BIOSENSORS

Dr. Sabbir Rahman Shuvo

MIC 314, Lecture 9

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 LEARNIG OBJECTIVES

Applications
of biosensors

In vivo
biosensors

In food In health Biosensors in

industry sectors DNA analysis
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• https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/anie.202213567

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 APPLICATIONS OF BIOSENSORS

Glucose monitoring in diabetes patients.

Remote sensing of airborne bacteria e.g. in counter- bioterrorist activities

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 APPLICATIONS OF BIOSENSORS
1. Detection of pathogens.
2. Determining levels of toxic substances before and after bioremediation.
3. Detection and determining of organophosphate.
4. Routine analytical measurement of oleic acid, biotin, vitamin B12 and
pantothenic acid as an alternative to microbiological assay.
5. Determination of drug residues in food, such as antibiotics and growth
promoters, particularly meat and honey.
6. Detection of toxic metabolites such as mycotoxins.

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 IN-VIVO BIOSENSORS

In-vivo miniaturized sensors are being developed for measurement of O2, pH

etc.
Implantable subcutaneous glucose sensors are also being used to adjust the
dose of insulin.
Intravascular sensors that release nitric oxide have been developed to
decrease the possibility of thrombosis.

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 BIOSENSORS IN FOOD ANALYSIS

There are several applications of biosensors in food analysis.

 In food industry optic coated with antibodies are commonly used to detect pathogens
and food toxins. The light signal system in these biosensors has been fluorescence, since
this type of optical measurement can greatly amplify the pathogens.
A range of immuno- and ligand-binding assays for the detection and
measurement of small molecules such as water-soluble vitamins and chemical
contaminants (drug residues) such as sulfonamides.

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DETECTING CANCER AND HEALTH ABNORMALITIES

Tuan Vo-Dinh of Oak Ridge National

Laboatory(ORNL) (left) and Bergein
Overholt and Masoud Panjehpour, both of
Thompson Cancer Survival Center of
Knoxville, have developed a new laser
technique for nonsurgically determining
whether tumors in the esophagus are
cancerous or benign.

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 Detecting Cancer and Health Abnormalities

In the past, determining accurately whether a patient has cancer of the
esophagus has required surgical biopsy.
However, laser-based fluorescence method has eliminated the need for biopsy,
reducing pain and recovery time for patients.
Laser light of the appropriate wavelength is directed to the inner surface of the
esophagus by means of a fiber-optic device that is swallowed by the patient.
The epithelial cells and tissue inside the esophagus fluoresce when excited by the
laser light. When the esophagus interior is illuminated with blue light [410
nanometers (nm)], the normal tissue emits light at wavelengths different from
those emitted by the cancer cells.

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Detecting Cancer and Health Abnormalities

The spectral properties of the light at wavelengths ranging from 400 to 700 nm
can be analyzed at various positions in the esophagus by the software
developed.
Emissions from normal cells and cancer cells can be distinguished quite
accurately; the difference is expressed as the differential normalized
fluorescence index.
Tests on more than 200 patients show that, compared with the results of
surgical biopsies, laser fluorescence diagnosis is accurate in over 98% of the
cases.

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MEDICAL TELOSENSORS

This "medical telesensor" chip on a

fingertip can measure and transmit body
temperature.

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 MEDICAL TELESENSORS

A chip on our fingertip may someday measure and transmit data on body
temperature.
An array of chips attached to our body may provide additional information on
blood pressure, oxygen level, and pulse rate.
This type of medical telesensor, which is being developed at ORNL for military
troops in combat zones, will report measurements of vital functions to remote
recorders.

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 The goal is to develop an array of chips to collectively monitor bodily functions. These chips may
be attached at various points on a soldier using a nonirritating adhesive like that used in
waterproof band-aids.
 These medical telesensors would send physiological data by wireless transmission to an
intelligent monitor on another soldier's helmet.
 The monitor could alert medics if the data showed that the soldier's condition fit one of five
levels of trauma.

