OUTLINING

Outline

• Plan of your paper

• We write down the details of the body paragraphs in the outline. Neither

the introduction, nor the conclusion appears in the outline.

• Keywords only / use a parallel structure

• If you start using adjectives, then continue with adjectives

throughout your topic outline, or if nouns, then continue

with nouns
• Alphanumeric style

• For the main parts of the outline, we use Roman numerals: I, II, III
• for the subdivisions, we use capital letters: A, B, C, ……
• for the details, we use Arabic numerals: 1, 2, 3, ……….
• To give examples, we use lower-case letters: a, b, c, ………
• We must use every symbol at least in pairs, we cannot leave any symbol
alone. If you have A, you should have B. You cannot use a (-) for single
ideas. You should either insert that idea to a previous item or delete it.
• Spacing has a crucial role. After every symbol, place a full stop and then two
spaces.

• Boldface is not used.

• Vertical line for the symbols of the same type is important. All Roman
numerals must be on the same vertical line, all capital letters should be on the
same vertical line, etc.

• Use left alignment, not justification, because the space between the words
must be only one space. If we use justification, the space between words will
differ according to the line.
• Double space is used between the lines.
• If the line continues to the next line, we do not use the space on the left; we
continue writing just below the previous line beginning.

• Do not add extra subdivisions to your outline if you do not give its details in
your paragraphs. In short, your outline must match your paragraphs/paper.

• Use your common-sense and reason if the symbols have the same level
importance or not.

• As in the thesis statement, questions are not allowed.

Thesis Statement: Regardless of its theoretical validity or its status as a newly emerging scientific field, quantum
mechanics has produced various technological applications that affect mankind via quantum computing,
quantum sensors and quantum communication.

I. Quantum Computing
A. Machine Learning
1. Usage areas of quantum computing in machine learning
a. Speed (Lloyd et al., 2013, p. 6)
b. Data capacity
2. Impacts of quantum-assisted computers
a. Operating temperature
b. Sensitivity
c. Fast to solve problems
d. Big data (Perdomo-Ortiz, et al., 2018, p. 3)
B. Finance
1. Financial applications of quantum computers
a. Security
b. Transition
c. Early forecasting (Orus et al., 2018, p. 4)
d. Big data
2. Influences of computers operating with quantum principles
a. Unsafe
b. Saving money (ATOS, 2016, p.9)
II. Quantum Sensors

A. Space Instruments
1. Applications in Quantum Mechanics in Space
a. GPS (Perskill, 2011, p. 6)
b. Atomic Clocks (Brown et al., 2017)
2. Effects of Quantum Machines
a. Sensitivity in Measurement
b. Lack of Engineering
B. Health Sector
1. Usage Area of Quantum Mechanics in Medicine
a. MRI (Gast et al., 2018)
b. Atomic Structure of Drugs (Callan & Raymo, 2013, p. 2)
2. Prospects of Quantum Machines
a. Financial Support
b. XXX
III. Quantum Communication

A. Secure Communication
1. Quantum Mechanics and Cryptography
a. Quantum Key Distribution
b. QKD Security and Decryption (Islam, 2018, p. 20)
2. Prospects of Quantum Key Distribution
a. Limiting Factors (Sharma, 2018)
b. Practical Uses (Yiu, 2018)
B. Long Distance Communication
1. Quantum Teleportation Mechanics
a. Quantum Entanglement
b. Using Quantum Entanglement for Communication (Salart, 2008)
2. Prospects of Quantum Teleportation
a. Limiting Factors (Aspelmeyer, 2018)
b. Practical Uses
 What is Plagiarism?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Uk1pq8sb-eo&list=PLjBMY
3HggCpCI-AOVnhpMSei1G4kNhGvI
 What to cite
Any information that is NOT your own idea, thought, data, or research
Eg. Facts, figures, ideas, or other information that is not common
knowledge, ideas, words, theories, or exact language that another
person used in other publications

What NOT to cite

• Your own words, ideas, or data,

• Common knowledge, such as
facts that are found in many sources:
Eg. İstanbul was conquered by Sultan Fatih in 1453.
things that are easily observed
Eg. Some students tend to cheat in exams.
common sayings
Eg. Time is money.
How can we avoid plagiarism?
•By quoting
•By paraphrasing
•By summarizing

AND by showing the source through citations at the end of each

quote/ paraphrase/ summary.
How Do We Make Citations?

