STATISTICS MADE EASY:

Choosing Appropriate Statistical Treatment

pr
ese
nte
r MR. IWYNE M. ABENIS, LPT
Math Teacher
TNHS
Iwyne.Abenis.lsta@gmail.com
 Choosing Appropriate Statistical Tools

Introduction

Everything in educational system comes

from research, from the beginning of
seeking knowledge – regardless of its
difficulty, up to impartation and
application of it.
(Soriano, et.al, 2017)
 Choosing Appropriate Statistical Tools

Introduction

“In the Information Age, data is no longer

scarce – it’s overpowering. The key is to sift
through the overwhelming volume of data…
and correctly interpret its implications. But to
sort through all this information, you need the
right statistical data analysis tools.”

(John Dillard, 2015)

 Choosing Appropriate Statistical Tools

Introduction
Some people and organizations are aware
of the contributions of statistics, especially
in improving their educational research;
however, there are some who are unaware
of using statistics correctly in their
research studies. Some organizations use
statistics and conduct researches with
limited knowledge.
 Choosing Appropriate Statistical Tools
What is Statistics?

Statistics is a branch of science that

deals with the collection, organization,
analysis of data and drawing of
inferences from the samples to the whole
population.
(SB Bhaskar, et.al, 2016)
Data
 Types of data
Continuous
Equal increments

Ordinal/Rank
In order but not equal (Likert)

Categorical
9/14/2010
Names 7
What type of statistical test
do I want to do?
 Continuous Data
When comparing 2 groups (treatment/control)
---- t-test
When comparing > 2 groups
---- ANOVA (F-test)
When measuring association between 2 variables
---- Pearson r correlation
When trying to predict an outcome (crystal ball)
---- Regression or multiple regression
 Ordinal Data
Beyond the capability of Excel – just FYI
When comparing 2 groups
---- Mann Whitney U (treatment vs. control)
---- Wilcoxon (matched pre vs. post)
When comparing > 2 groups
---- Kruskal-Wallis (median test)
When measuring association between 2 variables
---- Spearman rho (ρ)
Likert-type scales are ordinal data
 Categorical Data
Called a test of frequency – how often something is
observed (AKA: Goodness of Fit Test, Test of
Homogeneity)
---- Chi-Square (χ2)
Examples of burning research questions:
Do negative ads change how people vote?
Is there a relationship between marital status and health
insurance coverage?
Do blonds have more fun?
Choosing Appropriate
Statistical Tools
 Choosing Appropriate Statistical Tools

DESCRIPTIVE
STATISTICS
Condition Data Type Procedure
Normal Descriptive – Mean, SD
When you’re Not Descriptive, Median, Histogram, Stem
describing Normal and Leaf
one variable
Categorical Frequencies
Over Time Line Plot/ Time Series
 Choosing Appropriate Statistical Tools

DESCRIPTIVE
STATISTICS
Condition Data Type Procedure
Normal Pearson’s Correlation
When you’re
describing
two related Not
Spearman’s Correlation
variable Normal

Categorical Crosstabulations
 Choosing Appropriate Statistical Tools

RELATIONAL ANALYSES (correlation

and regression)
Condition Data Type Procedure
Pearson Correlation, Simple Linear
When you Normal
Regression
want to
analyze the Not
Spearman Correlation
relationship Normal
between two
variables Categorical Contingency Coefficient
Mixed Spearman Correlation
 Choosing Appropriate Statistical Tools

RELATIONAL ANALYSES (correlation

and regression)
Condition Data Type Procedure
Normal Multiple Regression
To analyze the
relationship
between Not
three or more Kendall Partial Rank (not in SDA)
normal
variables
Categorical Discriminant Analysis (not in SDA)
 Choosing Appropriate Statistical Tools

COMPARISON TEST (t-

test/ ANOVA)
Condition Data Type Procedure
Normal Single Sample t-test
COMPARING
SINGLE
SAMPLE Not
Runs Test
To a norm normal

Categorical Goodness-of-fit
 Choosing Appropriate Statistical Tools
COMPARISON TEST (t-
test/ ANOVA)
Condition Data Type Procedure
Normal Paired t-test
COMPARING
two groups –
Samples Not
Paired Wilcoxon
normal
DEPENDENT

Categorical Mcnemar
 Choosing Appropriate Statistical Tools
COMPARISON TEST (t-
test/ ANOVA)
Condition Data Type Procedure
Normal Independent group t-test
Comparing
two groups –
Samples Not
Mann – Whitney
INDEPENDENT normal

Categorical Chi-Square
 Choosing Appropriate Statistical Tools

COMPARISON TEST (t-

test/ ANOVA)
Condition Data Type Procedure

COMPARING Normal Repeated measure ANOVA

more than
two groups
REPEATED Not
Friedman ANOVA
MEASURES normal
(DEPENDENT)
Categorical Cochran’s Q
 Choosing Appropriate Statistical Tools

COMPARISON TEST (t-

test/ ANOVA)
Condition Data Type Procedure
Normal One-Way ANOVA
COMPARING
more than
two groups Not
Kruskal-Wallis
INDEPENDENT normal

Categorical Chi-Square
Example 1
• Prof. Briones conducted a pre-experimental study to examine
the effectiveness of cooperative learning in Pre-calculus
subject among Grade 11 STEM students. A sample of 15
students were purposively selected. They were pretested and
posttested using a validated instrument. The result is
presented below.
Pre-
10 32 19 11 30 20 19 10 5 35 37 20 18 15 9
Test
Post
15 40 25 15 39 21 37 20 6 47 50 32 29 20 15
Test

At = 0.05 level of significance, is the approach effective?

Steps
1. State your Hypothesis (Ho &Ha)
2. Set alpha level (confidence level)
3. df = n – 1 = 10 -1 = 9
Reject H0 if t-computed value ____or if t-
computed value _____.
4. Compute (Manual or using SPSS/ Excel) using
appropriate Stat. Tool
5. Decision (Reject or NOT to reject Ho)
Example 2
• In Section Isipnayan, student A conducted a research to Grade 11
Statistics class about the relationship of their IQ level in attaining a
high academic performance. Upon collecting all the data he needs,
as shown in the table below, What hypothesis and conclusion can
be obtained?

IQ Level 100 97 88 76 99 106 107 78 73 87

GWA 95 87 82 80 89 93 96 85 82 86
Steps
1. State your Hypothesis (Ho &Ha)
2. Set alpha level (confidence level)
3. df = n – 1 = 10 -1 = 9
Reject H0 if t-computed value ____or if t-
computed value _____.
4. Compute (Manual or using SPSS/ Excel) using
appropriate Stat. Tool
5. Decision (Reject or NOT to reject Ho)
 STATISTICS MADE EASY:
Choosing Appropriate Statistical Tools

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