Java Programming Language

Java Programming Language
History of Java
Java The Complete Reference 8th Ed

Why Java?
The answer is that Java enables users to develop and
deploy applications on the Internet for servers, desktop
computers, and small hand-held devices. The future of
computing is being profoundly influenced by the Internet,
and Java promises to remain a big part of that future. Java
is the Internet programming language.
Java is a general purpose programming language.

Java is the Internet programming language.
3
Java, Web, and Beyond
• Java can be used to develop Web
applications.
• Java Applets
• Java Web Applications
• Java can also be used to develop
applications for hand-held devices such as
Palm and cell phones
4
https://www.invensis.net/blog/applications-java-p
ogramming-language/
https://spectrum.ieee.org/the-top-programming-languages-2023#toggle-gdpr
http://www.tiobe.com/tiobe-index/
What will you need to create a java program
Text editor - is a text editor program designed specifically

for editing source code of computer programs by
programmers
Compiler – is a program that translates a program written

in a high-level language, into a program simpler language
that the computer can more or less directly understand
Integrated Development Environment (IDE) - is a software

application that provides comprehensive facilities to
computer programmers for software development. An IDE
normally consists of a source code editor, build
automation tools and a debugger.
Creating and Editing Using NotePad
To use NotePad, type
notepad Welcome.java
from the DOS prompt.
11
Creating and Editing Using WordPad
To use WordPad, type
write Welcome.java
from the DOS prompt.
12
Creating, Compiling, and Running Programs
Create/Modify Source Code
Source code (developed by the programmer)

Saved on the disk
public class Welcome {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!"); Source Code
}
}
Compile Source Code

Byte code (generated by the compiler for JVM i.e., javac Welcome.java
to read and interpret, not for you to understand)
…
Method Welcome() If compilation errors
0 aload_0 stored on the disk
…
Bytecode
Method void main(java.lang.String[])
0 getstatic #2 …
3 ldc #3 <String "Welcome to
Java!">
5 invokevirtual #4 …
8 return Run Byteode
i.e., java Welcome
Result
13
If runtime errors or incorrect result
animation
Trace a Program Execution

Enter main method
//This program prints Welcome to Java!

System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
}
}
15
animation

Execute statement

}
}
16
animation

}
}
print a message to the

console
17
How to compile in java :
Compiling using IDE
https://netbeans.org/kb/docs/java/quickstart.html
Compiling in CLI (Command Line Interface)

http://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/getStarted/cupojava/win32.html
Kinds of Program Error
Syntax Error – result error in code construction, such as

mistyping a keyword, omitting some necessary
punctuation or using an opening brace without a
corresponding close brace.
Run Time Error – are errors that cause a program to

terminate abnormally when the environment detects
an operation that is impossible to carry out.
Logic Error – occurs when a program does not perform

the way it was intended to.
Programming Errors
• Syntax Errors
– Detected by the compiler
• Runtime Errors
– Causes the program to abort
• Logic Errors
– Produces incorrect result
20
Layout of a Simple Java Program
import <name_of_package>;
public class <name_of_class> {

public static void main(String[] arg){
variable declarations;
………………………….
statements_1;
statements_2;
…………………………..
}
}
Sample Java Program
import java.util.Scanner;
public class FirstProgram{

Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);
int n1,n2;
System.out.println("Enter two numbers:");
n1 = input.nextInt();
System.out.print("The sum of the two numbers is " );
System.out.println(n1+n2);
}
} Output:
Elements of a Java Program
import java.util.Scanner
import - tells the compiler to the Scanner class from the
package(library) java.util
public class FirstProgram

public – means that methods/fields of the class can be access
by other classes.
class - is a blueprint for the attributes and behaviours of a
group of objects.
Firstprogram – is the name of the class
public static void main (String[] args) –

public – means that this method can be called from outside
the instances of the class.
static – Indicates that a variable or method belongs to a class,
rather than to any object created from the class.
void(none) - the method does not return anything significant
at the end of its execution.
main – it says that the main method of the program starts
here.
{ } – mark the beginning and end of the main class or method.

Output Statement
System.out.println();
System.out – is an object used to send output to the screen
println – is the method of the object that send what’s within its
parenthesis to the screen
Anything inside the double quote is printed exactly as given when the
program is run.
Ex. System.out.println(“Hello World”);
When a variable name appear inside the parenthesis after println and not in
double quote the content of the variable is printed.
Ex. System.out.println(sum);
SYNTAX
System.out.println(Item_1 + Item_2 + ... + Last_Item);
EXAMPLE
System.out.println("Welcome to Java.");
System.out.println(“The sum of two numbers is = " +
(firstnumber+secondnumber);
Sample Program #1

System.out.println(“Hello World”);
}
}
Output:
Hello World
Sample Program #2
public class word{
public static void main(String[] args){
System.out.println(" J A V V A ");
System.out.println(" J A A V V A A ");
System.out.println(" J J A A A V V A A A ");
System.out.println(" J J A A V A A ");
}
}
Lab Activity 1:
Write your full names using only four System.out.println()

statement
Escape Sequences for Special
Characters
28
Program Output
public class Sample {

System.out.println("Hello World");
}}

System.out.println("Hello\nWorld");
}}

System.out.print("Hello");
System.out.print("World");
}}

System.out.println("Hello");
System.out.print("World");
}}

System.out.println("Hello\tWorld");
System.out.println("Hello\rWorld");
}}
Variable Names / Identifiers
Variables - are used to store values to be used later in a program
ex. n1,n2 and sum
Identifiers - are used for naming variables, constants, methods, classes, and
packages
ex. main, input, n1,n2, and sum
Rules in naming identifiers and variables

- must start with a letter, an underscore (_), or a dollar sign ($). It
cannot start with a digit.
- you must not used keywords (reserve words).
Ex. double, float, class, etc…
- java is case-sensitive that it distinguishes upper-case and lower case
Variable Declaration
Variable declaration - creates a location in the computer’s memory where a
value can be stored for use later in a program. In declaring multiple variables you
can use commas to separate them.
Syntax:
Single variable declaration
data_type variable_name;
ex. int number;
Multiple variable declaration
data_type variable_name1, variable_name2,…;
ex. double number1, number2, sum;
Initializing variables
Syntax:
Single variable declaration
data_type variable_name = expression;
ex. int number = 3;
Multiple variable declaration
data_type variable_name1, variable_name2,…;
ex. double number1 =3, number2=4 , sum=0;
Determine whether statement is a valid variable Write Valid if the statement is a valid
declaration. variable declaration and if the it is
invalid give the reason why it is not a
valid variable declaration.
int x;
float double;
int _abc;
double 1num;
Int $abc;
double abc-def;
Assignment Statement
Assignment Statement is a way to change the value of a variable. In java, the
used equal sign as an assignment operator. An assignment statement always
consists of a variable on the left-hand side of the assignment operator (the
equal sign) and an expression on the right-hand side. An assignment
statement ends with a semicolon. The expression on the right-hand side of
the equal sign may be a variable, a number, or a more complicated expression
made up of variables, numbers, operators, and method invocations. An
assignment statement instructs the computer to evaluate (that is, to compute
the value of) the expression on the right-hand side of the equal sign and to set
the value of the variable on the left-hand side equal to the value of that
expression.
SYNTAX
Variable = Expression;
EXAMPLE
distance = rate * time;
count = count + 2;
Data Types
animation

public class ComputeArea { allocate memory
/** Main method */ for radius
double radius; radius no value
double area;
// Assign a radius
radius = 20;
// Compute area
area = radius * radius * 3.14159;
// Display results
System.out.println("The area for the circle of radius
"+
radius + " is " + area);
}
}
35
animation

public class ComputeArea {
/** Main method */ memory
double radius; radius no value
double area; area no value
// Assign a radius
radius = 20;
allocate memory
// Compute area for area
// Display results
"+
}
}
36
animation

public class ComputeArea { assign 20 to radius
/** Main method */
double radius; radius 20
double area;
area no value
// Assign a radius
radius = 20;
// Compute area
// Display results
"+
}
}
37
animation

/** Main method */ memory
double radius; radius 20
double area;
area 1256.636
// Assign a radius
radius = 20;
// Compute area compute area and assign

area = radius * radius * 3.14159; it to variable area
// Display results
"+
}
}
38
animation

memory
/** Main method */
radius 20
double radius;
double area; area 1256.636
// Assign a radius
radius = 20;
// Compute area
area = radius * radius * 3.14159; print a message to the
console
// Display results
"+
}
}
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Concatenation
Plus sign is an operator to concatenate (connect) two strings.