 Blood pressure and pulse rate may be measured by chips designed to detect pressure
changes.
 Unlike a glass fiber, a silicone fiber is flexible—it can be squeezed or stretched, and the
amount of compression or expansion can be measured by changes in light transmission
through the fiber.
 If a silicone fiber on a chip can sense pressure at various positions in the body, it may be used
for monitoring blood pressure, pulse rate, breathing (chest expansion), knee bending .
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 OTHER TYPES OF BIOSENSORS

Aging, diseases such as diabetes and Alzheimer's, and chemical warfare

agents cause changes in metal ion concentrations in the body.
If these changes could be detected and measured, the information could
provide clues about changes in disease states and exposure to toxins.
Tuan Vo-Dinh and his coworkers have developed a biosensor using a glass
optical fiber and a hybrid molecule .
One half of the hybrid molecule binds calcium ions and the other half
fluoresces when calcium ions are bound to the molecule. By attaching this
molecule to the end of a very small diameter optical fiber, the conc of calcium
ions in a solution can be measured.

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ROLE OF BIOSENSORS IN POINT OF
CARE TESTING.

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 POINT OF CARE TESTING

Point of care testing is a laboratory testing conducted close to the site of

patient care.
Point of care testing is also commonly described as ancillary ,bed-
side ,near-patient, satellite,remote & decentralised testing.

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 ROLE OF BIOSENSORS IN THE MANAGEMENT OF DIABETES
MELLITUS

Self monitoring of blood glucose(SMBG)

SMBG is the most important day to day metabolic parameter that must be
assessed by the person affected with diabetes.
All insulin treated patients regardless of type 1 or type 2 DM should optimally
perform SMBG three or more times daily.

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Biochips: a new generation of biosensors using DNA probes (DNA Biochip)
have been developed.

Probe recognition is based on the molecular hybridization process, which involves

the joining of a strand of nucleic acid with a complementary sequence.

Biologically active DNA probes are directly immobilized on optical transducers

which allow detection of fluorescent label probes.

 DNA biosensors could have useful applications in areas where nucleic acid
identification is involved.

The DNA probes could be used to diagnose genetic susceptibility and diseases.

 The Biochip using antibody probes has recently been developed to detect the
p53 protein system.
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In one application, liquids containing DNA and a restriction enzyme are injected
into different chambers fixed into the chip.
Electric fields pump the liquids through a microscopic channel into a reaction
chamber, where the enzyme cuts the DNA into pieces of different lengths.
The DNA snippets are then electrically pumped to the separation channel, where they
are tagged with fluorescent dyes for detection.

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The DNA fragments of various sizes are sorted in a liquid containing fibrous
strands of a polymer. The DNA through fragments get tangled with the polymer
strands, which slow them down as they pass.
Small chunks of DNA find their way through the tangled web faster than the
larger ones, so separation results.
As the fragments are separated, they are illuminated with a laser light, causing
them to fluoresce.
The detected light intensities are fed to a computer, which sorts through signals
from separated fragments to provide a sample analysis.

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 BIOREPORTERS

Genetically engineered bacteria can also be useful because of their ability to

"informant" on the environment.
Such commonly used bacteria have been designed to give off a detectable signal,
such as light, in the presence of a specific pollutant they like to eat.
They may glow in the presence of toluene, a hazardous compound found in
gasoline and other petroleum products.
They can indicate whether an underground fuel tank is leaking or whether the site
of an oil spill has been cleaned up effectively. These informer bacteria are called
bioreporters.

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THANK YOU

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 MODEL QUESTIONS

1. Write down the applications of biosensors.

2. Briefly discuss the role of biosensors in food industry,
in determination of cancer.
3. What is a telosensor?
4. What is point of care testing?
5. Discuss the role of biosensors in DNA detection.
6. What is biochip?

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