Assignment title:

Endocrine glands
Presented By:
• ESHA Shafqat
• Saima Nawaz
• Andleeb Hanif
• Anam Zahra
Endocrine system
• One out if two regulator systems
• Phylogenetically older than the nervous system
• Regulates activity of other systems so that they could
react to changing requirements of outer and inner
environment (maintains homeostasis)
• Does not originate from anatomically similar
structures
• Secretion into blood possesses no ducts
• Nearly all organs and tissues of the human body
produce a hormone
Hormone
• Harmone in Greek = to arise
• Chemical messenger produced by
endocrine gland and transported into
blood to target organs
• Proteins (polypeptides)
• Amines -adrenaline
• Steriod-sestrogenes
Clinical consequence
Hormonal excess
• Primary gland overproduction
• Secondary to excess production of trophic
(releasing, stimulating) substance (hormone)
Hormonal deficiency
• primary gland failure
• Secondary to lack of stimulation by trophic
(releasing, stimulating) substance (hormone)
• Target organ resistance
Endocrine glands History

Thomas Wharton
• 1614-1673
• Anemographic first detailed description of
glands
Ernest Henry Starling
• 1866-1927
• general schemes of „endocrine secretion“
used the already existing word „hormones“
Endocrine glands list
• Hypothalamus
• Pituitary gland
• Thyroid Gland
• Pineal Glands •
• Adrenal glands
Hypothalamus
The hypothalamus is a small
area in the center of the brain. It
helps produce hormones that
regulate heart rate, body
temperature, hunger, and the sleep-
wake cycle.
When the hypothalamus is not
working properly, it can cause
problems in the body that lead to a
wide range of rare disorders.
Function of Hypothalamus

• Growth
• Thirst
• Emotions
• Sleep wake cycle
• Breast milk production
• Weight control
• Child birth
Hormones Secreted by Hypothalamus