However, if the variable is not a string. If one of the two
operands to + is a string, Java will convert the other operand,
such as the value of variable , to a string.
Ex. System.out.println(“The sum of two numbers is” +

(num1+num2);
The first plus sign is used to concatenate the first string (the
sum of two numbers is) to the sum of num1 and num2.
Program Output
public class Sample{

public static void main(String[] arguments) {
char ch1,ch2,ch3,ch4;
ch1 = 'a';
ch2 = 'b';
ch3 = ' ';
ch4 = '%';
System.out.println("characters are " + ch1 + ch2 + ch3 + ch4 );
System.out.println("characters are " + ch4 + ch3 + ch2 + ch1 );
}
}
public static void main(String[] arguments)
{
int a , b = 0;
a = 4;
System.out.println("a = " + a + " b = " + b );
b = 7;
a = b;
b = a;
a = 5;
}
}
public class string1 {
String name = “Yuri";
System.out.println("my name is " + name );
}}
int number=1;
System.out.println("number");
System.out.println(number);
}}
int a;
double b = 0.0;
a = 4;
b = 7;
a = (int) b;
b = a;
a = 5;
}}
Naming Conventions
• Choose meaningful and descriptive names.
• Variables and method names:
– Use lowercase. If the name consists of several
words, concatenate all in one, use lowercase for the
first word, and capitalize the first letter of each
subsequent word in the name. For example, the
variables radius and area, and the method
computeArea.
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Naming Conventions, cont.
• Class names:
– Capitalize the first letter of each word in
the name. For example, the class name
ComputeArea.
• Constants:
– Capitalize all letters in constants, and use
underscores to connect words. For
example, the constant PI and
MAX_VALUE
44
Proper Indentation and Spacing
• Indentation
– Indent two spaces.
• Spacing
– Use blank line to separate segments of the code.
45
Block Styles
Use end-of-line style for braces.
Next-line public class Test

style {
public static void main(String[] args)
{
System.out.println("Block Styles");
}
}
End-of-line
style
public class Test {
System.out.println("Block Styles");
}
}
46
Arithmetic Operations
Precedence of Arithmetic Operator
Sample Expression Output
System.out.println(5+4-3*2/1); 3
System.out.println(5-4+6/2*1); 4
System.out.println((5+(4-3))*(2/1)); 12
System.out.println(5%3+(4/2*1)); 4
Arithmetic and Java Expression
𝟐
Algebra: Area = 𝝅 𝒓
Java: Area = 3.1416*r*r ;
Algebra: c=
Java: c = Math.sqrt(a*a-b*b);
Algebra: opposite = hypotenuse·sin(ɵ)

Java: opposite = (Math.sin(*3.1416/180))
Write the equivalent java statement of the following arithmetic expression
volume_of_sphere =
4.0/3.0*Math.pi*r*r*r;
root = ((-b)+ Math.sqrt(b*b-4*a*c))/(2*a)

a=
a = Math.sqrt(b*b+c*c-2*b*c*Math.cos(angle*Math.PI/180);
1. Write a program that convert a temperature in
Degree Celsius to Degree Fahrenheit. Given
temperature = 37°.
F=
public class CeltoFah {

public static void main(String args[]) {
double temperature=37;
double fahrenheit = (9.0*temperature/5.0)+32;
System.out.println(temperature+" ° celsius is
"+fahrenheit+"° fahrenheit");
}
}
2. Write a program that swap the content of two
numbers.
public class Swap{

double num1= 100;
double num2= 200;
System.out.println(" Before Swapping");
System.out.println(" Num1 = "+ num1);
num1 = num1 +num2;
num2 = num1 - num2;
num1 = num1 - num2 ;
System.out.println(" After Swapping");
}}
1. Write a program that get the volume of a
sphere. Given the radius=10.
2. Write a program that will get the roots of a

quadratic equation. Given the value of a=1, b=4
and c=4.
3. Write a program determine the value of “a” in

a triangle. Given two adjacent sides “b=26” and
“c=19”, and an included angle “A=42°”.
Formatting Numbers
double n1=1234.5678; Output
System.out.println(n1); 1234.5678
System.out.printf("%.1e\n",n1); 1.2e+03
System.out.printf("%.1f\n",n1); 1234.6
System.out.printf("%.1g\n",n1); 1e+03
System.out.printf("%.2g\n",n1); 1.2e+03
System.out.printf("%.3g\n",n1); 1.23e+03
System.out.printf("%.4g\n",n1); 1235
System.out.printf("%.5g\n",n1); 1234.6
Sample Java Program

System.out.println("Enter two numbers:");
int n1,n2;
System.out.print("The sum of the two numbers is " );
System.out.println(n1+n2);
}
} Output:
Input Statement using Scanner
The Scanner class can be used to obtain input from files as well as from
the keyboard.

Scanner - enables a program to read data (e.g., numbers and strings)
for use in a program
= - indicates that the Scanner variable should be initialize in its
declaration with the result of the expression to the right of the equals sign—
new Scanner(System.in)
new - create a Scanner object (input) that reads characters typed by the
user at the keyboard
System.in – a standard input object enables applications to read bytes
of information typed by the user
n1= input.nextInt();
nextInt is method that reads one int value typed on the keyboard.
Aside form the method nextInt() you can also use the
methods next(), nextByte(), nextShort(), nextLong(),
nextFloat(), nextDouble(), or nextBoolean() to obtain
to a string, byte, short, int, long, float, double, or
boolean value. For example,
System.out.print("Enter a double value: ");
double d = input.nextDouble();
57
Program Example 1
public class AreaCircle{
double pi=3.1416;
System.out.println("Enter a number for radius");
double radius = input.nextDouble();
double area = radius * radius * pi;
System.out.println("The area for circle of the radius " + radius + " is " +
area);
}
}
Enter a number for radius

10
The area for circle of the radius 10.0 is 314.16
Program Example 2
public class AreaRectangle{
double length=0, width=0, area=0;
System.out.println("Enter the length and width");
length = input.nextDouble();
width = input.nextDouble();
area = length * width;
System.out.println("The area of the rectangle is” + area);
}
}
Enter the length and width

52
The area of the rectangle is 10
Application for CE
Write a program that will input two forces and two angle. The
program should display the value of the magnitude and direction of
the resultant force.
public class Civil {
double force1, force2, angle1, angle2;
double magnitude, direction;
System.out.println("Enter force1 and angle1");
force1 = input.nextDouble();
angle1 = input.nextDouble();
System.out.println("Enter force2 and angle2");
force2 = input.nextDouble();
angle2 = input.nextDouble();
double sumofx=(force1*Math.sin(angle1*Math.PI/180)-force2*Math.cos(angle2*Math.PI/180));
double sumofy=(force1*Math.cos(angle1*Math.PI/180)+force2*Math.sin(angle2*Math.PI/180));
magnitude=Math.sqrt(Math.pow(sumofx,2)+Math.pow(sumofy,2));
direction = (Math.atan(sumofy/sumofx))*180/Math.PI;
System.out.println("The magnitude is: " + magnitude);
System.out.println("The direction is: " + direction);
}
}
Application for EE/ECE
Write a program that will input the values of each resistor in

the given circuit and display the total resistance of the it.
Series Rt = R1+R2+R3
Parallel
public class Electrical {
double r1,r2, r3,r4, r5, r6;
double totalresistance;
System.out.println("Enter the value of each resitor:");
r1=input.nextDouble();
totalresistance = r1+r2+((r4+r5+r6)*r3)/(r3+r4+r5+r6);
System.out.println("The total resistance is: "+ totalresistance);
}
}
More Sample for ME
double density,height, pressure;
System.out.print("Enter the density of the water: ");
density = input.nextDouble();
System.out.print("Enter the height of the cylindrical tank: ");
height = input.nextDouble();
pressure=density*height/144.0;
System.out.println("The pressure at the bottom of the tank is: "+pressure);
}
}
More Sample for IE
Write a program that lets the user enter the

interest rate, number of years, and loan
amount and computes monthly payment
and total payment.
loanAmount  monthlyInt erestRate

monthlyPayment 
1 1
numberOfYe ars12
(1  monthlyInt erestRate )
66
public class ComputeLoan {

