SESSION 4

18-05-2023
Fluid Dynamics
MCQ: Fluid are material that deform continuously
under:

A. Tensile stress
B. Shear stress
C. Volumetric stress
D. Young modulus
MCQ: Material that do not have fixed volume may
be termed as?

A. Liquids
B. Solids
C. Gases
D. All of these
 Introduction to Fluids

1. Matter:
• Substance that have;
• Mass
• Occupy volume
2. Types of Matter:
Matter

Solids
(Substance that
cannot flow and
deform little under
shear stress )
Fluids
(Substance that can
flow and deform
continuously under
shear stress)
3. States of Matter:
i. Solids:
• Rigid shape.

ii. Fluids:
• Fluids take the shape of container.
a. Types of Fluids:
• Liquids:
• Definite occupied volume.
• Create surface tension.

• Gases:
• Non-definite occupied volume.
• Don not create surface tension.
b. Studies of Fluids:
• Fluid statics:
Variation of
Pascal’s Archimedes
Density Pressure pressure
law principle
with depth

Cohesion
Pressure in
and
a body
adhesion
• Fluid Dynamics:
Terminal Equation of
Viscosity Drag force Fluid flow
velocity continuity

Applications
Bernoulli’s
of Bernoulli’s
equation
equation

• Fluid dynamic is simplified by two laws;

• Law of conservation of mass gives “ Equation of continuity ”.
• Law of conservation of energy gives “ Bernoulli’s equation ”.
MCQ: Stoke’s law is given by:

A. F = 6
B. F = 6
C. F = 6-3
D. F = 6
MCQ: The dimension of coefficient of viscosity are:

A. ML-1T-1
B. ML-1T-2
C. MLT-2
D. ML-2T-2
MCQ: Viscosity in water is due to:

A. Adhesive forces
B. Cohesive forces
C. Diffusion process
D. Surface Tension
MCQ: Viscosity in gases is due to:

A. Adhesive forces
B. Cohesive forces
C. Diffusion process
D. Surface Tension
MCQ: Pascal second is the unit of:

A. Drag force
B. Friction
C. Co-efficient of viscosity
D. Stoke’s Law
 Viscosity and Drag Force

1. Viscosity:
• “Internal friction between different layers of flowing fluid”.
i. Newton’s Formula:
• F = ȠA
If A = 1m2, = 1
• Ƞ=F
MCQ: Viscosity is the property of liquids by virtue of
which:

A. Liquid opposes the relative motion of its parts

B. Liquids does not effect other molecules
C. Liquid pushes neighboring molecules
D. Liquids become conducting
MCQ: With the increase of temperature, the
viscosity of:

A. Gases decreases and liquids increases

B. Gases increases and liquids decreases
C. Both gases and the liquid increases
D. Both gases and the liquid decreases
MCQ: With increase in temperature, What effect on
cohesive forces in liquids?

A. Cohesive forces increase generally

B. Cohesive forces decrease generally
C. Cohesive forces remain same
D. Cohesive forces become zero
ii. Viscosity between different layers of a flowing fluid:
iii. Unit of Coefficient of Viscosity:
• MKS unit system:
• kg / m s
• CGS unit system:
• Poise = g / cm s
• SI unit:
• Pa s
iv. Dimension of Viscosity:
• [ML-1T-1]
v. Important to know about Viscosity:
Features Liquids Gases

1. Due to Cohesive forces. Diffusion process.

Decrease with increase in Increase with increase in

2. Temperature temperature. temperature.

Increase with increase in

3. Pressure pressure
No effect
2. Drag Force and Stoke’s Law:
i. Drag Force:
• “Bodies experience retarding force while moving through a
viscous fluid”.
ii. Stokes’ Law:
• For a small spherical body through viscous fluid
F = 6ηrv
• At high speeds drag force is proportional to v2.
• Examples:
MCQ: Which of the following is the best graphical
representation between drag force ‘F’ on a spherical
object of radius ‘r’ and its speed ‘v’ through a fluid of
viscosity?
A.

B.

C.

