respiration.
Administer
By IV infusion. Monitor drop rate.
Make crash cart available.
Evaluate
Length and duration of contractions.
Notify physician of contractions lasting over 1 minute or
absence of contrcations.
Teach
To report increased blood loss, abdominal cramps or
increased temperature.
ERGOT DERIVATIVES
Mode of action:
Ergometrine acts directly on the myometrium
Effectiveness
Therapeutic:
CONTRAINDICATIONS:
Prophylactic:
Suspected plural pregnancy.
Therapeutic:
Heart disease or severe hypertensive disorders
ERGOT DERIVATIVES
Administer
Orally or IM in deep muscle mass.
Teach
To report increased blood loss,
abdominal cramps,
headache, sweating, nausea, vomiting or
PROSTAGLANDINS
Source
Arachidonic acid
Mechanism of action
PGF2α promotes
myometrial contractility
PGE2 helps cervical
maturation
PROSTAGLANDINS
Use in obstetrics
Induction of abortion.
Induction of labour.
Uterine scar.
Preparations
Tablet.
Vaginal suppository
Vaginal pessry
Prostin E2.
Parentral
PROSTAGLANDINS
Advantages:
It has got a powerful oxytocic effect,
irrespective of period of pregnancy. As such
it can be used independently specially in
the induction of abortion with success.
In later months it can be used for
acceleration of labour.
It has got no anti diuretic effect.
PROSTAGLANDINS
Drawbacks:
It is costly.
Contraindication
Hepatic disorders.
Dose
Orally: 100mg TDS. May be increased upto 800 mg
daily.
IV infusion [hypertensive crisis] 1-2 mg/min until
desired effect
Side effects
Experience is less compared to methyl dopa. efficacy
Mechanism of action
Central and peripheral anti-adrenergic action
Effective and safe for both mother and fetus.
Contraindications
Hepatic disorders
Psychic patients
CCF
Dose
Orally 250mg BD may be increased to 1 gm
TDS depending upon the response.
IV infusion 250-500mg
METHYLDOPA
Side effects
Maternal:
Postural hypotension
Haemolytic anemia
Sodium retension
Excessive sedation
Contraindication
Bronchial asthma.
Renal insufficiency.
Diabetes.
Cardiac failure
fetal:
Bradycardia and impaired fetal responses to hypoxia,
IUGR when began in I and II trimester.
Neonatal: hypoglycaemia
PRAZOCIN
Mechanism of action
Selective post synaptic blocker. Decrease plasma
renin activity.
Reduces cardiac preload and after load.
Contraindication
Low first dose, to avid hypotension and syncope.
Dose
Orally 1 mg bd may be increased upto 20 mg/day
Side effects
Hypotension
Nasal congestion
Fluid retension
HYDRALAZINE
Mechanism of action
Arteriolar vasodilator.
Contraindication
Because of the variable sodium retention, diuretics should
be used.
Dose
Orally: 100mg/day in 4 divided doses.
IV : 5mg bolus followed by 25g in 200 ml NS at a rate of
2.5 mg/hr to be doubled every 30 mts.
Side effects
Maternal: hypotension,tachycardia, arrhythmia,
palpitation, lupus like syndrome.
Fetal: reasonably safe.
Neonatal: thrombocytopenia
NIFEDIPINE
Mode of action:
Direct arteriolar vasodilation.
Dose:
Orally 5-10 mg TID.
Contraindications:
Simultaneous use of magnesium sulphate could
be hazardous due to synergic effect.
Side effects:
Flushing
Hypotension
Head ache
Tachycardia
Inhibition of labour.
SODIUM NITROPRUSSIDE
Mechanism of action:
Direct vasodilator.
Dose:
Orally 6.25 bid.
Side effects:
Maternal
Nausea
Vomiting
Fetal
Oligohydramnios
IUGR
Fetal and neonatal renal failure.
NITROGLYCERINE
Mechanism of action
Release mainly venous but also arteriolar smooth
muscles.
Dose:
Given as IV infusion 5µg/min. to be increased at
every 3-5 min. upto 100µg/min.
Side effects:
Tachycardia
Headache
Methaemoglobinaemia
DIURETICS
Diuretics are used in the following
conditions during pregnancy.
Pregnancy induced hypertension with
massive edema.
Eclampsia with pulmonary edema.
Mechanism of action
Acts o loop of the Henle by increasing excretion of
sodium and chloride.