System.out.print("Enter yearly interest rate, for example 8.25: ");
double annualInterestRate = input.nextDouble();
double monthlyInterestRate = annualInterestRate / 1200;
System.out.print( “Enter number of years as an integer, for example 5: ");
int numberOfYears = input.nextInt();
System.out.print("Enter loan amount, for example 120000.95: ");
double loanAmount = input.nextDouble();
double monthlyPayment = loanAmount * monthlyInterestRate / (1 - 1 /
Math.pow(1 + monthlyInterestRate, numberOfYears * 12));
double totalPayment = monthlyPayment * numberOfYears * 12;
System.out.println("The monthly payment is " + monthlyPayment);
System.out.println("The total payment is " + totalPayment);
}
}
Application of Modulus(%)
Write a program that will input a 3 digit number and display the digits together with
their digit location.
public class data{
System.out.print("Enter a 3-digit number: ");
int number = input.nextInt();
int hdreds = number/100;
int tens = (number-hdred*100)/10;
int ones = (number-hdred*100 – tens*10);
System.out.println("the hundreds digit is " + hdreds);
System.out.println("the tens digit is " + tens);
System.out.println("the ones digit is " + ones);
}
}
public class data{
System.out.print("Enter a 3-digit number: ");
int ones = number%10;
int tens = number/10%10;
int hdreds = number/100;
System.out.println("the hundreds digit is " + hdreds);
System.out.println("the tens digit is " + tens);
System.out.println("the ones digit is " + ones);
}
}
Write a program that will input hours and display its
equivalent in Years, Days and Hours.
Sample Output:
System.out.print("Enter hours: ");
int hours = input.nextInt();
int years = hours/8766;
int yearsremain = hours%(8766);
int days = yearsremain/24;
int daysremain = yearsremain%(24);
System.out.println("There are " + years + " years, " + days + " days and " +
daysremain + " hours in " + hours + " hours");
}
}
System.out.print("Enter hours: ");
int hours = input.nextInt();
int years = hours/8766;
int yearsremain = hours%(8766);
int days = yearsremain/24;
int daysremain = yearsremain%(24);
System.out.println("There are " + years + " years, " + days + "
days and " + daysremain + " hours in " + hours + " hours");
}
}
Midterm
Algorithm
Algorithm – a procedure for solving a problem in terms of the actions to
execute and the order in which these actions execute
– solution to a problem
Sample Algorithm for Adding two numbers A Java Program for adding two numbers
1. Start import java.util.Scanner;

2. Set sum=0 public class Sample{
3. Get the first number public static void main(String[] args){
4. Get the second number Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);
5. Add the first number and the second double sum=0;
number and save it to sum System.out.println(“Enter two numbers”);
6. Output the sum double n1 = input.nextDouble();
7. Stop double n2= input.nextDouble();
sum = n1+n2;
System.out.println(sum);
}
}
Pseudocode
Pseudocode is one of the tools that can be used to write a
preliminary plan that can be developed into a computer program.
Pseudocode is a generic way of describing an algorithm without use
of any specific programming language syntax. It is, as the name
suggests, pseudo code —it cannot be executed on a real computer,
but it models and resembles real programming code, and is written
at roughly the same level of detail.
Example
Pseudocode for Adding Three Numbers

1. Use variables: sum, number1, number2, number3 of type
integer
2. Accept number1, number2, number3
3. Sum = number1 + number2 + number3
4. Print sum
5. End program
A Flowchart is a type of diagram (graphical or symbolic)
that represents an algorithm or process. Each step in the
process is represented by a different symbol and contains a
short description of the process step. The flow chart symbols
are linked together with arrows showing the process flow
direction.
A flowchart typically shows the flow of data in a process,
detailing the operations/steps in a pictorial format which is
easier to understand than reading it in a textual format.
Lab Activity 2
1. Write an algorithm/pseudocode and a java program that

will allow to input three numbers and display the sum of
the average of the three numbers.
2. Write an algorithm/ pseudocode and a java program that
input temperature in degree Celsius and display the
equivalent temperature in degree Fahrenheit.
Example of a flowchart.
Write (Display) the Sum, Average and Product

Advantages of using flowcharts
Flowchart Symbols & Guidelines:
The flowchart of the algorithm
int big,small;
System.out.println("Enter the value of A and B:");
int A = input.nextInt();
int B = input.nextInt();
if(A<B){
big = B;
small = A;
}else{
big = A;
small = B;
}
System.out.println("The larger number is " + big);
System.out.println("The smaller number is " + small);
}
}
int a,b,c;
System.out.println("Enter the value of A, B & C");
a = input.nextInt();
b = input.nextInt();
c = input.nextInt();
if(a>b){
if(a>c){
System.out.println("The largest is" + a);
}else{
System.out.println("The largest is" + c);
}
}else if(b>c){
System.out.println("The largest is" + b);
}else{
System.out.println("The largest is" + c);
System.out.println("The largest number is" +

System.out.println("The larger number is " + big);
System.out.println("The smaller number is " + small);
}
}
public class root{
int a,b,c;
double D,x1,x2,rp,ip;
System.out.println("Enter the value of a,b, and c");
a = input.nextInt();
b = input.nextInt();
c = input.nextInt();
D = b*b-4*a*c;
if(D>=0){
double r1 = (-b + Math.sqrt(D))/(2*a);
double r2 = (-b + Math.sqrt(D))/(2*a);
System.out.println("The roots are "+r1 +" and "+ r2);
}else{
ip = -b/(2*a);
rp = Math.sqrt(Math.abs(D)/(2*a));
System.out.println("The roots are "+ip+"+"+rp+"i" +" and "+ ip+"-"+rp+"i");
}
}
}
Start Draw a flow chart that will
input radius and selection.
If selection is equal to 1 it
Read radius will display the
Read selection circumference of the circle,
if not it will display the area
of the circle.
Selection = 1 ?
C= 2*pi*r A= pi*r*r
Write C Write A
End
System.out.println("Enter the radius");
int radius = input.nextInt();
System.out.println("Enter the selection");
int selection = input.nextInt();
if(selection ==1){
double C = 2*Math.PI*radius;
System.out.println("The circumference "+ C);
}else{
double A = Math.PI*radius*radius;
System.out.println("The Area "+ A);
}
}
Draw a flow chart that will input
Start radius and selection. If selection is
equal to 1 it will display the
A
circumference of the circle, if 2 it
will display the area of the circle. If
Read radius not it will display Try Another
Read selection Number.
Selection = 2?
Selection = 1 ?
A= pi*r*r
C= 2*pi*r
Display Try Another

Number
A End
System.out.println("Enter the radius");
int radius = input.nextInt();
System.out.println("Enter the selection");
int selection = input.nextInt();
if(selection ==1){
double C = 2*Math.PI*radius;
System.out.println("The circumference "+ C);
}
if(selection ==2){
double A = Math.PI*radius*radius;
System.out.println("The Area "+ A);
}
System.out.println("Try another number");
}
}
Chapter 3 Selection Statements
Selection Statements
performs block statements depending on the
condition.
If Statement
If-else Statement
Nested if-else Statement
Switch
Comparison Operators
Operator Name
< less than
<= less than or equal to
> greater than
>= greater than or equal to
== equal to
!= not equal to
100
The ‘ if ’ construct
It is used to select a certain set of instructions. It is used to decide

whether this set is to be carried out, based on the condition in the
parenthesis. Its syntax is:
if (<boolean expression>){ Boolean
false false
(radius >= 0)
Expression
//body starts
true true
<statement(s)> Statement(s) area = radius * radius * PI;

System.out.println("The area for the circle of " +
"radius " + radius + " is " + area);
//body ends
} (A) (B)
The <boolean expression> is evaluated first. If its value is true,

then the statement(s) are executed. And then the rest of the
program. Refer if_cond.java, if_cond1.java
03 August 2004 nlp-ai@cse.iitb

Note
if i > 0 { if (i > 0) {
System.out.println("i is positive"); System.out.println("i is positive");
} }
(a) Wrong (b) Correct
if (i > 0) { if (i > 0)
System.out.println("i is positive"); Equivalent System.out.println("i is positive");
}
(a) (b)
103
Write a program that will input a number and display whether
the number is positive, negative or zero?
import java.util.*;
System.out.println("Enter a number:");
if(number>0) {
System.out.println("Positive");
}
if(number<0) {
System.out.println(“Negative");
}
if(number==0) {
System.out.println(“Zero");
}
}
}
Write a program that will input a number and display
whether the number is odd or even?
import java.util.*;
if(number%2==0) {
System.out.println("Even");
}
if(number%2!=0) {
System.out.println("Odd");
}
}
}
Write a program that will input date in mm dd yyyy
format and convert it into month dd yyyy format.
import java.util.Scanner; if(month == 8)
public class date{ System.out.print("August "+ day+ ", " + year);
public static void main(String[] arg){ if(month == 9)
Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in); System.out.print("September "+ day+ ", " + year);
System.out.println("Enter month: "); if(month == 10)
int month = input.nextInt(); System.out.print("October "+ day+ ", " + year);
System.out.println("Enter day:"); if(month == 11)
int day = input.nextInt(); System.out.print("November "+ day+ ", " + year);
System.out.println("Enter year:"); if(month == 12)
int year = input.nextInt(); System.out.print("December "+ day+ ", " + year);
System.out.println(); if(month > 12)
if(month == 1) System.out.print("Enter a number from 1-12");
System.out.print("January "+ day+ ", " + year); }
if(month == 2) }
System.out.print("February "+ day+ ", " + year);
if(month == 3)
System.out.print("March "+ day+ ", " + year);
if(month == 4)
System.out.print("April "+ day+ ", " + year);
if(month == 5)
System.out.print("May "+ day+ ", " + year);
if(month == 6)
System.out.print("June "+ day+ ", " + year);
if(month == 7)
System.out.print("July "+ day+ ", " + year);
Write a program that input 5 numbers and display
the largest number among the input numbers using
if-statements.
public class highest {
Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in); if(num3>largest){
int largest = -999999; largest = num3;
System.out.println(); }
System.out.print("Enter 5 numbers:"); if(num4>largest){
int num1 = input.nextInt(); largest = num4;
int num2 = input.nextInt(); }
int num3 = input.nextInt(); if(num5>largest){
int num4 = input.nextInt(); largest = num5;
int num5 = input.nextInt(); }
if(num1>largest){ System.out.println("The largest number is "+
largest = num1; largest);
} }
if(num2>largest){ }
largest = num2;
}
The ‘if else’ construct
It is used to provide an alternative when the expression in if