BEGIN with: The author’s last name (LAST name ONLY)

then add: A ‘verb of expression’ e.g. state, point out, emphasize.

followed by: the borrowed information (quotation, paraphrase, or summary)

FINISH with: The publication year, page OR para number in brackets

(xxx).
Use «p.» for single page and «pp.» for multiple pages

Eg. Smith states that giving citations is very important for composing good
essays (2009, p.23).
 Reporting verbs and phrases

Accept / Acknowledge / Admit / Advise / Agree / Confirm / Recognize /

Advice / Agreement
Support

Argument / Argue / Assert / Assure / Claim / Contend / Convince / Emphasize / Express /

Persuasion Insist / Maintain / Persuade / Warn

Conclude / Infer / Realize

Conclusion

Disagreement /
Criticize / Deny / Disagree / Doubt / Object to/ Oppose / Question / Reject
Questioning
Comment / Discuss / Explore / Reason
Discussion
Emphasize / Highlight / Stress
Emphasis

Analyze / Assess / Blame / Compare / Complain / Consider / Contrast /

Evaluation
Evaluate / Examine / Understand / Verify

Clarify / Explain
Explanation

Comment / Define / Describe / Identify / Illustrate / Inform / List / Mention /

Presentation
Point out / Present / Report / Show / State
More on ‘How to Make Citations’

There are other ways to introduce the author’s last name:

According to Smith, giving citations is very important for

composing good essays (2009).

Based on Smith’s article published in XXX magazine, giving

citations is very important for composing good essays (2009).
REFERENCE PHRASES
1. Author SURNAME + an appropriate reporting verb + that
Ex: Robertson asserts/declares/emphasizes that .........
2. It is + V3+ by author SURNAME that....
Ex: It is claimed by Brooks that....
3. It is + V3+ in the article “..........” that.........
Ex: It is explained in the article “Censorship Within Democratic Societies” that....
4. In his/her article “........”, author SURNAME + an appropriate reporting verb + that.....
Ex: In his article “Censorship Within Democratic Societies”, Philips highlights
that.....
5. As V3 in the article “........”, ..............
Ex: As discussed in the article “ The Human Dimension”,......
6. According to author SURNAME,........
Ex: According to Robertson,.....
7. Based on + author SURNAME ‘s article,............
Ex: Based on Roberston’s article,.................
When there is no individual author, but there is the name of an organization,
institution or association, the name of the organization is used.

•Greenpeace emphasizes that whales are an endangered species, and they may
become extinct in a very few years (2002).

•According to NATO, peacekeeping forces in foreign countries face very tough

challenges when they come up against serious aggression (1999).
When there is neither author nor organization name, use the title of the
work.
a) book: As indicated in Leadership Competency, leadership models can
equip leaders of organizations with the behaviors, values and attitudes that
will enable them to be more effective in achieving company goals (2006).
b) article: Based on the article “Beautiful Minds”, the brain has the
capacity of storing information for more than a century (2008).
When there is no date, use the abbreviation n.d., which stands for ‘no
date’.

•Scott asserts the Enterprise, the most powerful ship in the fleet, is made
up of a variety of different alloy materials (n.d.).

•It is stated in Feasibility of High Rise Buildings that the main

technological advancement that made skyscrapers possible was the
development of mass iron and steel production (n.d.).
•Never use a website address inside the essay

e.g. www.websiteaddress.com

Citing Websites:

In-text citation for an article from a website with no author:

As indicated in the article “All things Nittany”, the term "Nittany Lion" was coined by Penn State
football player Joe Mason in 1904 (2006).

In-text citation for section of website with no author or title:

Based on the official website of Greenpeace, whales are an endangered species, and they may
become extinct in a very few years (2002).
APA 7th Edition: The Basics of APA In-text Citations
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=opp259YvaoE