E- Business Fundamentals

Introduction

Addresses the need of

•Organization
•Merchants
•Customers

In order to
•Reduce costs
•Increase the speed of service & delivery
•Search & retrieve information
E-Business
• E-Commerce – electronic transactions conducted by business
partners (narrow definition)
• E-Business: buying and selling, servicing customers,
collaborating with business partners, and conducting electronic
transactions within an organisations
Parts of E-Business

Institutions: Institution Process Process:

Government Marketing
Merchants E-Business Payment
Manufacturers Fulfillment
Suppliers Support
Consumers Network

Networks:
Corporate
Internet
Commercial
E-business Framework

E-Commerce Applications

Business Infrastructure

Public Messaging And Information Technical

Process Infrastructure Standards
and of E
Legal Multimedia and E commerce commerc
issues Infrastructure e

Information Super Highway (I-Way)

E commerce Applications

Electronic Fund Transfer

Supply chain Management
Video on Demand
Remote Banking
Enterprise Integration
Procurement & Purchase
Home Shopping
Online Marketing
TECHNOLOGIES OF E-COMMERCE
While many technologies can fit within the definition of "Electronic
commerce," the most important are:

•Electronic data interchange (EDI)

•Bar codes
•Electronic mail
•Internet
•World Wide Web
•Product data exchange
•Electronic forms

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CONSUMER ORIENTED E-COMMERCE
APPLICATIONS
The wide range of applications for the consumer marketplace can be
broadly classified into

Entertainment: Movies on demand, Video cataloging, interactive ads,

multi-user games, on-line discussions
Financial services and information: Home banking, financial services,
financial news
Essential services: Home shopping, electronic catalogs, telemedicine,
remote diagnostics
Educational and training: Interactive education, video conferencing,
on-line databases
Technology Infrastructure of EBusiness

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Technology Infrastructure of EBusiness
• Storage/physical. Memory and disk hardware components (equivalent to Level IV in Figure 3.1).
• Processing. Computation and logic provided by the processor (processing occurs at Levels I and
II in Figure 3.1).
• Infrastructure. This refers to the human and external interfaces and also the network, referred to
as ‘extrastructure’. (This is Level III in Figure 3.1, although the human or external interfaces are
not shown there.)
• Application/content. This is the data processed by the application into information. (This is
Level V in Figure 3.1.)
• Intelligence. Additional computer-based logic that transforms information to knowledge. (This is
also part of the application layer I in Figure 3.1.)

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MOBILE COMPUTING

• Mobile computing is human–computer interaction by which a computer is

expected to be transported during normal usage.

• Mobile computing involves mobile communication, mobile hardware, and

mobile software.

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MOBILE COMPUTING

1. Mobile data communication

• Communication issues include ad hoc and infrastructure networks as well as communication properties, protocols, data
formats and concrete technologies.
• Wireless data connections used in mobile computing take three general forms so.

• Cellular data service uses technologies such as GSM, CDMA or GPRS, 3G networks such as W-CDMA,EDGE or
CDMA2000. and more recently 4G networks such as LTE, LTE-Advanced. These networks are usually available within
range of commercial cell towers.
• Wi-Fi connections offer higher performance, may be either on a private business network or accessed through public
hotspots, and have a typical range of 100 feet indoors and up to 1000 feet outdoors.
• Satellite Internet access covers areas where cellular and Wi-Fi are not available and may be set up anywhere the user has a
line of sight to the satellite's location, which for satellites in geostationary orbit means having an unobstructed view of the
sky.
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MOBILE COMPUTING

2. Mobile hardware
• Mobile hardware includes mobile devices or device components that receive or access the service of
mobility.
• They would range from Portable laptops, Smartphones, Tablet Pc's, Personal Digital Assistants.
• These devices will have receptor medium that are capable of sensing and receiving signals.
• These devices are configured to operate in full- duplex, whereby they are capable of sending and receiving
signals at the same time.
• They don't have to wait until one device has finished communicating for the other device to initiate
communications.
• These devices use an existing and established network to operate on. In most cases, it would be a wireless
network.
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MOBILE COMPUTING

3. Mobile software

• Mobile software deals with the characteristics and requirements of mobile applications.
• Mobile software is the actual program that run on the mobile hardware.
• It deals with the characteristics and requirements of mobile applications.
• This is the engine of that mobile device.
• In other terms, it is the operating system of that appliance.
• It's the essential component that makes the mobile device operate.