D.
MCQ: The terminal velocity in case of a spherical
droplet is directly proportional to:

A. The square of the radius of the droplet

B. Radius of the droplet
C. Cube of the radius of the droplet
D. Half of radius of droplet
MCQ: A fog droplet falls vertically through air with
an acceleration at the end of its trajectory:

A. Less than g
B. Greater than g
C. Equal to g
D. Equal to zero
MCQ: If the radius of a droplet becomes double,
then the terminal velocity will be:

A. 2 times
B. 3 times
C. 4 times
D. 5 times
MCQ: What is true about ideal flow of fluids?

A. It is incompressible
B. It is non-viscous
C. It is steady
D. All of these
MCQ: Two fog droplets have the radius 2 : 3, their
terminal velocity are:

A. 4 : 6
B. 4 : 9
C. 2 : 9
D. 4 : 3
MCQ: Why does an object falling in the earth’s
gravitational field reach a steady velocity:

A. Air resistance increases with the increase in

velocity.
B. The earth’s gravitational force decreases as the
object falls.
C. The mass of the object remains constant.
D. The weight of the object increase as it falls.
MCQ: 64 identical drops of water are falling down vertically in
air each with a terminal velocity
0.15 ms-1. If they combine to form a single bigger drop,
what will be its terminal velocity?
A. 0.3 ms-1
B. 0.45 ms-1
C. 1.35 ms-1
D. 2.4 ms-1
 Terminal Velocity

1. Definition:
• “Maximum velocity attained by a freely falling particle through
a viscous medium under the action of gravity”.
2. Condition:
• Drag force = Weight
3. Mathematical Form:
• vt =
vt
• vt =
2
4. Variation in Terminal Velocity:
• Initially:
• Weight > Up thrust + Viscous force
• After some time:
• Weight = Up thrust + Viscous force
• =g+6
• v = (d-)g
• Conclusion:
• v r2, that why big drops attain terminal speed earlier than the
small rain drops.
• v (d-), i.e. if d < the body will go up instead going down.
• Time of attaining terminal velocity is smaller for big drops and
larger for small drops.
5. Dependence of Terminal Velocity:
i. Dependence on Radius:
• Two bodies of different materials have same mass, Then the
radius will be different due to density difference.
• (vt ∝ r) if two bodies have same mass.
• water >
• >
Since m1 = m2,
• >
• r2 > r 1
MCQ: An oil and water droplet of same mass and
size are falling freely, Whose terminal velocity
will be greater?
A. Oil
B. Water
C. Both have same
D. None of these
ii. Dependence on Mass:
• Two bodies of different materials have same radius, Then the
mass will be different due to density difference.
• (vt m) if two bodies have same radii.
• water >
• >
Since r1 = r2,
• m1 > m 2
MCQ: An oil and water droplet of same size are
falling freely, Which will attain terminal
velocity at first?
A. Oil
B. Water
C. Both at same time
D. Will not attain
MCQ: Which one of the following curves shows correctly the
variation of velocity ‘v’ with time ‘t’ for a small spherical
body falling vertically in a long column of viscous
liquid?
A.

B.

C.

D.
MCQ: An object of mass 100 g is falling through air,
The force of opposition on it cannot be
greater than:
A. 0.001 N
B. 0.1 N
C. 0.98 N
D. 0.490 N
 Fluid Flow

1. Definition:
• “Motion of a fluid subjected to unbalanced forces or
stresses”.
2. Types of Fluid Flow:
i. Streamline or Laminar Flow:
• If every particle that passes a particular point, moves along
exactly the same path, as followed by particles that passed that
point earlier.
• Characteristic of Streamline Flow:
• Density () = low
• Viscosity (η) = high
ii. Turbulent Flow:
• “The irregular and unsteady flow of fluid”.
• Characteristic of Turbulent Flow:
• Density = High
• Viscosity = Low
iii. Critical Velocity:
• “The velocity above which fluid flow becomes turbulent”.
iv. Properties of an Ideal Fluid:
• Viscosity = Zero (Non-viscous)
• Density = Constant (Incompressible)
• Flow = Steady (Laminar)
MCQ: The dimension of pressure is:

