THERMAL AND

MOISTURE
PROTECTION
Araneta, Uris Kimble L.
Capiral, Kaye L.
Ramos, Harold John G.
01
THERMAL
INSULATION AND
VAPOR BARRIER
 THERMAL INSULATION
AND VAPOR BARRIER
Structures are exposed to a variety of weather extremes, including
temperature swings, driving rain and wind, and sub-surface water.

Thermal insulation is critical for attaining both energy economy and

interior thermal comfort

Moisture-related problems are among the largest set of complications

buildings experience in the United States.

The thermal envelope is the critical layer that separates the inside and
outside environments.
THERMAL
INSULATION
Thermal insulation is a technique for inhibiting
the transmission of thermal energy from one
location to another.
HEAT
TRANSFER
• High Temperature to Low
Temperature
• Radiation, convection, or
conduction.
• British thermal units (BTUs)
and calories
• Building envelope (floors,
walls, and roofs)
 HEAT TRANSFER
CONDUCTI CONVECTI
ON ON RADIATION
Conduction is the Heat transmission Radiation is the
transmission of through convection is transfer of heat via
thermal energy by the movement of electromagnetic
direct molecular heated liquids or gases waves.
movement within a that transfer heat.
material or between
materials in direct
physical contact.
 CONDUCTION
• Heat flowing through a material
• Thermal conductance (C)
• Thermal resistance (R)
• The higher the R-value, the greater the insulating
effectiveness.
• Thermal transmittance (U)
• The lower the U-value, the greater the insulating
effectiveness.
• When a material or assembly is uninsulated from exterior to
interior, it creates a thermal bridge, allowing for conductive
heat transfer from the warm side to the cold.
• Continuous insulation (ci) is defined as insulation that is continuous across all exterior surfaces of
an assembly without thermal bridges other than fasteners and mechanical openings.
CONVECTION
• Infiltration is the unwanted transfer of conditioned indoor air with outside
air
• 40 percent of the energy used by buildings for heating and cooling is lost
due to infiltration
• When the transfer or air is intentional, through windows or fans, it is
referred to as ventilation.

RADIATION
• The mean radiant temperature (MRT) is the average temperature
experienced from the combination of all the surface temperatures in a room,
including walls, floors, ceilings, furniture, and people.
INSULATION
MATERIALS
• Batts and Blankets
• Loose-Fill Insulation
• Rigid Insulation
• Blown Insulation
• Aerogel and Other Innovations
• Reflective Barriers
• Superinsulation
 BATTS AND BLANKETS
Batts and blankets are flexible insulation mats made from a variety of materials, including
fiberglass, mineral wool, cotton and wood fibres, and recycled plastic materials.

Fiberglass Cotton
Phenol formaldehyde and Cotton insulation meets the
acrylic binders are used and the same standards for fire
fibres are an irritant during resistance as fiberglass
installation. insulation and imparts no skin
irritation during installation.

Mineral Wool Wool

Mineral wool insulation comes The material uses no dangerous
in two forms, rock wool made chemicals and is 100 percent
from virgin basalt, and slag biodegradable. When wool
wool made from steel-mill slag. absorbs moisture, it emits
Mineral wool is fire resistant energy that warms the wool and
and can aid in soundproofing. prevents condensation.
 LOOSE-FILL INSULATION
Loose-fill insulation is usually composed of materials in bulk form. It can be installed by blowing
or pouring the fill into attics, finished wall cavities, and hard-to-reach areas. It is an ideal
insulator because it conforms to spaces, thoroughly filling nooks and crannies in the construction
assembly.

Cellulose
Cellulose is increasingly regarded as a superior
insulating material, for three main reasons.
• provides higher levels of acoustical insulation and
fire protection
• the material is less subject to a decline in
performance over time
• cellulose insulation is very effective in creating an
airtight building envelope
 RIGID INSULATION
Rigid insulation board is made using organic fibres, such as wood, mineral wool, glass,
corkboard, and several forms of expanded plastics, such as expanded and extruded polystyrene
and polyisocyanurate foam.

Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) Polyisocyanurate

If expanded polystyrene comes This insulation material may
in contact with water, it will deteriorate if exposed to UV
absorb moisture, which lessens radiation (sunlight) and the
its insulating value. performance may decline as the
product continues to off-gas.

Extruded Polystyrene Wood Fiber

Extruded polystyrene is created Wood and cane fibreboard are
by reacting benzene with typically asphalt impregnated
ethylene. The result is a closed- and are commonly used for
cell foam that resists moisture exterior sheathing and roof
absorption. insulation.
 BLOWN INSULATION
Environmental concerns exist during raw material production, transport, manufacture, and
installation. Although CFCs are no longer used as blowing agents, many spray insulations use
HCFCs or HFCs.