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MOBILE COMPUTING

4. DEVICES
• Some of the most common forms of mobile computing devices are as follows.
• Portable computers, compacted lightweight units including a full character set keyboard and
primarily intended as hosts for software that may be parametrized, as laptops, notebooks,
notepads, etc.
• Mobile phones including a restricted key set primarily intended but not restricted to for vocal
communications, as cell phones, smart phones, phonepads, etc.
• Smart cards that can run multiple applications but typically payment, travel and secure area access
• Wearable computers, mostly limited to functional keys and primarily intended as incorporation of
software agents, as watches, wristbands, necklaces, keyless implants, etc.

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ADVANTAGES OF MOBILE COMPUTING

1. Location flexibility
2. Saves Time
3. Enhanced Productivity
4. Ease of research
5. Entertainment
6. Streamlining of Business Processes

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LIMITATIONS

• Range and Bandwidth

• Security standards
• Power consumption
• Transmission interferences
• Potential health hazards
• Human interface with device

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WIRELESS COMPUTING / NETWORK
• A wireless network is any type of computer network that uses wireless data connections for connecting network
nodes.

• Wireless networking is a method by which homes, telecommunications networks and enterprise (business)
installations avoid the costly process of introducing cables into a building, or as a connection between various
equipment locations.

• Wireless telecommunications networks are generally implemented and administered using radio communication.
This implementation takes place at the physical level (layer) of the OSI model network structure.

• Examples of wireless networks include cell phone networks, Wi-Fi local networks and terrestrial microwave
networks.

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TYPES OF WIRELESS NETWORK

1. Wireless PAN
• Wireless personal area networks (WPANs) interconnect devices within a relatively small
area, that is generally within a person's reach.
• Example, both Bluetooth radio and invisible in frared light provides a WPAN for
interconnecting a headset to a laptop. ZigBee also supports WPAN applications.
• Wi-Fi PANs are becoming commonplace (2010) as equipment designers start to integrate
Wi-Fi into a variety of consumer electronic devices. Intel "My WiFi" and Windows 7
"virtual Wi-Fi" capabilities have made Wi-Fi PANs simpler and easier to set up and
configure.
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TYPES OF WIRELESS NETWORK
2. Wireless LAN
• A wireless local area network (WLAN) links two or more devices over a short distance using a
wireless distribution method, usually providing a connection through an access point for Internet
access.
• The use of spread-spectrum or OFDM technologies may allow users to move around within a local
coverage area, and still remain connected to the network.
• Products using the IEEE 802.11 WLAN standards are marketed under the Wi-Fi brand name. Fixed
wireless technology implements point-to-point links between computers or networks at two distant
locations, often using dedicated microwave or modulated laser light beams over line of sight paths.
• It is often used in cities to connect networks in two or more buildings without installing a wired link.

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TYPES OF WIRELESS NETWORK
3. Wireless mesh network
• A wireless mesh network is a wireless network made up of radio nodes organized in a mesh
topology.
• Each node forwards messages on behalf of the other nodes. Mesh networks can "self heal",
automatically re-routing around a node that has lost power.

4. Wireless MAN
• Wireless metropolitan area networks are a type of wireless network that connects several wireless
LANs.
• WiMAX is a type of Wireless MAN and is described by the IEEE 802.16 standard.
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TYPES OF WIRELESS NETWORK

5. Wireless WAN
• Wireless wide area networks are wireless networks that typically cover
large areas, such as between neighboring towns and cities, or city and
suburb.
• These networks can be used to connect branch offices of business or as a
public internet access system.