A. ML-1T-2
B. ML2T-2
C. ML-2T-2
D. ML-1T-1
MCQ: An incompressible liquid is continuously flowing
through a cylindrical pipes whose radius is 2 R at
point A. The radius at point B in the direction of flow
is R. If the velocity of liquid at A is V then its velocity
at point B will be?
A. v
B. 2v
C. 4v
D. v / 2
MCQ: As the water falls, its cross sectional area:

A. Decreases
B. Increases
C. Remains constant
D. First increases then decreases
MCQ: A horizontal tube has radii r1 and r2 at two places A
and B respectively. If r1 = 2 r2 then relationship
b/w velocity at A (vA) and velocity at B (vB) will be:
A. vA = 2vB
B. vA = 4vB
C. vA = ½vB
D. vA = ¼vB
MCQ: A pipe which is constricted at middle. If A1 is much
greater than A2 and speed of water flowing at middle
is 20m/s, then pressure difference is given by:
A. 100 k Pa
B. 200 k Pa
C. 300 k Pa
D. 400 k Pa
 Equation of Continuity

1. Definition:
• “For ideal fluids the product of cross sectional area and the
fluid speed at any point along the pipe remain constant”.
• Av = Constant
• It is law of conservation of mass in fluid dynamics.
2. Flow Rate:
i. For Incompressible Fluids:
• Av =
ii. For Compressible Fluids:
• Av =
3. Equation of Continuity for different Fluids:
i. For Incompressible Fluids:
• A1v1 = A2v2
ii. For Compressible Fluids:
• 1A1v1 = A2v2.
MCQ: In equation of continuity if velocity of flowing
fluid is doubled, the area of cross section will
be:
A. Double
B. Half
C. One fourth
D. Remain Same
MCQ: The product of cross-sectional area of the pipe and the
fluid speed at any point along the pipe is for steady
flow of a non-viscous and incompressible fluid:

A. Zero
B. Exponentially increase
C. Exponentially decrease
D. Remain constant
MCQ: For the horizontal pipe, the fluid inside it is
flowing horizontally then Bernoulli’s equation
can be written as:
A. P + v2 = constant
B. 2P + v2 = constant
C. P + 2v2 = constant
D. 2P + 2v2 = constant
 Bernoulli’s Equation

1. Definition:
• The sum of pressure, kinetic energy per unit volume and
potential energy per unit volume is constant.
P + 𝟐 + ρgh = Constant
MCQ: The product of Bernoulli’s equation and
equation of continuity is:

A. Pressure
B. Power
C. Density
D. Viscosity
2. Condition for Bernoulli’s Equation:
• The fluid should be;
• Incompressible.
• Non viscous.
• Flow is steady.
3. Important points related to Bernoulli’s Equation:
• It is law of conservation of energy in fluid dynamics.
i. Dimensions of Bernoulli’s Equation:
• Bernoulli’s equation = Pressure = ML-1T-2
• (Equation of continuity) (Bernoulli’s equation) = Power
ii. Applications of Bernoulli’s Equation:
• Venturi effect (Bernoulli’s principle).
• Torricelli’s theorem
• Venturimeter.
4. Bernoulli’s Equation of Fluids:
i. Bernoulli’s Equation for Static Fluids:
• P + ρgh = Constant
• Pressure + Potential energy density = Constant

ii. Bernoulli’s Equation when Fluids moves in Horizontal Pipe:

• P + 𝟐 = Constant
MCQ: A man standing near a fast moving train may
fall?

A. On the train
B. Away from the train
C. Towards the train
D. On himself
MCQ: The lift on aeroplane is based on:

A. Torricelli’s theorem
B. Bernoulli’s principle
C. Law of gravitation
D. Coulomb’s law
MCQ: In cricket when bowler produce reverse
swing, the ball will move towards?