Open-Cell Spray Closed-Cell Spray

Polyurethane Foam Polyurethane Foam
The material provides a good Closed-cell polyurethane uses
air barrier and is vapor three to four times more
permeable and moisture material use than open-cell.
resistant with a good fill of the
cavity

Icynene
Like other blown insulations,
the material minimizes air
leakage and seals the building
envelope for optimal air
tightness.
AEROGEL AND OTHER INNOVATIONS
Gas-Filled Panels
Aerogel (GFP)
Aerogel is a low-density Gas-filled panel insulation
material derived from gel in materials consist of pockets of
which the liquid component of low-conductivity gas in a
the gel has been replaced with honeycomb foil substrate.
gas.

Structural Insulating
Panels (SIPs)
An added advantage of SIPs is a decreased
dependency on bracing and auxiliary members, since
the panels can span considerable distances and serve
to increase the stiffness of the structural frame.
 REFLECTIVE BARRIERS
Radiant, or reflective, barriers inhibit heat transfer by thermal radiation.
Reflective insulation is used in residential and commercial construction on walls, floors, ceilings,
and roofs. It can decrease heat flow by as much as 25 percent, reducing the amount of
conventional insulation needed and, in some cases, reducing the size of air-conditioning units
required.

SUPERINSULATION
Superinsulation (SI) is an approach to building design that provides higher-than-normal levels of
thermal insulation. Superinsulated construction typically costs 5 to 7 percent more compared to
conventional construction. While initial costs are higher, the return on the investment is quick,
since SI buildings typically save 75 percent of heating and cooling costs.
WATER AND VAPOR
CONSIDERATIONS
Appropriate management of water problems is crucial in protecting a building’s
structural integrity and ensuring the health of both the building and its occupants.

• Rainwater Protection
• Water Vapor Transfer
• Vapor Retarders
• Control of Air Leakage
RAINWATER PROTECTION
• Rainwater is the most severe form of moisture intrusion to the building envelope.
• The following forces are the most mechanisms by which rainwater can enter a
construction assembly.
• The force of water entering by gravity is greatest on penetrations in vertical
surfaces and sloped horizontal surfaces.
• Capillary action is a natural wicking force that draws water from the exterior
into the envelope cavity through porous materials or small cracks.
• Surface tension enables water to adhere to and travel along the underside of
building components
WATER VAPOR TRANSFER
• Diffusive vapor flow describes the
transfer of moisture in its gaseous
state through the various layers of an
exterior wall system or assembly due
to vapor pressure differential.
• The usual water vapor migration
direction is from higher temperatures
toward lower temperatures
• Wall dew point analysis is used to
calculate what the temperature
profile in a wall will be and where
the dew point will occur
VAPOR RETARDERS
• A vapor retarder, or barrier, is a thin sheet
material that is used to provide a barrier against
the flow of air-borne moisture.
• A vapor retarder is also used to prevent water
vapor generated inside a building.
• Vapor retarders should be installed on the warm
side of an enclosure.
• A vapor retarder is not required in all situations.
• Vapor barriers are also used to control moisture
and humidity resulting from soil water
evaporation
 CONTROL OF AIR LEAKAGE
• All buildings, no matter how tightly detailed, will experience some degree of air
leakage due to small openings in the envelope construction.
• Professional energy auditors use blower door tests to help determine the air
infiltration rate of a building.
• The simplest approach to air tightening a wall is to select one of the layers and air
tighten it using durable tapes, adhesive sheet products, or liquid-applied materials.
• Walls constructed out of very permeable materials, such as concrete block, can be
air tightened using applied elastomeric (flexible) coatings, specially formulated
paints, air barrier sheet products, and liquid-applied spray or trowel-on material
02
BONDING AGENTS,
SEALERS AND
SEALANTS
BONDING
AGENTS
A bonding agent is a compound that bonds things
together by attaching to the surfaces with which they
come into contact.