is false. Its syntax is:
if(<boolean expression>){
<statement(s)>
}
else{ true
Boolean
false
Expression
<statement(s)>
Statement(s) for the false case
} Statement(s) for the true case
The if else construct is the same. But when the expression

inside if is false then else part is executed.
Write a program that will input a number and display whether
the number is positive or negative?
import java.util.*;
if(number>0) {
System.out.println("Positive");
}else {
System.out.println(“Negative");
}
}
Write a program that will input a number and display
whether the number is odd or even?
import java.util.*;
if(number%2==0) {
System.out.println("Even");
}else {
System.out.println("Odd");
}
}
}
Program Output

int a = 1, b=2;
if (a>b)
System.out.println("*****");
System.out.println("#####");
}}
int a = 1, b=2;
if (a<b)
}}

int a = 1, b=2;
if (a>b){
}
}}

int a = 1, b=2;
if (a<b){
}
}}
Program Output
public class sample{

int a = 1, b=2;
if (a>b)
else
System.out.println("&&&&&");
}}
int a = 1, b=2;
if (a<b)
else
}}
int a = 1, b=2;
if (a>b)
System.out.println("^^^^^");
else
}}
Program Output
public class sample

int a = 1, b=2;
if (a>b){
}else{
}
}
}
int a = 1, b=2;
if (a<b){
}else{
}
}
}
Nested if Statements #1
Including one or more

if statements inside an
existing if statement is
called a nested if statement.
if(number>=0)
if(number%2==0)
System.out.print("The number is positive and even");
}}
if(number>=0)
if(number%2==0)
else
System.out.print("The number is positive and odd");
}
}
if(number>=0)
if(number%2==0)
else
System.out.print("The number is positive and odd");
else
System.out.print("The number is negative");
}
}
Nested if Statements #2
Nested if-else after an else

statement is called nested if-
else
Multiple Alternative if Statements
if (score >= 90.0) if (score >= 90.0)

grade = 'A'; grade = 'A';
else else if (score >= 80.0)
if (score >= 80.0) Equivalent grade = 'B';
grade = 'B'; else if (score >= 70.0)
else grade = 'C';
if (score >= 70.0) else if (score >= 60.0)
grade = 'C'; grade = 'D';
else else
if (score >= 60.0) grade = 'F';
grade = 'D';
else
grade = 'F';
121
animation
Trace if-else statement
Suppose score is 70.0 The condition is false
if (score >= 90.0)

grade = 'A';
else if (score >= 80.0)
grade = 'B';
grade = 'C';
grade = 'D';
else
grade = 'F';
122
animation
Suppose score is 70.0 The condition is false
if (score >= 90.0)

grade = 'A';
grade = 'B';
grade = 'C';
grade = 'D';
else
grade = 'F';
123
animation
Suppose score is 70.0 The condition is true
if (score >= 90.0)

grade = 'A';
grade = 'B';
grade = 'C';
grade = 'D';
else
grade = 'F';
124
animation
Suppose score is 70.0 grade is C
if (score >= 90.0)

grade = 'A';
grade = 'B';
grade = 'C';
grade = 'D';
else
grade = 'F';
125
Note
The else clause matches the most recent if clause in the
same block.
int i = 1; int i = 1;
int j = 2; int j = 2;
int k = 3; int k = 3;
Equivalent
if (i > j) if (i > j)
if (i > k) if (i > k)
System.out.println("A"); System.out.println("A");
else else
System.out.println("B"); System.out.println("B");
(a) (b)
126
Note, cont.
Nothing is printed from the preceding statement. To
force the else clause to match the first if clause, you
must add a pair of braces:
int i = 1;
int j = 2;
int k = 3;
if (i > j) {
if (i > k)
System.out.println("A");
}
else
System.out.println("B");
This statement prints B.
127
Common Errors
Adding a semicolon at the end of an if clause is a common
mistake.
if (radius >= 0); Wrong
{
area = radius*radius*PI;
System.out.println(
"The area for the circle of radius " +
}
This mistake is hard to find, because it is not a compilation error
or a runtime error, it is a logic error.
This error often occurs when you use the next-line block style.
128
TIP
if (number % 2 == 0) Equivalent
even = true; boolean even
else = number % 2 == 0;
even = false;
(a) (b)
129
CAUTION
Equivalent if (even)
if (even == true)
System.out.println( System.out.println(
"It is even."); "It is even.");
(a) (b)
130
Program Output

int a = 1, b=2, c=3;
if (a>b)
if(b<c)
System.out.println("Hi");
}
}

int a = 1, b=2, c=3;
if (a<b){
if(b<c)
}
}
}
int a = 1, b=2, c=3;
if (a<b){
if(b<c)
}
}
}
Program Output

int a = 1, b=2, c=3;
if (a<b){
if(b>c)
}
}}

int a = 1, b=2, c=3;
if (a>b){
if(b<c)
}
}
}

int a = 1, b=2, c=3;
if (a>b){
if(b<c)
}
}
}
Program Output
int a = 1, b=2, c=3;
if (a>b)
if(b>c)
else
System.out.println("World");
System.out.println(“Hello");
}}

int a = 1, b=2, c=3;
if (a<b)
if(b<c)
else
}}

int a = 1, b=2, c=3;
if (a>b)
if(b<c)
else
}}
Program Output
int a = 1, b=2, c=3;
if (a<b)
if(b>c)
else
}}

int a = 1, b=2, c=3;
if (a<b)
if(b<c)
else
else
}}
int a = 1, b=2, c=3;
if (a>b)
if(b>c)
else
else
}}
Program Output
int a = 1, b=2, c=3;
if (a>b)
if(b<c)
else
else
}}

int a = 1, b=2, c=3;
if (a<b)
if(b>c)
else
else
}}
int a = 1, b=2, c=3;
if (a<b)
if(b>c)
else
else
}}
Program Output
int a = 1, b=2, c=3;
if (a<b)
smallest = a;
largest = b;
else if(b<c)
smallest = a;
largest = c;
if (b<a)
smallest = b;
largest = a;
else if(a<c)
smallest = b;
largest = c;
if (c<a)
smallest = c;
largest = a;
else if(a<b)
smallest = c;
largest = b;
Ang problemang itoh ay sinadyang lagyan ng error pakiayos nalng…

Problem: An Improved Math Learning Tool
This example creates a program to teach a
first grade child how to learn subtractions.
The program randomly generates two
single-digit integers number1 and number2
with number1 > number2 and displays a
question such as “What is 9 – 2?” to the
student. After the student types the answer,
the program displays a message to indicate
whether the answer is correct.
137
import java.util.*;
Random rand= new Random();
int a = rand.nextInt(10);
int b = rand.nextInt(10);
int difference = a-b;
System.out.print("What is "+a+" - "+b+" ?");
int x = input.nextInt();
if (x == difference) {
System.out.println("Correct");
}
else {
System.out.println("Incorrect");
}
}
}
Problem: Body Mass Index
Body Mass Index (BMI) is a measure of health on

weight. It can be calculated by taking your weight in
kilograms and dividing by the square of your height in
meters. The interpretation of BMI for people 16 years or
older is as follows:
BMI Interpretation
below 16 serious underweight

16-18 underweight
18-24 normal weight
24-29 overweight
29-35 seriously overweight
above 35 gravely overweight
139
public class ComputeBMI {
final double KILOGRAMS_PER_POUND = 0.45359237;
final double METERS_PER_INCH = 0.0254;
System.out.print("Enter weight in pounds: ");
double weight = input.nextDouble();
System.out.print("Enter height in inches: ");
double height = input.nextDouble();
double weightInKilogram = weight * KILOGRAMS_PER_POUND;
double heightInMeters = height * METERS_PER_INCH;
double bmi = weightInKilogram /(heightInMeters * heightInMeters);
System.out.printf("Your BMI is %5.2f\n", bmi);
if (bmi < 16)
System.out.println("You are seriously underweight");
else if (bmi < 18)
System.out.println("You are underweight");
else if (bmi < 24)
System.out.println("You are normal weight");
else if (bmi < 29)
System.out.println("You are overweight");
else if (bmi < 35)
System.out.println("You are seriously overweight");
else
System.out.println("You are gravely overweight");
}}
Problem: Computing Taxes
The US federal personal income tax is calculated based
on the filing status and taxable income. There are four
filing statuses: single filers, married filing jointly,
married filing separately, and head of household. The
tax rates for 2009 are shown below.
Margina Married Filing