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SWITCHING METHODS

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SWITCHING METHODS: Circuit Switching
• Circuit switched network consists of a set of switches connected by physical links.
• In circuit switched network, two nodes communicate with each other over a
dedicated communication path.
• There is a need of pre-specified route from which data will travel and no other data is
permitted.
• Before starting communication, the nodes must make a reservation for the resources
to be used during the communication.
• In this type of switching, once a connection is established, a dedicated path exists
between both ends until the connection is terminated.
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SWITCHING METHODS: Circuit Switching
• The end systems, such as telephones or computers are directly connected to a switch.
• When system A needs to communicate with system B, system A needs to request a
connection to system B that must be accepted by all switches as well as by B itself.
• This is called as setup phase in which a circuit is reserved on each link, and the
combination of circuits or channels defines a dedicated path.
• After the establishment of the dedicated circuit, the data transfer can take place.
• After all data has been transferred, the circuit is torn down.

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SWITCHING METHODS: Packet Switching

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SWITCHING METHODS: Packet Switching
• In packet switching, messages are divided into packets of fixed or variable size.
• The size of packet is decided by the network and the governing protocol.
• Resource allocation for a packet is not done in packet switching.
• Resources are allocated on demand.
• The resource allocation is done on first-come, first-served basis.
• Each switching node has a small amount of buffer space to hold packets temporarily.
• If the outgoing line is busy, the packet stays in queue until the line becomes available.

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SWITCHING METHODS: Message Switching

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SWITCHING METHODS: Message Switching
• In message switching, it is not necessary to establish a dedicated path between transmitter
and receiver.
• In this, each message is routed independently through the network.
• Each message carries a header that contains the full information about the destination.
• Each intermediate device receives the whole message and buffers it until there are
resources available to transfer it to the next hop.
• If the next hop does not have enough resources to accommodate large size message, the
message is stored and switch waits.
• For this reason a message switching is sometimes called as Store and Forward Switching.
• Message switching is very slow because of store-and-forward technique.
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MOBILE INFORMATION ACCESS DEVICES
• Personal Digital Assistant (PDA)
Sometimes called pocket computers, PDAs are handheld devices that combine elements of computing,
telephone/fax, Internet and networking in a single device. A typical PDA can function as a cellular phone,
fax sender, Web browser and personal organizer.
Unlike portable computers, most PDAs began as pen-based, using a stylus rather than a keyboard for input.
This means that they also incorporated handwriting recognition features. Some PDAs can also react to voice
input by using voice recognition technologies. The PDAs of today are available in either a stylus or keyboard
version (called a datapad).

PDAs have largely been rendered obsolete by the rise in popularity of smartphones and tablets, but they still
retain a presence in niche markets.Examples of PDA devices through the years have included the Palm Pilot,
Revo, Sony Clie, Hewlett-Packard Jornado, Casio Cassiopedia, Compaq iPaq and Toshiba Pocket PC.
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MOBILE INFORMATION ACCESS DEVICES

• Smartphones
• Smartphones combine a mobile phone and a handheld computer into a single
device. Smartphones allow users to access and store information (e.g. e-mail)
and install programs (applications) while also being able to use a mobile
phone in one device. For example, a smartphone could be a mobile phone
with some PDA functions integrated into the device or vice versa. Examples
of smartphones over the years have included the Apple iPhone, Samsung
Galaxy, Microsoft and Nokia Lumia, Sony Ericsson, Palm Treo, Blackberry,
Nokia T-Mobile Sidekick, Torq, Motorola Q, E-Ten, HP iPaq and I-mate.
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MOBILE INFORMATION ACCESS DEVICES

• Tablet PCs
• Tablet PCs are an evolution of the notebook computer with touchscreen LCD
screens that can be utilized with your fingertips or with a stylus. The
handwriting with a stylus is digitized and can be converted to standard text
through handwriting recognition, or it can remain as handwritten text. The
stylus can also be used to type on a pen-based key layout where the lettered
keys are arranged differently than a QWERTY keyboard. Tablet PCs may also
offer a removable keyboard as an additional input option. Examples of tablet
PCs have included Apple iPad, Microsoft Surface and Surface Pro, Samsung
Galaxy Tab, Samsung Nexus, Amazon Kindle Fire HD and Lenovo Yoga.
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Applications of Mobile Computing
Following is a list of some significant fields in which mobile computing is
generally applied:

• Web or Internet access.

• Global Position System (GPS).
• Emergency services.
• Entertainment services.
• Educational services.
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