Bonding agents used in construction goods and on-site

applications often link materials by mechanical action
or specialized adhesion.
 TYPES OF BONDING AGENTS
ADHESIVE
BONDING
S GLUES
CEMENTS
Composed of Bonding agents derived Produced from
synthetic materials. from animal and synthetic rubber
vegetable items such as suspended in a
bones, blood albumin, liquid.
hides, fish, and milk.
THERMOPLAS
TIC
ADHESIVES
Thermoplastic polymer adhesives
have less heat and moisture
resistance and less long-term load
resistance than thermosetting
polymers. They are moisture
resistant but should not be utilized
in moist environments.
THERMOSET
ADHESIVES
Thermosetting polymers are widely
used as structural adhesives because
they undergo an irreversible chemical
change and will not soften or flow if
heated after application.
 TYPES OF BONDING AGENTS
ADHESIVE
BONDING
S GLUES
CEMENTS
Composed of Bonding agents derived Produced from
synthetic materials. from animal and synthetic rubber
vegetable items such as suspended in a
bones, blood albumin, liquid.
hides, fish, and milk.
BONDING
CEMENTS
Mastic is an elastomeric
construction cement. It comes
in tubes and is used with a
caulking gun.
 CURING OF BONDING AGENTS

01 02 03 04
ELIMINATIN ANAEROBIC COOLING OF
G SOLVENTS CATALYSTS
CONDITIONS HOT MELTS
SEALERS FOR
EXTERIOR
MATERIALS
Sealers are applied to the surface of a material to
prevent water and moisture penetration.
• Acrylic sealer
• Asphalt driveway sealer
• Silicone sealers
• Epoxies
SEALANTS
A sealant is a material that is used to seal joints
between construction members as well as to protect
materials from moisture, air, corrosive chemicals, and
foreign objects.
• Flexible and moldable adhesive
• Solid, preformed shape adhesive
JOINT DESIGN
The width of a joint between two
parts, such as precast concrete
facing panels, must be determined
based on the expected structural
and thermal movement.
CAULKING AND
GLAZING
Caulking is the process of using
caulking compound (sealer) to seal
joints, cracks, or other small
openings.
Glazing compounds are a type of
sealant that is used to secure glass
in frames.
WATERPROOFING
MEMBRANES AND
COATINGS
Waterproofing is the process of applying a substance to
the surface of a material assembly, such as a
foundation, to make it impermeable to water.
BITUMINOUS
COATINGS
Brush, roller, or spray can be used to apply hot-applied
and emulsified coal tar pitch, hot-applied and cold-
applied asphalt, and emulsified asphalt to a foundation.
These are only useful in situations where hydrostatic
pressure is not an issue.
LIQUID COATINGS
A waterproof acrylic copolymer
coating is available in a number of
colors. It may be created by fusing
fillers and texturing aggregates to a
concrete or masonry surface. This
provides waterproofing protection as
well as an attractive finish coating.
SYNTHETIC SHEET
MEMBRANES
There are synthetic membranes
composed of neoprene, polyvinyl
chloride, polyethylene, butyl, and
ethylene propylene. These sheet
materials are glued to foundation walls
with the system manufacturer's specified
adhesives.
CEMENT-BASED LEAD
WATERPROOFING WATERPROOFING

These feature finely sorted Lead waterproofing sheets

aggregates, resulting in a are widely utilized for tasks
high-density, high-strength requiring uncompromised
waterproof covering. waterproofing security.
BENTONITE CLAY
WATERPROOFING
Bentonite is a clay made of decomposed volcanic ash
that has a high concentration of the mineral. It can
absorb massive amounts of water, swelling several times
its initial volume and forming a watertight barrier.
03.
Roofing
System
Roofing
The first line of defense against the weather

Precipitation (Rain, Snow)

Sun
Thermal Transmission

Subjected to extreme heat and cold

Surface can have wide temperature
swings
Roof systems are generally divided into two
categories:
Low-slope roofs

Steep-slope roofs
Low-Slope Roofing
Low-Slope Roof
• A low-slope roof is defined as a roof having a
pitch of less than 3:12.

• Typical slopes fall in a range of ¼ in. rise per

12 in. run (6.4 mm per 305 mm) to 2 in. rise per 12 in.
run (50.8 mm per 305 mm).

• “Slope” is a common term used to express the

steepness of a roof in terms of unit run and unit rise.

• Used on commercial projects where the

minimum slopes required by steep roofing materials
make their use impractical for larger buildings.
Low-Slope Roof
Advantages
- Can cover a large horizontal surface (vs steep)
- Simpler geometry, often less expensive
- Roof can have other functions - patio, decks, etc.
Disadvantages
- Water Drains Slowly
- Slight Structural Movements Tear the Membrane
- Water Vapor Pressure Can Blister & Rupture the
Membrane
Low Slope Roof Components
Structural Support - Decking

Thermal Insulation
Vapor retarder

Roof Membrane
Roof Ballast
Drainage
Flashing
Roof Deck
Materials:
- Steel, Cast-in-place concrete, Precast Concrete,
Gypsum, Wood, Plywood, Structural wood fiber.