Married Filing
l Tax Single Jointly or Qualified Head of Household
Separately
Rate Widow(er)
10% $0 – $8,350 $0 – $16,700 $0 – $8,350 $0 – $11,950
15% $8,351– $33,950 $16,701 – $67,900 $8,351 – $33,950 $11,951 – $45,500

25% $33,951 – $82,250 $67,901 – $137,050 $33,951 – $68,525 $45,501 – $117,450
28% $82,251 – $171,550 $137,051 – $208,850 $68,525 – $104,425 $117,451 – $190,200
33% $171,551 – $372,950 $208,851 – $372,950 $104,426 – $186,475 $190,201 - $372,950
35% $372,951+ $372,951+ $186,476+ $372,951+

141
Sample output
Enter Your Status:

0 - for single
1 - married file jointly
2 - married file separately
3 - head of household
Your Status: 0
Enter your salary: 8000
Your salary 8000

Your tax is 800
You’ll receive 7200
Problem: Computing Taxes, cont.
if (status == 0) {
// Compute tax for single filers
}
else if (status == 1) {
// Compute tax for married file jointly
}
// Compute tax for married file separately
}
// Compute tax for head of household
}
else {
// Display wrong status
}
143
Problem: Computing Taxes, cont.
if (status == 0) {
if(salary<8350){
.. .. .. .. ..
}else if(salary<33950){
.. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. ..
}
}else if(status == 1){
Write a program that will input your grade and determine equivalent.
Grade Eq. Grade

97.5-100
94.5-97.49
1.0
1.25
Enter Grade: 99.99
91.5-94.49 1.5 Your grade is 1.0
88.5-91.49 1.75
85.5-88.49 2.0
82.5-85.49
79.5-82.49
2.25
2.5
Enter Grade: 74.5
76.5-79.49
74.5-46.49
2.75
3.0
Your grade is 3.0
69.5-74.49 4.0
0-69.49 5.0
Enter Grade: 69.49
Your grade is 5.0
Logical Operators
Operator Name
! not
&& and
|| or
^ exclusive or
146
Truth Table for Operator &&
p1 p2 p1 && p2 Example (assume age = 24, gender = 'F')
false false false (age > 18) && (gender == 'F') is true, because (age
false true false > 18) and (gender == 'F') are both true.
true false false (age > 18) && (gender != 'F') is false, because
(gender != 'F') is false.
true true true
147
Truth Table for Operator ||
p1 p2 p1 || p2 Example (assume age = 24, gender = 'F')
false false false (age > 34) || (gender == 'F') is true, because (gender
false true true == 'F') is true.
true false true (age > 34) || (gender == 'M') is false, because (age >
true true true 34) and (gender == 'M') are both false.
148
Sample Program #1
import java.util.*;
System.out.print("Enter Score in Exam: ");
int exam = input.nextInt();
System.out.print("Enter Score in Quiz: ");
int quiz = input.nextInt();
if (exam>60 && quiz>60)
System.out.println("Passed");
else if (exam>60 || quiz>60)
System.out.println("Removal");
else
System.out.println("Failed");
}
}
Sample Program #1
import java.util.*;
System.out.print("Enter a number: ");
int number= input.nextInt();
if(number%2==0&&number>0)
System.out.print(“The number is both positive and even");
}
}
Replace && with ||
if(number%2==0||number>0)
System.out.print(“The number is either positive or even or
both");
Problem: Body Mass Index
Body Mass Index (BMI) is a measure of health on

weight. It can be calculated by taking your weight in
kilograms and dividing by the square of your height in
meters. The interpretation of BMI for people 16 years or
older is as follows:
BMI Interpretation
below 16 serious underweight

16-18 underweight
18-24 normal weight
24-29 overweight
29-35 seriously overweight
above 35 gravely overweight
151
Program Output

int a = 1, b=2, c=3;
if (a!=b&&b>c)
if(b<c||a<c)
System.out.println(“#####");
else
System.out.println(“%%%%%");
else
System.out.println(“*****");
}}

int a = 1, b=2, c=3;
if (a!=b||b>c)
if(b<c&&a<c)
else
else
}}
int a = 1, b=2, c=3;
if ((a!=b&&b>c)||(a>b||a<c))
if(b<c&&a<c)
else
else
}}
public class ComputeBMI {
final double KILOGRAMS_PER_POUND = 0.45359237;
final double METERS_PER_INCH = 0.0254;
System.out.print("Enter weight in pounds: ");
double weight = input.nextDouble();
System.out.print("Enter height in inches: ");
double height = input.nextDouble();
double weightInKilogram = weight * KILOGRAMS_PER_POUND;
double heightInMeters = height * METERS_PER_INCH;
double bmi = weightInKilogram /(heightInMeters * heightInMeters);
System.out.printf("Your BMI is %5.2f\n", bmi);
if (bmi < 16)
System.out.println("You are seriously underweight");
if (bmi < 18 && bmi >=16)
System.out.println("You are underweight");
if (bmi < 24 && bmi >=18)
System.out.println("You are normal weight");
if (bmi < 29 && bmi >=24)
System.out.println("You are overweight");
if (bmi < 35 && bmi >=29)
System.out.println("You are seriously overweight");
if (bmi>=35)
System.out.println("You are gravely overweight");
}}
Problem #1
Life Stage Age

Infancy 0-2 Years
Childhood 3-9 Years
Early Adolescence 10-14 Years
Late Adolescence 14-19 Years
Young Adult 20-29 Years
Early Adult 30-39 Years
Middle Age 40-60 Years
Late Age 60 + Years

Problem #2
Calendar Problem:
155
Problem #3
Write a program that will input your grade and determine equivalent.
Grade Eq. Grade Enter Grade: 99.99

97.5-100
94.5-97.49
1.0
1.25 Your grade is 1.0
91.5-94.49 1.5
88.5-91.49 1.75
85.5-88.49 2.0 Enter Grade: 74.5
82.5-85.49 2.25
79.5-82.49 2.5 Your grade is 3.0
76.5-79.49 2.75
74.5-46.49 3.0
69.5-74.49
0-69.49
4.0
5.0
Enter Grade: 69.49
Your grade is 5.0
Problem #4
Write a program that input 5 numbers and display
the largest number among the input numbers using
if-statement and logical operators.
Switch case statements are a substitute for long if statements that compare a
variable to several "integral" values ("integral" values are simply values that
can be expressed as an integer, such as the value of a char).
switch (status) {
case 0: compute taxes for single filers;
break;
case 1: compute taxes for married file jointly;
break;
case 2: compute taxes for married file separately;
break;
case 3: compute taxes for head of household;
break;
default: System.out.println("Errors: invalid status");
System.exit(0);
}
158
switch Statement Flow Chart
status is 0
Compute tax for single filers break
status is 1
Compute tax for married file jointly break
status is 2
Compute tax for married file separatly break
status is 3
Compute tax for head of household break
default
Default actions
Next Statement
159
switch Statement Rules
The switch-expression
must yield a value of char,
switch (switch-expression) {
byte, short, or int type and
must always be enclosed case value1: statement(s)1;
in parentheses. break;
case value2: statement(s)2;
The value1, ..., and valueN must break;
have the same data type as the …
value of the switch-expression. case valueN: statement(s)N;
The resulting statements in the
break;
case statement are executed when
the value in the case statement default: statement(s)-for-default;
matches the value of the switch- }
expression. Note that value1, ...,
and valueN are constant
expressions, meaning that they
cannot contain variables in the
expression, such as 1 + x.
160
switch Statement Rules
The keyword break is optional, switch (switch-expression) {
but it should be used at the end
case value1: statement(s)1;
of each case in order to
terminate the remainder of the break;
switch statement. If the break case value2: statement(s)2;
statement is not present, the
next case statement will be break;
executed. …
case valueN: statement(s)N;
break;
The default case, which is
default: statement(s)-for-default;
optional, can be used to perform
actions when none of the }
specified cases matches the
switch-expression.
The case statements are executed in sequential
order, but the order of the cases (including the
default case) does not matter. However, it is good
programming style to follow the logical sequence
of the cases and place the default case at the end.
161
animation
Trace switch statement
Suppose ch is 'a':
switch (ch) {
case 'a': System.out.println(ch);
case 'b': System.out.println(ch);
case 'c': System.out.println(ch);
}
162
animation
ch is 'a':
switch (ch) {
}
163
animation
Execute this line
switch (ch) {
}
164
animation
Execute this line
switch (ch) {
}
165
animation
Execute this line
switch (ch) {
}
166
animation
Execute next statement
switch (ch) {
}
Next statement;
167
animation
Suppose ch is 'a':
switch (ch) {
break;
break;
}
168
animation
ch is 'a':
switch (ch) {
break;
break;
}
169
animation
Execute this line
switch (ch) {
break;
break;
}
170
animation
Execute this line
switch (ch) {
break;
break;
}
171
animation
Execute next statement
switch (ch) {
break;
break;
}
Next statement;
172
public class date{
System.out.println("Enter month: ");
int month = input.nextInt();
System.out.println("Enter day:");
int day = input.nextInt();
System.out.println("Enter year:");
int year = input.nextInt();
switch (month){
case 1: System.out.print("January "+ day+ ", " + year); break;
case 2: System.out.print("February "+ day+ ", " + year); break;
case 3: System.out.print("March "+ day+ ", " + year); break;
case 4: System.out.print("April "+ day+ ", " + year); break;
case 5: System.out.print("May "+ day+ ", " + year); break;
case 6: System.out.print("June "+ day+ ", " + year); break;
case 7: System.out.print("July "+ day+ ", " + year); break;
case 8: System.out.print("August "+ day+ ", " + year); break;
case 9: System.out.print("September "+ day+ ", " + year); break;
case 10: System.out.print("October "+ day+ ", " + year); break;
case 11: System.out.print("November "+ day+ ", " + year); break;
case 12: System.out.print("December "+ day+ ", " + year); break;
default: System.out.print("Enter a number from 1-12");
}}}
Chapter 4 Loops
Loops cause program to execute the certain block of code
repeatedly until test condition is false. Loops are used in
performing repetitive task in programming. Consider
these scenarios:
You want to execute some code/s 100 times.

