JUSTICE AND

FAIRNESS AND CIVIC

RESPONSIBILITY
LESSON 8 GE 9
 What is justice?

O“Justice consists in treating equals equally

and unequal unequally, and in giving each
person his due.”
 What is justice?

Oan EYE for an EYE

 Definitions
Justice
O giving each person what he or she deserves or, in
more traditional terms, giving each person his or
her due. Bit as we go deeper in understanding how
to measure due, let us consider that no one can
quantify the due of the person deserved to receive.
It is one of the hot topics in Philosophy on how to
measure the equivalent exchange of an action to
be given a due. But the general concept of justice is
giving the person what he or she deserves.
 Definitions
Fairness
O fairness refers to the ability to make judgments that
are not overly general but that are concrete and
specific to a particular case. This simply means that
the agent has the rational capacity to weigh
situations on how to respond fairly to others. As
justices is perceived to see what is due to the person,
in fairness is perceiving the action to be due with
the ability of making judgements. And take note it is
dependent with the agent’s judgment call.
 Definitions
Neutrality
O It involves impartial, even-handed treatment and
would be exemplified in the family context by
parents who use impartial procedures with all
members of the family. It is one of the means on
how to appropriately judge a situation fairly.
Neutrality entails the agent’s action of not siding any
party until his or her rational analysis is finished.
With this neutrality, justice can be closely be
achieved if the agent’s partial treatment is neutral.
 Definitions
Trust
OTrust refers to whether individuals have faith
in the good intentions of others, typically
authority figures. This is important for the
delivery of justice entails trust. It is by
believing to what is due and what to do that
trust is imbedded. How? For the society, will
act based on the context of trust in the society
and of the rationality of dos and don’ts.
 Definitions
Standing
O refers to whether an authority figure treats a
person as a valued member of a relevant group, for
instance, parents who treat their child as a valued
member of the family. Actually, there are many
definition that standing will be used in this
discussion, but in this specific discussion, we are
going to us standing as the chronological order or
basis of levels in view to the value of its relevance.
 Definitions
Civic
O Civic entails of, relating to, or belonging to a city, a
citizen, or citizenship, municipal or civil society. It
means that the agent or the citizen in that matter is
in a society, where it is related as to the duty of the
person in relation to its civic society and duty. It
implies that of the basic rights like voting,
education and living is applied in the society as
exchanged to responding to one’s responsibility to
the society.
 Definitions
Responsibility
Orefers to the state or quality of being
responsible or something for which one
is responsible such as a duty, obligation
or burden. It is the action of the agent
to do what is due to his or her to be
done, just as paying tax or other
obligations that a citizen must do.
 Definitions
Citizen
O a person owing loyalty to and entitled by birth or
naturalization to the protection of a state or union.
The Citizen is the person or the agent of which is
inclusive in a society. It is by naturalization or by
birth that a person has its citizenship. It is different
with nationality. For it doesn’t necessary follow
that a citizen has the same nationality if view to
migration and “dual citizenship.”
 Definitions
Citizenship
OCitizenship is a productive, responsible,
caring and contributing member of society.

O With these definition hopefully, we can proceed with our topics to be discussed
for it will be the basis on how to achieve a common understanding in view to
our discussions.
 The study of justice has been a topic in ethics and philosophy
at least since Plato and Socrates, and philosophical and ethical
thinking about justice has shaped the way people see the
world. Mankind has long tried to answer the question, “what is
justice?”