Performance requirements:
 Support Roof Loading
 Resist Uplift
 Sloped for Drainage
 Expansion & Contraction - Roof & Structure
 Smooth, Clean Surface
 Dry Prior to Membrane Placement
Thermal Insulation
- Resist Heat Transfer
- Location / Placement
o Below the Deck
o Between the Deck & Membrane
o Above the Membrane
- Rigid Insulation Attachment (adhered or
mechanically attached)
Vapor Retarder
Purpose - Prevent transmission of Water Vapor
 Location / Placement
o Generally, Below the Insulation

 Material
o Hot mopped felts (most common)
Roof Membranes System
1. Built-up Roofing System (BUR)
- Modified Bitumen system
2. Single Ply Membrane System
3. Spray and Liquid Applied
Membrane System
Built-up Roofing System (BUR)
Type of Asphaltic Membrane System
Consist of multiple plies of asphalt impregnated felt
between layers of bitumen (Asphalt Oil)

Application:
Felts are laid in hot Asphalt (or Coal
Tar) Felts are placed in overlapping
layers
These layered felt form a cohesive, laminated
membrane typically 2-4 plies thick.

Asphalt Roofing Felt Paper

 BUR is
Manufactured
on Site
Modified Bitumen Membrane
• Modified bitumen membranes consist of a
bituminous material to which polymeric compounds have
been added to increase cohesion, toughness, and resistance
to flow.
• Modified Bitumen roofs give designers and
installers an even broader array of options than BUR.

Installation Methods:
• MB may be installed by the torch-application
method
• “Hot-mopped” like BUR
• Applied with “cold-process” adhesives
Self-adhering sheet
Modified Bitumen Membrane
Two common membranes are available:
1. Atactic-polypropylene (APP)
- Membranes use a reinforcement mat coated with a blend of asphalt and
APP plastic.
- Elastic under high temperatures.
- APP is resistant to UV rays.
2. Styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS)
- Sheets have a reinforcement mat coated with an elastomeric blend of
asphalt and SBS rubber.
- Recovery after elongation, flexibility and cold-weather performance of
SBS membranes are superior to APP membranes.
Single-Ply Membrane System
Sheet materials are applied to the roof to a single layer
A highly reflective membrane can reduce energy costs
Simpler Installation

Can be Attached to the Roof by:

1. Adhesives

2. Ballast Weight

3. Mechanically Attached(Concealed fasteners)

Single-Ply Materials
 Thermoplastics
- May be softened and joined by heat or solvent
welding.
- Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) – widely used,
Polymer-modified bitumen, PVC alloys, etc.
 Thermosetting
- Cannot be softened - must be joined by
adhesives or pressure-sensitive tapes. A polyvinyl chloride (P VC )

- Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer

thermoplas tic membrane is adhered
to the roof deck.

(EPDM) – most widely used, Neoprene, CPE,

etc.
Spray and Liquid Applied Membrane
• Monolithic, fully-bonded, liquid-based coating
suitable for many waterproofing and roofing
applications.
• Applied by spraying, brushing, or rolling and
cure to form a rubbery membrane over the roof
decking, usually in several coats.
• Used primarily where roofs have complex
shapes, such as domes and shells.
• Spray-applied roof coatings consist of a
polyurethane foam insulation layer applied to a
deck and then topped with a protective coating.
• The protective coating is usually acrylic,
polyurethane, or silicone.
Drainage
Typical 2-Way Structural Slope
Drainage
4-Way Slope using Tapered Isolation
Steep-Slope Roofing
 Steep-Slope Roof
• A steep roof is generally
defined as a roof with a slope of
3:12 or greater.
• Steep-slope roof assemblies
have sufficient slope to permit
water to drain quickly from their
surface.
• Gutters and downspouts are
used to capture and guide the
water flow to the ground.
• Their selection is governed by:
o The slope
o Structural requirements
o Desired architectural
appearance.
Steep-Slope Roof
Drain quickly
- Less opportunity for gravity or wind to push/pull water through the
roofing material

Facilitate the use of shingles

- Small, overlapping roofing units
- Advantages:
o Can be inexpensive, easy to handle & install,
o Accommodate thermal expansion/contraction & structural
movement
o Vents water vapor easily
o Visible – Aesthetics
Steep-Slope Roof Components
Insulation & Vapor Retarder

Decking - typically plywood or OSB

Underlayment - typically asphalt-
saturated felt
Shingles or tile - final covering
Accessories - gutters, flashing,
downspouts
Underlayment
Forms the layer between the sheathing
(generally plywood or OSB) and the
shingles or tiles
Generally, asphalt-saturated felt
layer.
Protects the sheathing from
moisture absorption.
Protects the sheathing from shingles,
adhesives, and other materials that may
have chemical incompatibility.
Flashing
• Flashing must be:
o Impervious to moisture
penetration
o Corrosion Resistant.
o Resist Puncture and Abrasion.
o Malleable to allow for ease of
installation.