Dose
40 mg tab, daily following breakfast for 5 days a
week. In acute conditions, parentrally 40-120 mg
daily.
Contraindications:
Hypersensitivity
FUROSEMIDE
Maternal fetal
Weakness fetal compromise due
Fatigue to decreased placental
muscle cramps perfusion.
hypokalemia
Thrombocytopenia
hyponatremia
Hyponatremia
hypokalemia
hypochloremic
alkalosis
postural hypotension
HYDROCLOROTHIAZIDE
Mechanism of action:
Acts on distal tubule by increasing excretion of
water, sodium, chloride and potassium. It is used in
edema and hypertension.
Dose:
PO 25-100 mg/day.
Side effects:
Polyuria, glycosuria, frequency.
Rash,urticaria, fever.
Betamimetics
Prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors
Magnesium sulphate
Antibiotics.
BETAMIMETICS
Commonly used drugs:
Terbutaline
Ritodrine
Isoxurpine
Mechanism of action:
Activation of the intracellular enzymes [adenylate
cyclase, cAMP, protein kinase] reduces intracellular
free calcium [Ca++] and inhibits the activation of
MLCK
BETAMIMETICS
Dose:
Ritodrine is given by IV infusion, 50µg/min and
increased by 50µg every 10 min until contractions
cease. Maximum dose of 350µg/ min may be given.
Infusion is continued for about 12 hours after
contraction cease.
Terbutaline has longer half life and has fewer side
effects. Subcutaneous injection of 0.25 mg every 3-4
hours is given.
Isoxurpine is given as IV drip 100 mg in 5D.
Rate 0.2
µg/minute. To continue for at least 2 hours after
contraction ceases. Maintenance is by IM 10mg six
hourly for 24 hours, tab 10 mg 6-8 hourly.
BETAMIMETICS
Side effects:
Maternal:
Headache
Palpitation
Tachycardia
Pulmonary edema
Hypotension
Cardiac failure
BETAMIMETICS
Side effects
Hyperglycemia
ARDS
Hyperinsulinemia
Lactic academia
Hypokalemia
Even death
Neonatal:
Hypoglycaemia
Intraventricular haemorrhage
INDOMETHACIN
Mechanism of action:
Reduces synthesis of PGs thereby reduces intracellular
free Ca++, activation of MLCK and uterine contractions.
Dose:
Loading dose , 50 mg P.O. or .P.R. followed by 25mg
every 6 hrs for 48 hours.
Side effects:
Maternal
Heart burn
G.I. bleeding
Asthma
Thrombocytopenia
Renal injury.
CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERS
Nifedipine
Nicardipine
Mechanism of action:
Nifedipine blocks the entry of calcium inside the cell.
Compared to β- mimetics, effects are less. It is
equally effective to MgSO4.
Dose:
Oral 10-20 mg every 6-8 hours.
CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERS
Side effects:
Maternal
Hypotension
Headache
Flushing
Nausea
MAGNESIUM SULPHATE
Mechanism of action:
Inhibition to calcium ion
Contraindications:
Myasthenia gravis
Dose:
Loading dose: 4-6 gm I.V. over 20-30 min. followed
by an infusion of 1-2 gm/hr to continue tocolysis
for 12 hours after contarctions have stopped.
MAGNESIUM SULPHATE
Side effects:
Maternal
Flushing
Perspiration
Headache
Muscle weakness
Pulmonary edema rarely
Neonatal
Lethargy
Hypotonia
Respiratory depression rarely.
OXYTOCIN ANTAGONISTS
Atosiban
Mechanism of action:
It blocks myometrial oxytocin receptors.
Dose:
I.V.infusion 300µg/min. initial bolus may be needed.
Side effects:
Nausea
Vomiting
Chest pain
ANTICONVULSANTS
1. MAGNESIUM SULPHATE:
Mode of action:
Side effects:
MgSO4 is relatively safe and is the drug of choice.
Dose:
20-40 mg IV
Side effects:
Maternal:
Hypotension
Fetal
Respiratory depression
Hypotonia
Thermoregulatory problem
PHENYTOIN
Mode of action:
Centrally acting anticonvulsant
Dose:
10 mg/ kg IV at the rate not more than 50 mg/ min
followed 2 hrs later by 5 mg/kg. In epilepsy 300-
400 mg daily orally in divided doses.