Corticotrophins-Releasing Hormone: This hormone is

responsible for the regulation of metabolic and immune
response.
Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone: It triggers the pituitary
gland to release a thyroid-stimulating hormone which plays a
major role in the functioning of organs of the body such as
heart, muscles, etc.
Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone:
It stimulates the pituitary gland to release several reproductive
hormones.
Continue…………..
Oxytocin: It is involved in several processes such as lactation,
childbirth, regulating sleep cycles, maintaining body
temperature.
Somatostatin: This hormone is also known as Growth
Hormone Inhibiting Hormone. It regulates the endocrine system
and affects the neurotransmission and cell proliferation by
interacting with G-protein coupled receptors.
What happens if the hypothalamus is
damaged?
• Head injuries, such as a traumatic
• brain injury.
• Brain infection.
• Brain tumor in or around your hypothalamus or brain
aneurysms.
• Significant weight loss caused by eating disorders, such
as bulimia or anorexia.
• Brain surgery.
• Radiation therapy and chemotherapy.
• Birth defects involving the brain or hypothalamus.
• Some genetic disorders, such as growth hormone
deficiency.
What are the symptoms of
hypothalamus dysfunction?
problem may include
• High blood pressure or low blood pressure
• Water retention or dehydration
• Weight loss or weight gain with or without changes in
appetite.
• Infertility.
• Poor bone health.
• Delayed puberty.Muscle loss and weakness.
• Body temperature fluctuations. Trouble sleeping
(insomnia).Frequent need to pee.
Pituitary Gland
Your pituitary gland is a small, pea-sized endocrine
gland located at the base of your brain below your
hypothalamus. It releases several important
hormones and controls the function of many other
endocrine system glands.
Which hormones does the pituitary gland
make?
1. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH or corticotro
phin)
:
2. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH):
3. Growth hormone (GH)
4. Luteinizing hormone
5. Prolactin
6. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH):
7. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH, or vasopressin)
8. Oxytosin
What is the function of the pituitary
gland?
• Growth.
• Metabolism (how your body transforms and manages the
energy from the food you eat).
• Reproduction.
• Response to stress or trauma.
• Lactation.
• Water and sodium (salt) balance.
• Labor and childbirth.
What conditions and disorders are related to the
pituitary gland?
• The four main categories of issues related to your pituitary gland
include:
• Pituitary adenomas.
• Hypopituitarism.
• Hypopituitarism.
• Empty sella syndrome.
What are the symptoms of pituitary gland problems?
Vision problems (loss of peripheral vision).
Headaches.
• Hormonal imbalances from pituitary hormone excess or deficiency.
 Thyroid Gland
What is the thyroid?
• Your thyroid is a small, butterfly-shaped
gland located at the front of your neck
under your skin.
• It’s a part of your endocrine system and
controls many of your body’s important
functions by producing and releasing
(secreting) certain hormones. All of the
cells in your body need energy to function.
• When your thyroid isn’t working properly,
it can impact your entire body.
thyroid hormones affect the following bodily
functions:
• How your body uses energy (metabolism).
• Heart rate.
• Breathing.
• Digestion.
• Body temperature.
• Brain development.
• Mental activity.
• Skin and bone maintenance.
• Fertility.
What does my thyroid do?
As an endocrine gland, your thyroid makes and secretes hormones.
Your thyroid produces and releases the following hormones:
• Thyroxine (T4)
• Triiodothyronine (T3): 
• Reverse Triiodothyronine (RT3
• Calcitonin
What conditions and disorders affect the thyroid?
The four main conditions that affect your thyroid include:
Hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid).
Hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid).
Goiter (enlarged thyroid).
• Thyroid cancer.
What are the early warning signs and
symptoms of thyroid problems?
• Slow or rapid heart rate.
• Unexplained weight loss or weight gain.
• Difficulty tolerating cold or heat.
• Depression or anxiety.
• Irregular menstrual periods
 PINEAL GLAND
Your pineal gland is a tiny endocrine gland in
your brain that releases the hormone melatonin
What is the pineal gland?
Your pineal gland, also called the pineal body or
epiphysis cerebrum, is a tiny gland in your brain
that’s located beneath the back part of the corpus
callosum. It’s a part of your endocrine system and
secretes the hormone melatonin. Y
What does the pineal gland do?
The main function of your pineal gland is to receive information about
the daily light-dark (day-night) cycle from the retinas in your eyes and
then produce and release (secrete) melatonin accordingly — elevated
levels at night (during dark hours) and low levels during the day (during
light hours).
What conditions and disorders affect the pineal gland?
Pineal gland tumors.
Injuries that affect the pineal gland.
• Pineal gland calcification
• What are the symptoms of pineal gland problems
• Seizures.
• Memory issues.
• Headaches.
• Nausea and vomiting.
Vision changes.
 Adrenal Glands
Your adrenal glands, also known as suprarenal glands,
are small, triangle-shaped glands that are located on
top of each of your two kidneys. They’re a part of your 
endocrine system and produce certain hormones that
help regulate several important bodily functions,
including:
•Metabolism (how your body transforms and manages
energy from the food you eat).
•Immune system.
•Blood pressure.
•Response to stress.
•Development of sexual characteristics.
What do your adrenal glands do?
Your adrenal glands are responsible for producing and releasing the
following essential hormones.
• Cortisol
• Aldosterone
• DHEA and androgenic steroids:
• Adrenaline (epinephrine) and noradrenaline (norepinephrine):
• Steroid hormones:
What common conditions and disorders affect the
adrenal glands?
Genetic mutations (changes).
Autoimmune diseases.
Tumors, such as pheochromocytomas.
Damage to your adrenal glands through injury, infection or blood loss.
What are the early warning signs and
symptoms of adrenal gland problems?

Metabolism symptoms: Unexplained weight gain or weight loss, 

fatigue, frequent high blood sugar or low blood sugar, weakness.
Immune system symptoms: Frequent sickness or infections.
Blood pressure symptoms: High blood pressure (hypertension) or 
low blood pressure (hypotension).
Sexual characteristics symptoms that affect females and
prepubescent males: Growing facial hair and or balding, developing 
acne, having a deeper voice and becoming more muscular.