• The five metal types generally used for wall and roof
flashing include copper, lead, galvanized steel,
aluminum, and stainless steel.
Typical Locations for Flashing
• Valleys - joints formed by 2 sloping
roofs
• Roof Perimeter
• Joints between roofs and walls
• Expansion joints
• Around objects, such as pipes, that
penetrate the roof surface.
Preparation for Roof Shingles
• Roof Sheathing
• Underlayment
• Eave Flashing
• Drip Edges
• Valley flashing
• Vertical sidewall flashing
• Chimney Flashing
• Stack Flashing – pipes coming out of the roof
Shingles
• Serve as covering over underlayment
• Shingles are small units applied to the roof in
overlapping layers.
• Types of Materials:
o Wood shingles and shake
o Asphalt & Fiberglass Shingles
o Slate
o Clay and Concrete Tile
o Metal shingles and shake
o Photovoltaic Roofing
• Most are applied using a typical installation
method of nailing the shingles to a substrate
in an overlapping manner.
Single batten system
Double batten system
Photovoltaic Roofing
- Solar shingles
- Photovolataic effect causes certain
semiconductor materials to convert
light energy into electrical energy at the
atomic level.
Metal Steep-Slope Roof
Consists of cold-
formed, corrugated, fluted, or
ribbed metal sheets that serve
as the exterior covering of the
structure

Metal roofing for

steep-slope roof systems is
usually installed in sheets that
are fastened together to
maintain water tightness.
Types of Metal Roofing

Through Fastened

Tile/ Shingles

Standing Seam
What is a standing seam roof
• Flat metal panels
with raised seams that
interlock with adjoining
panels using concealed
fasteners. The interlocking
mechanism can be:
• Mechanically seamed
• Snapped together
 Features of standing seam
• Can be curved or tapered
• Capable of being produced from any metal type
• Metal used to form standing seam:
o Coated Steel
o Aluminum
o Copper
o Stainless
o Zinc
Features of standing seam
A variety of coatings are used to protect the
steel surfaces, including:

• Galvanizing zinc-aluminum alloy with a

covering paint (Galvalume steel)
• Terne - a mild steel with a coating of zinc
and tin alloy to protect the steel from rust
• Siliconized polyester in a variety of colors
• Fluoro-polymer paint finish
• Weathering copper coating

They are recommended for use in severe

chemical and marine environments.
Categories of Standing Seam Roof
Structural Standing Seam Metal Architectural Standing
Roofs (SSSMR) Seam Metal Roofs (ASSMR)

o Supported and attached by clips o Attach panels by concealed

fastened directly to the building anchor clips to a continuous solid
structure. support substrate

o Clips are used to elevate the panels o The panels carry no structural
above the structural framing system loads and are not capable of
spanning between structural
o Capable of spanning between the supports without substrate
structural supports and can resist materials.
different kinds of loads without the
benefit of any substrate material.
Installation of Standing Seam Roof
• Roof Sheathing
• Underlayment
• Perimeter Flashing
• A preformed ridge cap is placed over the
roof peak and secured
• Every subsequent vertical panel is
attached to the ridge and the underlying
deck with clips.
• Crimp the raised edges of the panel ends
together.
Other Types of Metal Roofing
Flat Seam Roofing Batten Seam Roofing

- Flat seam metal roof consists of a - Batten seam metal roofing

series of metal roofing panels installed consists of metal pans that run
with a series of flat parallel to the roof slope and are
separated by wood or metal-
- Flat seam roofs are performed with formed battens.
folded edges. Sheet metal cleats
interlock with the folded edges and are - Vertical panel edges are placed
nailed to the roof deck. between wood batten strips and
covered with a cap.
- The cleat is folded back over the nail
head to protect the pan.
- The next pan is interlocked with the
first.
Other Types of Metal Roofing

Batten Seam Roofing

Other Types of Metal Roofing
• Exposed Fastener Metal Roofing

- typically use a lighter-gauge metal when

compared to the heavier ones used in standing
seam roofing.
- installation begins with :
o Anchoring a drip edge along the roof
perimeter
o The First panel is fit along the downwind end
of the roof
o Screwed down, the next panel is set in place,
overlapping the first.