James Rosenau’s model

World war 1 in the light of James Rosenau’s model

Faria Batool

Muhammad Saleh

Ayesha Waseem

Muhammad Farazdaq
 James Rosenau (1924-2011)
• American Political scientist
• Specialized in study of IR and global politics
• President International studies association(1948-85)
• More than 35 books

Famous
writings
 James Rosenau continued . . .

• First to apply complexity science.

• Concept of “post international relations" questioned
traditional understanding of international relations.

• Emphasized need to study multiple channels through which

influence is exerted in global politics.
James Rosenau continued…

• Promoted the importance of dialogue and pluralism.

• Encouraged policy makers to engage in inclusive discussions.

• Provided deeper understanding of complex global issues.

• Provided many models to study international events,

considering multiple factors.

 James Rosenau’s models
2 famous models

Comprehensive
paradigm Adaptive model
model(CPM)

Focuses on examining multiple

Focuses on examining multiple Emphasizes the dynamic nature of global
Dimensions and level of analysis in
Dimensions and level of analysis in politics and need for flexibility in analyzing
Understanding
Understanding global
global politics.
politics. to changing conditions.
 CPM
5 main factors to study an international event
Individual:
 Human actors involved in global politics
State:
 States as political entity
International:
 Interaction between states and international organizations
Transnational:
 Influence of non state actors (MNCs , NGOs)
Global:
 Interdependence of global actors and processes.
Modifications of CPM

Integration of Norms and

domestic ideas
factors

Complexity
Non state
and chaos
actors
theory
 Adaptive model
5 Key components
Systematic change:
 International systems are constantly evolving
Adaptability:
 Actors in international system need to be flexible
Multiple actors and level of analysis:
 States are not the sole actors in global politics
Feedback mechanisms:
 Actors constantly receive feedback for there actions and policies
Policy learning:
 Actors should continuously learn from there experiences.
World War 1
• Global war
• 1914-1918
Causes of WW1
Immediate causes:
Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Serbia
Long Term causes:
Alliance system

Triple Alliance Triple Entente

1882 1907
Germany France
Austria Hungary Britain
Italy Russia
Causes continued . . .
Militarism
Germany and Britain increasing military
equipment.

Imperialism
Policy adopted to extend countries influence

Nationalism
Belief in superiority

Economic interests
Enhanced economic influence of major
powers
 Consequences of WW1
Treaty of Versailles :
• 1919
• Germany forced to admit guilt of war and pay reparations
League of nations:
• 1919
Treaty of Serves:
• 1920
• Disintegration of Ottoman empire
Advances in military
Redrawing of national borders.
WW1 in light of James Rosenau’s model
• Gavrilo Princip assassinating Ferdinand led to the chaos.
Individual
WW1 is a complex event that resulted
• Aggressive dueWilhelm
policies Kaiser to multiple
II and factors
decision to help
• Austria-Hungary .
Level

• Germany and Britain militarism

State • Britain’s imperialism
Level • Rise of nationalism in Serbia.

• Increasing influence of powers like Britain

International • Struggle to have influence over the Europe.
• Alliances such as Triple alliance and triple
level Entente led to war at international level.
WW1 continued
• States and non states actors interacted
leading war.
Transnational • Serbian nationalist movements supported
level by Russia