WHAT IS JUSTICE?
 Justice has been conceptualized in
many different ways by philosophers
and thinkers:
Natural Law
 Justice has been thought about as an attribute of societal
order where it is used as the basis on doing not just what is
right and wrong but what is proper and just to be done in
view and also concerning societal effects that may result to
the action done by a person.
 Also we can view Justice as a human
virtue, or as an attribute of an act. Where
the action of the person has a result and
due to the other. As of the law of
interaction of Newton. The in every
action there is an equal and opposite
reaction. Hence it can be a human
attribute to see it as virtue just as Socrates
and Plato did since ancient times.
 O Retributive justice refers to the extent to which

Three punishments are fair and just. In general,

punishments are held to be just to the extent that
Categories they take into account relevant criteria such as the
seriousness of the crime and the intent of the
of Justice criminal, and discount irrelevant criteria such as
race.
and
Fairness EXAMPLE OF THIS IS AN EYE
FOR AN EYE. CUTTING THE
HAND OF A THEIF.
 Compensatory justice refers to the
extent to which people are fairly
Three compensated for their injuries by
Categorie those who have injured them; just
compensation is proportional to
s of
the loss inflicted on a person.
Justice
and Just like for example, the Mining industry, ideally we have law
that due to the destructive effect of mining, the mining

Fairness company must do something for the environment. This is

known to be the Responsible Mining Law. This law has the
concept of compensatory justice

Some argue that mine owners should compensate the

workers whose health has been ruined.
 O Distributive justice refers to the
extent to which society's institutions
ensure that benefits and burdens are
Three distributed among society's
members in ways that are fair and
Categorie just. When the institutions of a
s of society distribute benefits or
burdens in unjust ways, there is a
Justice strong presumption that those
and institutions should be changed.

Fairness O the American institution of slavery in the pre-civil

war South was condemned as unjust because it
was a glaring case of treating people differently on
the basis of race.
 Capitalist Justice:
Based on Contribution

O “Benefits should be distributed

according to the value of the
contribution the individual
makes to society, a task, a
group, or an exchange.”
O Principle of contribution
widely used to determine
salaries and wages in US
Companies.
O Tends to promote competition
in individualistic cultures like
US
 How to Measure the Value of
Contribution?
O 1) Work Effort- the harder one works, the greater
the share of benefits.
O 2) Productivity- the greater the person’s
contributed product, the more that person
should.
Disadvantage- ignores people’s needs, the
disadvantage groups
- problem on the objective measure on the
value of a person’s product especially in
fields such as science, art, entertainment, athletics,
etc.
 Original Position fulfills
Kantian requirements:
O 1) reversibility (parties choose principles they
apply to themeselves)
O 2) universalizability (principles must apply
equally to everyone)
O 3) treating people as ends (each party has
equal say in choice of principles)
 Justification
O 1) Rawls' theory preserves basic values: freedom,
equality of opportunity, and concern for
disadvantage
- The theory fits easily with basic economic
institutions of Western societies.
- The theory tkes into account criteria of need,
ability, effort, and contribution.
O 2) Parties choose impartial principles that takes into
account equal interest for everyone.
O 3) Rawls' theory of justice helps other theorists to
measure the range and progress of their
theoretical proposal.
 GE9 LESSON 9
GLOBALIZATION
PLURALISM
STANDARD VALUES
MILLENIAL/ FILINNIAL
ROLE OF RELIGION AND
ETHICS
WOULD YOU AGREE
WITH THE
FOLLOWING
STATEMENT?
• Religious belief are also moral
principles.
• There are also wicked Christians
and Muslims
• Moral Fundamentalist leads to
violence.
• Pious People become moral
person.
• Moral Fundamentalism makes
people happy.
 • (Fundamentalism) – a moral
WHAT IS perspective that has a
MORAL connotative remarks with a
specific religion. Of which
FUNDAMENTAL follows certain specifics with
ISM their scriptures, dogmas, or
ideologies.
5 major religions
of the world
• Buddhism
• Christianity
• Islam
• Judaism
• Hinduism
 BUT DID YOU KNOW THAT

Hmmp… THERE ARE ALSO

FUNDAMENTALISTIC MENTALITY
WITHIN THESE RELIGIONS?
 It is not your religious
belief that will save
What do you in the end, it is
your faith and true
you think? manifestation of LOVE
that you can strive for
PEACE.
What do Can you live without
you think? your faith?