MYOCARDI

INFARCTION
AL
 AGENDA

01 02 03
Introduction
(Definition, Types, Pathophysiology Clinical SSx
Classifications)

04 05 06
Laboratory and Medical, Surgical, Complications
and Nursing
Diagnostic Tests and Prognosis
Interventions
 INTRODUCTIO
N
Myocardial Infarction (MI) or Heart Attack
which is caused by reduced blood flow in a
coronary artery due to atherosclerosis or occlusion
of an artery by an embolus or thrombus. It is the
irreversible damage of myocardial tissue caused by
prolonged ischemia and hypoxia.
 PRIMARY
TYPES OF MI
 ST-SEGMENT ELEVATION
MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION
• STEMI is a(STEMI)
severe type of heart attack
characterized by a complete blockage of
one or more of the coronary arteries,
resulting in a significant and sustained
elevation of the ST-segment on an
electrocardiogram (ECG).

• This indicates a high risk of extensive

NON-ST-SEGMENT ELEVATION
MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION
• NSTEMI is(NSTEMI)
a type of heart attack where
there is a partial blockage or temporary
disruption of blood flow in the coronary
arteries.

• This is typically characterized by specific

changes in the ECG, such as ST-segment
depression or T-wave inversion, and
 UNIVERSAL
CLASSIFICATIO
N OF MI
TYPE CLASSIFICATION CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA

PLAGUE RUPTURE,ULCERATION,FISSURING, EROSION,

1 SPONTANEOUS MI OR DISSECTION RESULTUNG IN CORONARY
THROMBOSIS

MISMATCH BETWEEN MYOCARDIAL OXYGEN SUPPLY

SUPPLY/DEMAND
2 AND DEMAND DRIVEN BY A SECONDARY PROCESS
MISMATCH
OTHER THAN CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE

CARDIAC DEATH IN SETTING SUGGESTIVE OF ISCHEMIC

SUSPECTED MI-
3 PROCESS WITHOUT DEFINITIVE CARDIAC BIOMARKER
RELATED DEAT
EVIDENCE OF MI
TYPE CLASSIFICATION CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA

RISE IN CARDIAC BIOMARKERS ACCOMPANIED BY

4A PCI-RELATED MI SYMPTOMS, ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHIC, ANGIOGRAPHIC,
OR IMAGING EVIDENCE OF ISCHEMIA AFTER PCI

CONFIRMED STENT THROMBOSIS IN CONTEXT OF

STENT
4B ISCHEMIA AND DYNAMIC CARDIAC BIOMARKER
THROMBOSIS
CHANGES

RISE IN CARDIAC BIOMARKERS ACCOMPANIED BY

5 CABG-RELATED MI SYMPTOMS, ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHIC, ANGIOGRAPHIC,
OR IMAGING EVIDENCE OF ISCHEMIA AFTER CABG
LABORATORY
AND
DIAGNOSTIC
1. CLINICAL ASSESSMENT:
- PATIENT HISTORY: THE HEALTHCARE PROVIDER
WILL ASK ABOUT THE PATIENT'S SYMPTOMS, RISK
FACTORS, AND MEDICAL HISTORY. TYPICAL SYMPTOMS
OF A HEART ATTACK INCLUDE CHEST PAIN, SHORTNESS
OF BREATH, NAUSEA, AND SWEATING.
2. ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY (ECG OR EKG):
- A 12-LEAD ECG IS A CRITICAL TOOL FOR
DIAGNOSING A HEART ATTACK. IT RECORDS THE
ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY OF THE HEART AND CAN
IDENTIFY SPECIFIC CHANGES THAT OCCUR
DURING AN MI.
3. CARDIAC BIOMARKERS:
- BLOOD TESTS ARE CRUCIAL IN CONFIRMING A
MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION. CARDIAC BIOMARKERS,
SUCH AS TROPONIN AND CREATINE KINASE-MB (CK-
MB), ARE RELEASED INTO THE BLOODSTREAM WHEN
HEART MUSCLE CELLS ARE DAMAGED OR DIE.
4. IMAGING STUDIES (OPTIONAL):
- ADDITIONAL IMAGING TESTS, SUCH AS
ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY (ULTRASOUND) OR CORONARY
ANGIOGRAPHY, MAY BE USED TO ASSESS THE EXTENT
OF HEART MUSCLE DAMAGE AND TO IDENTIFY THE
LOCATION AND SEVERITY OF CORONARY ARTERY
BLOCKAGES. THESE TESTS ARE NOT ALWAYS REQUIRED
FOR THE INITIAL DIAGNOSIS BUT CAN HELP GUIDE
TREATMENT DECISIONS.
MEDICAL AND
SURGICAL
MANAGEMENT
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
a. Medications:
• Antiplatelet agents
• Thrombolytics
• Analgesics
• Beta-blockers
• ACE Inhibitors/ ARBS
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
b. Statins
c. Oxygen therapy
d. Antiarrythmic drugs

SURGICAL MANAGEMENT
• PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY
INTERVENTION (PCI)
 NURSING
MANAGEMENT
1. Assessment and 6. Thrombolytic Therapy
Monitoring Management (if applicable)
2. Pain Management 7. Education
3. Oxygen 8. Emotional Support
Administration 10. Wound Care (for PCI or
4. Continuous ECG CABG patients)
Monitoring 11. Discharge Planning