You want to execute some code/s certain number of
times depending upon input from user.
These types of task can be solved in programming using

loops.
There are 3 types of loops in Java programming:

while loop
for loop
do-while
Opening Problem
Problem:
100 System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
times System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
…
…
…
176
Introducing while Loops
int count = 0;
while (count < 100) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java");
count++;
}
177
while Loop Flow Chart
int count = 0;
while (loop-continuation-condition) {
while (count < 100) {
// loop-body;
Statement(s); count++;
} }
count = 0;
Loop
false false
Continuation (count < 100)?
Condition?
true true
Statement(s) System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
(loop body) count++;
(A) (B)
178
animation
Trace while Loop

Initialize count
int count = 0;
while (count < 2) {
count++;
}
179
animation
Trace while Loop, cont.

(count < 2) is true
int count = 0;
while (count < 2) {
count++;
}
180
animation
int count = 0;
while (count < 2) {
count++;
}
Print Welcome to Java
181
animation
int count = 0;
while (count < 2) {
count++;
}
Increase count by 1
count is 1 now
182
animation

(count < 2) is still
int count = 0; true since count is 1
while (count < 2) {
count++;
}
183
animation
int count = 0; Print Welcome to Java
while (count < 2) {

count++;
}
184
animation
int count = 0;
while (count < 2) {
count++;
}
Increase count by 1
count is 2 now
185
animation

(count < 2) is
int count = 0; false since count
while (count < 2) { is 2 now
count++;
}
186
animation
Trace while Loop

The loop exits.
int count = 0; Execute the next
statement after the
while (count < 2) {
loop.
count++;
}
187
do-while Loop
do {
// Loop body; Statement(s)
Statement(s);
(loop body)
} while (loop-continuation-condition);
true Loop
Continuation
Condition?
false
188
animation
Trace while Loop

Initialize count
int count = 0;
do{
count++;
} while (count < 2) ;
189
animation
int count = 0;
do{
count++;
190
animation
int count = 0;
do{
count++;
Increase count by 1
count is 1 now
191
animation
int count = 0;
do{
count++;
(count < 2) is true
192
animation
int count = 0; Print Welcome to Java
do{
count++;
} while (count < 2)
193
animation
int count = 0;
do{
count++;
} while (count < 2)
Increase count by 1
count is 2 now
194
animation
int count = 0;
do{
count++;
(count < 2) is false

since count is 2
195
animation
Trace while Loop

The loop exits.
int count = 0; Execute the next
statement after the
do{ loop.
count++;
196
for Loops
for (initial-action; loop- int i;
continuation-condition; for (i = 0; i < 100; i++) {
action-after-each-iteration) { System.out.println(
// loop body;
"Welcome to Java!");
Statement(s);
} }
Initial-Action i=0
Loop
false false
Continuation (i < 100)?
Condition?
true true
Statement(s) System.out.println(
(loop body) "Welcome to Java");
Action-After-Each-Iteration i++
(A) (B)
197
animation
Trace for Loop

Declare i
int i;
for (i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
}
198
animation
Trace for Loop, cont.

Execute initializer
int i; i is now 0
for (i = 0; i < 2; i++) {

}
199
animation

(i < 2) is true
int i; since i is 0
for (i = 0; i < 2; i++) {

}
200
animation

int i;
for (i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
}
201
animation

Execute adjustment statement
i now is 1
int i;
for (i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
}
202
animation

(i < 2) is still true
int i; since i is 1
for (i = 0; i < 2; i++) {

}
203
animation

int i;
for (i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
}
204
animation
Execute adjustment statement
i now is 2
int i;
for (i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
}
205
animation

(i < 2) is false
int i; since i is 2
for (i = 0; i < 2; i++) {

}
206
animation

Exit the loop. Execute the next
int i; statement after the loop
for (i = 0; i < 2; i++) {

}
207
Note
The initial-action in a for loop can be a list of zero or
more comma-separated expressions. The action-after-
each-iteration in a for loop can be a list of zero or more
comma-separated statements. Therefore, the following
two for loops are correct. They are rarely used in
practice, however.
for (int i = 1; i < 100; System.out.println(i++));
for (int i = 0, j = 0; (i + j < 10); i++, j++) {

// Do something
}
208
Note
If the loop-continuation-condition in a for loop is
omitted, it is implicitly true. Thus the statement given
below in (a), which is an infinite loop, is correct.
Nevertheless, it is better to use the equivalent loop in (b)
to avoid confusion:
for ( ; ; ) { Equivalent while (true) {

// Do something // Do something
} }
(a) (b)
209
Caution
Adding a semicolon at the end of the for clause before
the loop body is a common mistake, as shown below:
Logic Error
for (int i=0; i<10; i++);

{
System.out.println("i is " + i);
}
210
Caution, cont.
Similarly, the following loop is also wrong:
int i=0;
Logic Error
while (i < 10);
{
i++;
}
In the case of the do loop, the following semicolon is
needed to end the loop.
int i=0;
do {
i++;
} while (i<10); Correct
211
Which Loop to Use?
The three forms of loop statements, while, do-while, and for, are expressively equivalent; that is,
you can write a loop in any of these three forms. For example, a while loop in (a) in the following
figure can always be converted into the following for loop in (b):
while (loop-continuation-condition) { Equivalent for ( ; loop-continuation-condition; )

// Loop body // Loop body
} }
(a) (b)
A for loop in (a) in the following figure can generally be converted into the
following while loop in (b) except in certain special cases (see Review Question
3.19 for one of them):
for (initial-action; initial-action;
loop-continuation-condition; Equivalent while (loop-continuation-condition) {
action-after-each-iteration) { // Loop body;
// Loop body; action-after-each-iteration;
} }
(a) (b)
212
Recommendations
Use the one that is most intuitive and comfortable for
you. In general, a for loop may be used if the number of
repetitions is known, as, for example, when you need to
print a message 100 times. A while loop may be used if
the number of repetitions is not known, as in the case
of reading the numbers until the input is 0. A do-while
loop can be used to replace a while loop if the loop
body has to be executed before testing the continuation
condition.
213
Write a program public static void main(String[] args) {
int x=1;
that will display the while(x<=10){
numbers from 1-10. System.out.println(x);
x++;
}}

int x=1;
do{
System.out.println(x);
x++;
while(x<=10);
}}

int x;
for(x=1; x<=10;x++)
}}
Other Solution public static void main(String[] args) {
int x=1;
while(x!=10){
x++;
}}

int x=1;
do{
x++;
while(x<11);
}}

for(int x=1; x<=10;x++)
}}
Write a program public class Sample {
that will display the public static void main(String[] args) {
all even numbers int x=2;
From 1-100. while(x<=100){
x++;
x++;
}
}}
public class Sample { import java.util.Scanner;
public static void main(String[] args) { public class Sample {
int x=2; public static void main(String[] args) {
do{ for(int x=2; x<=100;x=x+2)
if(x%2==0){ System.out.println(x);
System.out.println(x); }}
x++;
}else{
x++;
}
}while(x<=100);
}}
Program Output