Side effects:
Maternal
Hypotension
Cardiac arrhythmias
Phlebitis at injection site.
Fetal
Fetal hydantoin syndrome
ANTICOAGULANTS: HEPARIN
Mechanism of action:
It inhibits action of thrombin
Dose:
5000-10000 I.U. to be administered parenterally [SC or IV].
Side effects:
Maternal:
Haemorrhage
Urticarial
Thrombocytopenia
Osteopenia.
Fetal
It does not cross the placenta
WARFARIN
Mechanism of action:
Interferes with synthesis of vit K dependent factors.
Dose:
10 mg orally
Side effects:
Maternal
Haemorrhage
Fetal
Contradi’s syndrome [skeletal and facial anomalies]
Optic atropy
Microcephaly
Chondrodisplasia punctate.
ANALGESIA AND ANAESTHESIA
IN OBSTETRICS
SEDATIVES AND ANALGESICS
1. OPIOID ANALGESICS:
PETHIDINE
Mechanism of action:
Inhibits ascending pain pathways in CNS , increase
pain threshold and alters pain perception.
Indications:
Moderate to severe pain in labour, postoperative pain,
abruption placentae, pulmonary edema.
Dose:
Injectable preparations contains 50mg/ml can be
administered SC, IM,IV. Its dose is 50-100 mg IM
combined with promethazine.
PETHIDINE
Contraindications:
Dizziness
Confusion
Headache
Sedation
Nausea
Vomiting
Fetal
Respiratory depression
Asphyxia
FENTANYL
Mechanism of action:
Inhbits ascending pathways in CNS, increases pain
threshold and alters pain perception.
Indications:
Moderate to severe pain in labour, post operative
apin an dadjunct to general anaesthetic.
Dose:
0.05 to 0.1 mg IM q1-2 hrs prn. Available in
injectable form, 0.05 mg/ml.
Side effects:
Dizziness
Delirium
Euphoria
Nausea
Vomiting
Muscle rigidity
Blurred vision
PENTACOZIN
Dose of 30-40 mg
Naloxone is an efficient and reliable antagonist.
Adverse effects
Neonate respiratory depression secondary to the
medication crossing the placenta and affecting the
fetus.
Unsteady ambulation of the client.
Trichloroethylene
Hypotension.
Respiratory depression.
Fetal bradycardia.
Fetal bradycardia.
Mechanism of teratogenicity
Folic acid deficiency.
Epoxides or arena oxides
Homebox genes
Maternal-fetal drug transfer and the hazards:
Before D 31:
Lipid solubility.
Placental solubility.
GUIDELINES
If the benefit outweighs the potential risks, only then
can the particular drugs be used with prior
counselling.
Only, well tested and reputed drugs are to be
prescribed and that too using the minimum
therapeutic dosage for the shortest possible
duration.
CATEGORY DESCRIPTION EXAMPLE
A Adequate studies in pregnant woman have failed to show a risk to the fetus in Thyroid hormone
the first trimester of pregnancy; there is no evidence of risk in last trimester.
B Animal studies have shown an adverse effect on the fetus. But, there are no Insulin
adequate studies on humans. Pregnancy risk is unknown.
C Animal studies have shown an adverse effect on the fetus, but there are no Docusate-sodium
adequate studies on humans, or there are no adequate studies in animals or
humans. Pregnancy risk is unknown.
D There is evidence of risk to the human fetus, but potential benefits of use in Lithium acetate
pregnant woman may be acceptable despite potential risks.
Molecular weight
Ionic dissociation
Lipid solubility
Tissue pH.
Drug concentration.
Exposure time.
DRUGS IDENTIFIED AS HAVING EFFECT ON
LACTATION AND THE NEONATE
Bromide: Rash. Drowsiness, and poor feeding.
Iodides: Neonatal hypothyroidism
Chloramohenicol: Bone marrow toxicity
Oral pill: Suppression of lactation.
Bromocriptine: Suppression of lactation.
Ergot: Suppression of lactation.
Metronidazole: Anorexia, blood dyscrasias, irritability, weakness,
neurotoxic disorders.
Anticoagulants: Haemorrhagic tendency.
Isoniazid: Anti-DNA activity and hepatotoxicity.
Anti-thyroid drugs and radioactive iodine: Hypothyroidism and
goitre, agranulocytosis.
Diazepam, opiates, phenobarbitone: Sedation effect with poor
sucking reflex.
THANK YOU……..