A. Shining side of the ball

B. Rough side of the ball
C. Seam of the ball
D. Goes straight
MCQ: The level of in a tank is 5 m high. A hole of area 1
cm2 is made in the bottom of the tank. The rate of
leakage of water from the hole: (g = 10 ms-2)
A. 10-3 m3s-1
B. 10-4 m3s-1
C. 103 m3s-1
D. 10-2 m3s-1
MCQ: The rate of flow of a liquid through an orifice
at the bottom of the tank does not depend on:

A. The density of the liquid

B. The area of cross-section of the orifice
C. The height of the liquid above the orifice
D. The acceleration due to gravity
MCQ: A 2 m tall cylinder, full of water has four identical
small holes at heights 1.8 m, 1.2 m, 0.6 m and 0.3
m. The speed of efflux is maximum from:
A. 1.2 m high hole
B. 1.8 m high hole
C. 0.6 m high hole
D. 0.3 m high hole
MCQ: A tank is filled with water upto height H when
a hole is made at height h below the level,
What will be the horizontal range of water?
A. 2
B. 2

C. 4
MCQ: A water reservoir contain “h” meter high water, there
are four holes A, B, C and D, at heights h, h/2, h/4 and
h/8 respectively, the speed of efflux is greater at

A. Hole A, B
B. Hole B
C. Hole C, D
D. Hole D
 Application Of Bernoulli’s Equation

1. Venturi Effect (Bernoulli’s Principle):

• “Where the speed of the fluid is high the pressure will be
low”.
i. Venturi Effect in Car and Truck:

ii. Venturi Effect in Perfume and Water Heater:

iii. Venturi Effect in Swing of Tennis Ball:
2. Torricelli's Theorem:
• “The speed of efflux is equal to the velocity gained by the
fluid in falling through a height (h1 – h2) under the action of
gravity”.
• Mathematical Form:
• v=
• The speed of fluid will be greater when the height difference
is greater.
• Torricelli's theorem in Water Dam:
3. Venturi Relation:
• P1 – P2 = v22
i. Venturimeter:
• “Device measures the speed of fluid”.
4. Blood Flow:
• Blood is an in compressible fluid.
• Its density is nearly equal to water.
• Its viscosity is 3 to 5 times greater than water.
• Due to high concentration of 50 % RBC’s.
• Blood vessels are like thin rubber hoses.
• Density of blood is strong enough to keep the vessels
inflated.
• This pressure of blood on vessels is called blood pressure.
• Systolic pressure = 120 torr
• Diastolic pressure = 80 torr
• 1 torr = 133.3 Nm-2.
• Manometers are used to measure pressure.
• Sphygmomanometer measures blood pressure.
MCQ: What is the sped of an incompressible non-viscous
liquid flowing out from ‘B’ contained in a container as
shown in the figure? Where AB = 5 m and g = 9.8 m/s 2?

A. 5 m/s
B. 10 m/s
C. 2 m/s
D. 50 m/s
MCQ: A small leak is developed in a large water storage
tank. If the height of water above leakage is 10 m,
then found the speed of efflux through the leak?
A. 10 ms-1
B. 9.8 ms-1
C. 14 ms-1
D. 20 ms-1
MCQ: The speed of efflux through a small hole in a
large tank is 9.8 m/s. Find the height at the
fluid above the hole:
A. 1 m
B. 9.8 m
C. 4.9 m
D. 19.6 m
MCQ: Flow speed of the fluid through a non - uniform
pipe increase from 1 m/s to 3 m/s. If change in P.E
is zero, then pressure difference between two
points will be: (density of the fluid = 1000 kg/m 3)
A. 1000 N/m2
B. 9000 N/m2
C. 8000 N/m2
D. 4000 N/m2
MCQ: As the water falls from the tap, the cross
sectional area should decrease according to?

A. Bernoulli Equation
B. Equation of Continuity
C. Venturi Relation
D. None
MCQ: The blood pressure varies from high systolic
pressure of about:

A. 80 – 90 torr
B. 75 – 85 torr
C. 75 – 80 torr
D. 120-125 torr
MCQ: Stoke’s law holds for:

A. Cylindrical bodies
B. Cubical bodies
C. Spherical bodies
D. None of these
MCQ: The pressure in a pipe of varying cross
sectional area, the pressure at smallest radius
portion of it:
A. Minimum
B. Maximum
C. Both (A) and (B)
D. None of these