for(int i=0;i<5;i++)
}}
for(int i=1;i<=5;i++)
}}
for(int i=5;i>0;i--)
}}
for(int i=5;i>=3;i--)
}}
int x=0;
do{
x++;
}while(x>10);
}}
int x=1;
while(x>10){
x++;
}
}}
int x=10;
while(x>5){
x--;
}
}}
Write a program
that will display the import java.util.Scanner;
First 20 even public class Sample {
numbers public static void main(String[] args) {
int x=2;
while(x<=40){
x++;
x++;
}
}}
int x=2; import java.util.Scanner;
do{ public class Sample {
if(x%2==0){ public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println(x); for(int x=0,y=2; x!=20;x++,y=y+2)
x++; System.out.println(y);
}else{ }}
x++;
}
}while(x<=40);
}}
import java.util.*
System.out.println("How many Hello World you want to display");
int x= input.nextInt();
for(int i=0;i<x;i++)
}}
import java.util.*
System.out.println("Enter a number");
for(int i=1;i<x;i++)
System.out.println(i);
}}
import java.util.*
System.out.println(“Enter a number");
for(int i=1;i<=10;i++)
System.out.println(i*x);
}}
import java.util.*
System.out.println("Enter two number");
int y= input.nextInt();
for(int i=x;i<y;i++)
System.out.println(i);
}}
More Assignment Statement
There is a shorthand notation that combines the assignment operator (=) and
an arithmetic operator (+ , - , * , / , %).
Syntax
Variable Op = Expression
which is equivalent to
Variable = Variable Op Expression
where Op is can be + , - , * , / , %
EXAMPLE: EQUIVALENT TO:

count += 2; count = count + 2;
total -= discount; total = total - discount;
bonus *= 2; bonus = bonus * 2;
time /= rushFactor; time = time / rushFactor;
change %= 100; change = change % 100;
amount *= count1 + count2; amount = amount * (count1 + count2);
public class Summation {
int sum=0;
for(int x=1;x<=number;x++){
sum=sum+x;
}
System.out.print("The sum of 1 to "+number+" is " +sum);
}}
Insert this statement inside the for loop

Reverse of a number
public class Reverse {
int remainder=0;
System.out.print("Enter a number");
while(number>0){
remainder=number%10;
System.out.print(remainder);
number/=10;
}
}}
Binary to Decimal
public class BintoDec {
int sum=0,remainder=0, x=0;
System.out.print("Enter a number");
while(number>0){
remainder=number%10;
sum=sum+(int)(remainder*(Math.pow(2,x)));
number/=10;
x++;
}
}}
Write a program
that will display the
First 10 of this number series.
In mathematics, the factorial of a non-negative integer n,
denoted by n!, is the product of all positive integers less than
or equal to n.
Write a program that will input a number and display the

factorial of that number.
Example
Enter a number: 6
6! = 720
6!=6*5*4*3*2*1
Edit the previous program so that it will produce this
output
Write a program that will input two numbers. The
first number will be the base and the second number
the exponent.
The program will display the base^exponent of the
number entered.
Note: Your program must not contain Math.pow().
Enter two numbers: 2 3

2 raised to 3 is 8
Enter two numbers: 3 3

3 raised to 3 is 27
INPUT INSIDE A LOOP
import java.util.*;
int sum=0,number;
System.out.print("How many numbers you want to ADD? ");
int x = input.nextInt();
while(x>0){
number= input.nextInt();
sum=sum+number;
x--;
}
System.out.println("The sum of the numbers is:" + sum);
}}
Ending a Loop with a Sentinel Value
Often the number of times a loop is executed is not
predetermined. You may use an input value to signify
the end of the loop. Such a value is known as a sentinel
value.
232
public class SentinelValue {

/** Main method */
// Create a Scanner
// Read an initial data

System.out.print("Enter an int value (the program exits if the input is 0): ");
int data = input.nextInt();
// Keep reading data until the input is 0

int sum = 0;
while (data != 0) {
sum += data;
// Read the next data

System.out.print("Enter an int value (the program exits if the input is 0): ");
data = input.nextInt();
}
System.out.println("The sum is " + sum);

}
}
int total=0,number;
System.out.print("Do you want to Enter a Number? \n Press Y ");
String x;
x= input.nextLine();
while("Yes".equals(x) || "yes".equals(x)){
System.out.print("Enter a number? ");
number=input.nextInt();
total=total+number;
System.out.print("Press Y to enter another number: ");
x= input.next();
}
System.out.print("The sum of the numbers is " +total);
}}
Edit slide the program on slides
231,233 and 234. To display average
and largest number.
Problem: Guessing Numbers
Write a program that randomly generates an integer
between 0 and 100, inclusive. The program prompts
the user to enter a number continuously until the
number matches the randomly generated number. For
each user input, the program tells the user whether
the input is too low or too high, so the user can choose
the next input intelligently. Here is a sample run:
236
public class GuessNumber {

// Generate a random number to be guessed
int number = (int)(Math.random() * 101);

System.out.println("Guess a magic number between 0 and 100");
int guess = -1;

while (guess != number) {
// Prompt the user to guess the number
System.out.print("\nEnter your guess: ");
guess = input.nextInt();
if (guess == number)
System.out.println("Yes, the number is " + number);
else if (guess > number)
System.out.println("Your guess is too high");
else
System.out.println("Your guess is too low");
} // End of loop
}
}
Problem: An Advanced Math Learning Tool
The Math subtraction learning tool program generates

just one question for each run. You can use a loop to
generate questions repeatedly. This example gives a
program that generates five questions and reports the
number of the correct answers after a student answers
all five questions.
238
public class SubtractionQuizLoop {
final int NUMBER_OF_QUESTIONS = 5; // Number of questions
int correctCount = 0; // Count the number of correct answers
int count = 0; // Count the number of questions
long startTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
String output = ""; // output string is initially empty
while (count < NUMBER_OF_QUESTIONS) {

// 1. Generate two random single-digit integers
int number1 = (int)(Math.random() * 10);
int number2 = (int)(Math.random() * 10);
// 2. If number1 < number2, swap number1 with number2

if (number1 < number2) {
int temp = number1;
number1 = number2;
number2 = temp;
}
// 3. Prompt the student to answer “What is number1 – number2?”
System.out.print("What is " + number1 + " - " + number2 + "? ");
int answer = input.nextInt();
// 4. Grade the answer and display the result

if (number1 - number2 == answer) {
System.out.println("You are correct!");
correctCount++;
}
else
System.out.println("Your answer is wrong.\n" + number1 + " - " + number2 + " should
be " + (number1 - number2));
// Increase the count

count++;
output += "\n" + number1 + "-" + number2 + "=" + answer +

((number1 - number2 == answer) ? " correct" : " wrong");
}
long endTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
long testTime = endTime - startTime;
System.out.println("Correct count is " + correctCount +
"\nTest time is " + testTime / 1000 + " seconds\n" + output);
}
}
Problem:
Finding the Greatest Common Divisor
Problem: Write a program that prompts the user to enter two positive
integers and finds their greatest common divisor.
Solution: Suppose you enter two integers 4 and 2, their greatest
common divisor is 2. Suppose you enter two integers 16 and 24, their
greatest common divisor is 8. So, how do you find the greatest
common divisor? Let the two input integers be n1 and n2. You know
number 1 is a common divisor, but it may not be the greatest
commons divisor. So you can check whether k (for k = 2, 3, 4, and so
on) is a common divisor for n1 and n2, until k is greater than n1 or n2.
241
public class GreatestCommonDivisor {

/** Main method */
// Create a Scanner
// Prompt the user to enter two integers
System.out.print("Enter first integer: ");
int n1 = input.nextInt();
System.out.print("Enter second integer: ");
int n2 = input.nextInt();
int gcd = 1;
int k = 2;
while (k <= n1 && k <= n2) {
if (n1 % k == 0 && n2 % k == 0)
gcd = k;
k++;
}
System.out.println("The greatest common divisor for " + n1 + " and " + n2 + " is " +
gcd);
}
}
Nested Loops
243
for(int i =0; i<2;i++){
for(int j=0; j<3;j++)
System.out.print("*");
}
}}
OUTPUT 
0<2 True
(1) (2)
for(int i =0; i<2;i++){ for(int i =0; i<2;i++){
for(int j=0; j<3;j++) for(int j=0; j<3;j++)
System.out.print("*"); System.out.print("*");
System.out.println(); System.out.println();
} }
0<3 True
(3) (4)
} }
(5) (6)
} }
1<3 True
(7) (8)
} }
2<3 True
(9) (10)
} }
(11) (12)
} }
3<3 False
(13) (14)
} }
1<2 True
(15) (16)
} }
0<3 True
(17) (18)
} }
(19) (20)
} }
(25) (26)
} }
(27) 3<3 False

(28)
} }
2<2 False
(29) (30)
} }
(31)
for(int i =0; i<2;i++){
for(int j=0; j<3;j++)
}
Next Statement
Edit Slide 244 by replacing for-for by
dowhile-dowhile.
public class MultiplicationTable {
/** Main method */
// Display the table heading
System.out.println(" Multiplication Table");
// Display the number title

