SESSION 3

15-05-2023
Work and Energy
MCQ: A person hold a bucket of weight 60 N. He walks
‘1 m’ along the horizontal path, then climbs up a
vertical distance of ‘5 m’. The total work done by man
is:
A. 300 Nm
B. 420 Nm
C. 720 Nm
D. 640 Nm
MCQ: If a force of ( + ) N gives a particle
displacement of (2 +) m. Work done is:

A. 40 J
B. 20 J
C. 10 J
D. 60 J
MCQ: Work done in holding a mass of 50 kg at a
height of 2 m above ground is:

A. Zero
B. 25J
C. 100J
D. 980J
MCQ: A flywheel of mass 60 kg, radius 40 cm is
revolving 300 revolutions per min. Its kinetic
energy will be:
A. 480 J
B. 48 J
C. 48J
D. J

R = 0.4 m
W=300x2
V = RW= 4 m/s
K.E. = 0.5 (60) (16 π2) = 480 π2
MCQ: Total work done in moving body up and down
through same height in gravitational field is:

A. Zero
B. - ve
C. + ve
D. May be max or min
MCQ: Which of the following is non-conservative:

A. