HORMONES

HORMONES
• Special chemical messengers in the body
• Are created in the Endocrine glands
• Enter the circulation
• Carried to distant target organs and tissues to
modify their structures and functions
• Control most major bodily functions, from simple
basic needs like hunger to complex systems like
reproduction, and even the emotions and mood
• Cell receptors, including Hormone Receptors, are
special proteins found within and on the surface of
certain cells throughout the body
• Receptor proteins are the “Eyes” and “Ears” of the
cells, receiving messages from substances in the
bloodstream and then telling the cells what to do
• In other words, the receptors act like an on-off
switch for a particular activity in the cell
• If the right substance comes along that fits into the
Receptor — like a key fitting into a lock — the
switch is turned on and a particular activity in the
cell begins
The main Hormone-producing Glands

• Hypothalamus: Responsible for body temperature,

hunger, moods and the release of hormones from other
glands; and also controls thirst, sleep and sex drive.
• Parathyroid: Controls the amount of Calcium in the
body.
• Thymus: Plays a role in the function of the adaptive
immune system and the maturity of the thymus, and
produces T-cells.
• Pancreas: Produces the Insulin that helps control blood
sugar levels.
• Thyroid: Produces hormones associated with calorie
burning and heart rate.
The main hormone-producing glands

• Adrenal: Produce the hormones that control sex drive

and Cortisol, the stress hormone.
• Pituitary: Considered the «Master control gland,"
Controls other glands and makes the hormones that
trigger growth.
• Pineal: Also called the thalamus, this gland produces
Melatonin, which affects sleep.
• Ovaries: Only in women, the ovaries secrete Estrogen,
and Progesterone, the female sex hormones.
• Testes: Only in men, the testes produce the male sex
hormone, Testosterone, and produce sperm.
CLASSIFICATION OF HORMONES
Peptide and Protein Based Hormones

• TRH • Oxytocine
• CRH • PTH
• GHRH • Calcitonin
• GnRH • Insulin
• FSH • Glucagon
• LH • Erythropoietin
• Prolactin • Pankreatic polypeptide
• TSH • Cholecystokinin
• ADH • Gastrin
• Growth Hormone • Secretin
• Beta HCG
 STEROİD BASED HORMONES
‘’Cholesterol Derivatives’’
• Cortisol
• Aldosteron
• Progesteron
• Testosteron
• Estrogen
• Calcitriol = Vitamin D
HOW DO HORMONES WORK?
• Bind to receptor on the target cell membrane
• Receptor with hormone activates an enzyme in the cell
• Enzyme activates various reactions inside the cell
 Cushing Syndrome
• ACTH secretion from Hypophyse
• Cortisol secretion from Kidneys
 Cushing Syndrome
• Cortizol
• Blood sugar = Hyper glycemia
• Moon face
• Fat deposits
• Purple striae
 THYROID HORMONES
T3, T4 ve TSH
• Regulate Metabolic Rate
 Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis

• Autoimmun disease
• Hypothyroidi
• Anti TPO ; Positive
Congenital Hypothyroidism
‘’The most widely seen cause of
Preventable Mental Retardation’’
• Pituitary gland doesn’t make enough ADH
• Kidneys excrete a lot of urine= Polyuria
 OXYTOCIN
• An endogenous hormone produced by the posterior pituitary
gland
• This hormone has uterus-stimulating properties, acting on the
smooth muscle of the uterus, especially on the pregnant uterus
• As pregnancy progresses, the sensitivity of the uterus to oxytocin
increases, reaching a peak immediately before the birth of the
infant
• Oxytocic drugs are used antepartum (before birth of the neonate)
to induce uterine contractions similar to those of normal labor
• These drugs are desirable when vaginal delivery has not begun
and when it is in the best interest of the woman and the fetus to
initiate it
• An oxytocic drug is one that stimulates the uterus.
 OXYTOCIN
STIMULATES UTERUS TO CONTRACT
OXYTOCIN
• The effect of late pregnancy consumption of date fruit
on labour and delivery January 2011 Journal of
Obstetrics and Gynaecology 31(1):29-31
• Result;It is concluded that the consumption of date fruit
in the last 4 weeks before labour significantly reduced
the need for induction and augmentation of labour, and
produced a more favourable, but non-significant,
delivery outcome. The results warrant a randomised
controlled trial.
 PROLACTIN
• Induce ductal growth of breast
• Initiate and maintain LACTATION
• Stimulates milk production
 GALACTORRHEA
• A milky nipple discharge unrelated to the normal milk
production of breast-feeding
• Itself isn't a disease, but it could be a sign of an
underlying problem
• Usually occurs in women, even those who have never
had children or after menopause
• Can happen in men and even in infants
• Excessive breast stimulation, medication side effects or
disorders of the pituitary gland all may contribute to
galactorrhea
• Often, Galactorrhea results from increased levels of
PROLACTIN, the hormone that stimulates milk
production.
 PARKINSON DISEASE
‘’ Dopamine Deficiency’’
PARKINSON DISEASE @ Signature Change
PARKINSON DISEASE @ FAVA
 SEROTONİN
• Happiness Hormone
SEROTONİN
 LEPTİN
• Secreted from adipose tissue
• Controls appetite by signaling brain to stop eating
 GHRELIN
• Hunger hormone made by stomach
• Stimulates appetite and prepares body for food
• Blocking Ghrelin levels may be the key to weight loss
 Addison Disease
‘’Adrenocortex Insufficiency’’
• Hypotension
• Hyper pigmentation
• ACTH
• Cortisol
• Na
•K
ADDISON DISEASE
ADRENALINE
ADRENALINE EFFECTS
 ADRENALINE
‘’Stress Hormone’’
 STRESS HORMONES
• Adrenaline
• Cortisol
GROWTH HORMONE
 MELATONIN
• Produced by the pineal gland in the brain
• Often called the “Sleep hormone” as high levels can
help you fall asleep
Circadian Rhythms
Vitamin D = Calcitriol = Hormone Like
Effects
 Vitamin A ( Retinoic acide form) =
Hormone Like Effects
• During Acne therapy; Transaminase enzymes ( Especially
ALT ) measurement is IMPORTANT!!!!!