System.out.print(" ");
for (int j = 1; j <= 9; j++)
System.out.print(" " + j);
System.out.println("\n-----------------------------------------");
// Print table body

for (int i = 1; i <= 9; i++) {
System.out.print(i + " | ");
for (int j = 1; j <= 9; j++) {
// Display the product and align properly
System.out.printf("%4d", i * j);
}
}
}
}
for (int i = 1; i <= 9; i++) {
for (int j = 1; j <= i; j++) {
}
}
}
}

for (int i = 9; i>0; i--) {
for (int j = 1; j <= i; j++) {
}
}
}
}
for (int i = 1; i <= 9; i++) {
for(int k=9; k>i;k--)
for (int j = 1; j <= i; j++)
}
}
}

for (int i = 9; i>0; i--) {
for (int k = 9; k>i; k--)
for (int j = 1; j <= i; j++) {
}
}
}
}
for (int i = 1; i <= 9; i++) {
for (int j = 1; j <= 9; j++) {
if(i%2==0)
else
System.out.print("#");
}
}
}
}

for (int i = 1; i <= 9; i++) {
for (int j = 1; j <= 9; j++) {
if(j%2==0)
else
System.out.print("#");
}
}
}
}
for (int i = 1; i <= 9; i++) {
for (int j = 1; j <= 9; j++) {
if(i==1||j==1||i==9||j==9)
else
}
}
}
}
for (int i = 1; i <= 9; i++) {
for (int j = 1; j <= 9; j++) {
if(i==j)
else
}
}
}
}
for (int i = 1; i <= 9; i++) {
for (int j = 1; j <= 9; j++) {
if((i+j)==10)
else
}
}
}
}
for (int i = 1; i <= 9; i++) {
for (int j = 1; j <= 9; j++) {
if(i>=j)
else
}
}
}
}

for (int i = 1; i <= 9; i++) {
for (int j = 1; j <= 9; j++) {
if((i+j)<=10)
else
}
}
}
}
for (int i = 1; i <= 9; i++) {
for (int j = 1; j <= 9; j++) {
if((i+j)>=10)
else
}
}
}
}
for (int i = 1; i <= 9; i++) {
for (int j = 1; j <= 9; j++) {
if(j>=i)
else
}
}
}
}
for (int i = 1; i <= 9; i++) {
for (int j = 1; j <= 9; j++) {
if((i+j)==10||i==9|j==9)
else
}
}
}
}

for (int i = 1; i <= 9; i++) {
for (int j = 1; j <= 9; j++) {
if(i==j||j==9|i==1)
else
}
}
}
}
Chapter 5 Methods
262
Opening Problem
Find the sum of integers from 1 to 10, from 20 to 30, and

from 35 to 45, respectively.
263
Problem
int sum = 0;
for (int i = 1; i <= 10; i++)
sum += i;
System.out.println("Sum from 1 to 10 is " + sum);
sum = 0;
for (int i = 20; i <= 30; i++)
sum += i;
sum = 0;
for (int i = 35; i <= 45; i++)
sum += i;
264
Problem
int sum = 0;
for (int i = 1; i <= 10; i++)
sum += i;
sum = 0;
for (int i = 20; i <= 30; i++)
sum += i;
sum = 0;
for (int i = 35; i <= 45; i++)
sum += i;
265
Solution
public static int sum(int i1, int i2) {
int sum = 0;
for (int i = i1; i <= i2; i++)
sum += i;
return sum;
}

System.out.println("Sum from 1 to 10 is " + sum(1, 10));
}
266
Defining Methods
A method is a collection of statements that are

grouped together to perform an operation.
Define a method Invoke a method
return value method formal

modifier type name parameters
int z = max(x, y);
method
public static int max(int num1, int num2) {
header
actual parameters
int result; (arguments)
method
body parameter list
if (num1 > num2)
result = num1;
else
method
result = num2; signature
return result; return value

}
267
Method Signature
Method signature is the combination of the method name and the

parameter list.

int z = max(x, y);
method
header
actual parameters
method
body parameter list
if (num1 > num2)
result = num1;
else
method

}
268
Formal Parameters
The variables defined in the method header are known as

formal parameters.

int z = max(x, y);
method
header
actual parameters
method
body parameter list
if (num1 > num2)
result = num1;
else
method

}
269
Actual Parameters
When a method is invoked, you pass a value to the parameter. This

value is referred to as actual parameter or argument.

int z = max(x, y);
method
header
actual parameters
method
body parameter list
if (num1 > num2)
result = num1;
else
method

}
270
Return Value Type
A method may return a value. The returnValueType is the data type
of the value the method returns. If the method does not return a
value, the returnValueType is the keyword void. For example, the
returnValueType in the main method is void.

int z = max(x, y);
method
header
actual parameters
method
body parameter list
if (num1 > num2)
result = num1;
else
method

}
271
animation
Calling Methods, cont.
pass the value of i

pass the value of j
public static void main(String[] args) { public static int max(int num1, int num2) {
int i = 5; int result;
int j = 2;
int k = max(i, j); if (num1 > num2)
result = num1;
System.out.println( else
"The maximum between " + i + result = num2;
" and " + j + " is " + k);
} return result;
}
272
animation
Trace Method Invocation

i is now 5
int j = 2;
result = num1;
" and " + j + " is " + k);
} return result;
}
273
animation

j is now 2
int j = 2;
result = num1;
" and " + j + " is " + k);
} return result;
}
274
animation

invoke max(i, j)
int j = 2;
result = num1;
" and " + j + " is " + k);
} return result;
}
275
animation

invoke max(i, j)
Pass the value of i to num1
Pass the value of j to num2
int j = 2;
result = num1;
" and " + j + " is " + k);
} return result;
}
276
animation

declare variable result
int j = 2;
result = num1;
" and " + j + " is " + k);
} return result;
}
277
animation

(num1 > num2) is true since num1
is 5 and num2 is 2
int j = 2;
result = num1;
" and " + j + " is " + k);
} return result;
}
278
animation

result is now 5
int j = 2;
result = num1;
" and " + j + " is " + k);
} return result;
}
279
animation

return result, which is 5
int j = 2;
result = num1;
" and " + j + " is " + k);
} return result;
}
280
Write a program that will ask how many data
will be entered and display the standard
deviation of the entered data.
Factorial
Sum of 1 to N
•public class ReverseNumber {
•
• public static void main(String[] args) {
•
• //original number
• int number = 1234;
• int reversedNumber = 0;
• int temp = 0;
•
• while(number > 0){
•
• //use modulus operator to strip off the last digit
• temp = number%10;
•
• //create the reversed number
• reversedNumber = reversedNumber * 10 + temp;
• number = number/10;
•
• }
•
• //output the reversed number
• System.out.println("Reversed Number is: " + reversedNumber);
• }
•}
import java.util.*;
int z=0,number,x=1,y=0;
System.out.print("enter a number");
number= input.nextInt();
do{
z=y+x;
x=x+y;
Lab Activity System.out.print(z) ;
Factors y++;
1x12=12 }while(y<number);
2X6=12 }}
base
Fibonacci
Cells
And investment

Java Programming Language

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Java Programming Language

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Java Programming Language

Java The Complete Reference 8th Ed

Java is a general purpose programming language.

Text editor - is a text editor program designed specifically

Compiler – is a program that translates a program written

Integrated Development Environment (IDE) - is a software

Create/Modify Source Code

Source code (developed by the programmer)

Compile Source Code

Trace a Program Execution

//This program prints Welcome to Java!

Trace a Program Execution

//This program prints Welcome to Java!

Trace a Program Execution

//This program prints Welcome to Java!

print a message to the

Compiling using IDE

Compiling in CLI (Command Line Interface)

Syntax Error – result error in code construction, such as

Run Time Error – are errors that cause a program to

Logic Error – occurs when a program does not perform

public class <name_of_class> {

public class FirstProgram{

public class FirstProgram

public static void main (String[] args) –

{ } – mark the beginning and end of the main class or method.

public class FirstProgram{

Write your full names using only four System.out.println()

public class Sample {

public class Sample {

public class Sample {

public class Sample {

public class Sample {

Rules in naming identifiers and variables

Trace a Program Execution

Trace a Program Execution

Trace a Program Execution

Trace a Program Execution

// Compute area compute area and assign

Trace a Program Execution

Plus sign is an operator to concatenate (connect) two strings.

Ex. System.out.println(“The sum of two numbers is” +

public class Sample{

Next-line public class Test

Sample Expression Output

Algebra: opposite = hypotenuse·sin(ɵ)

root = ((-b)+ Math.sqrt(b*b-4*a*c))/(2*a)

public class CeltoFah {

public class Swap{

2. Write a program that will get the roots of a

3. Write a program determine the value of “a” in

public class FirstProgram{

Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);

Enter a number for radius

Enter the length and width

Write a program that will input the values of each resistor in

Write a program that lets the user enter the

loanAmount  monthlyInt erestRate

public class ComputeLoan {

1. Start import java.util.Scanner;

Pseudocode for Adding Three Numbers

1. Write an algorithm/pseudocode and a java program that

Write (Display) the Sum, Average and Product

root = ((-b)+ Math.sqrt(bb-4ac))/(2a)