• League of nation was formed to prevent

further war.
Global • Emergence of new technologies
• Treaty of Versailles was signed
level
Components of the adaptive model.
• Reflexivity
• Flexibility
• Learning and Feedback
• Multiple Perspectives
• Dynamic Environment
• Contextual Sensitivity
• Non-Linearity
 WW1 under Adaptive model
• Reflexivity:
• Reflecting on the causes and consequences of the war allows us to better
understand the complexities of the conflict. Examining the interplay of
factors such as nationalism, imperialism, and alliance systems provides
insights into the war's origins. [Source: Strachan, H. (2003). The First
World War: To Arms.]
• Flexibility:
• The war witnessed evolving military strategies and tactics as both sides
adapted to the changing nature of warfare. The development of trench
warfare and the use of new technologies exemplify the need for adaptive
approaches. [Source: Keegan, J. (1999). The First World War.]
• Learning and Feedback:
• Learning from early battles, such as the Battle of the Somme, where
outdated tactics resulted in significant casualties, led to strategic
adjustments. Lessons learned prompted shifts in warfare techniques,
including improved artillery coordination and infantry tactics. [Source:
Sheffield, G. (2014). The Chief: Douglas Haig and the British Army.]
 WW1 under Adaptive model
• Multiple Perspectives:
• Considering the viewpoints of different nations involved in the war helps
us appreciate the diverse motivations and interests at play. Examining
the perspectives of major powers like Germany, France, and Russia
sheds light on their strategic goals and decision-making processes.
[Source: Clark, C. (2013). The Sleepwalkers: How Europe Went to War in
1914.]
• Dynamic Environment:
• The war's fluid nature, characterized by changing battlefronts and
evolving alliances, demonstrates the dynamic environment of WW1.
The Eastern Front's shifting borders and the entry of new countries into
the war exemplify the ever-changing nature of global politics during this
period. [Source: McMeekin, S. (2011). The Russian Origins of the First
World War.]
 WW1 under Adaptive model
• Contextual Sensitivity:
• Understanding the specific historical context of pre-war tensions, such
as the Balkan crisis and the arms race, provides insight into the unique
circumstances that set the stage for WW1. Analyzing the regional
complexities helps contextualize the outbreak of the war. [Source:
Fromkin, D. (2004). Europe's Last Summer: Who Started the Great War
in 1914?]
• Non-Linearity:
• The war's outcomes were not predetermined and defied linear
expectations. Unforeseen events, such as the assassination of Archduke
Franz Ferdinand, led to an escalation that spiraled into a global conflict.
This demonstrates the non-linear nature of historical events and their
consequences. [Source: MacMillan, M. (2013). The War That Ended
Peace: The Road to 1914.]
Differences between APM & CPM
Adaptive Paradigm
1 Emphasizes adaptation and
responsiveness to changing
conditions
2 Focuses on individual and systemic
reflexivity
3 Acknowledges the dynamic and non-
linear nature of global systems
4 Highlights the importance of learning
and feedback mechanisms
5 Recognizes the influence of non-state
actors and their agency
6 Emphasizes flexibility and adaptability
in decision-making
7 Views global politics as constantly
evolving and unpredictable
Comprehensive Paradigm
Emphasizes a holistic understanding of
global politics
Emphasizes the role of institutions and
structures in global governance
Recognizes the interconnectedness and
interdependence of global actors
Recognizes the diversity of actors and
perspectives in global politics
Emphasizes the role of state actors in
shaping international relations
Focuses on stability and the long-term
implications of global trends
Views global politics as relatively stable
and predictable
Differences between CPM & APM (While analyzing WW1)
Conclusion
• James Rosenau's comprehensive paradigm model provides
valuable insights into the complexities of WW1.
• The comprehensive paradigm model integrates domestic
factors, norms and ideas, non-state actors, and complexity
theory to analyze the war.
• WW1 can be analyzed at individual, state, international,
transnational, and global levels using the comprehensive
paradigm model.
• The adaptive paradigm model emphasizes adaptation and
responsiveness to dynamic environments.
• The adaptive model's components, such as reflexivity,
flexibility, and learning, offer a dynamic framework to
understand WW1.
Conclusion
• Comparing the two paradigms, the comprehensive paradigm
focuses on interconnectivity and stability, while the adaptive
paradigm emphasizes adaptation and responsiveness.
• Rosenau's models enhance our understanding of events, causes,
and consequences in WW1.
• These models provide valuable tools for comprehending the
intricacies of global politics and the evolving nature of our world.
• References:
• Rosenau, J. N. (1992). Governance, Order, and Change in World
Politics. International Studies Quarterly, 36(2), 123-141.
• Rosenau, J. N. (2003). Distant Proximities: Dynamics Beyond
Globalization. Princeton University Press.
• Waltz, K. N. (1979). Theory of International Politics. McGraw-Hill.
Thank you. Any
questions?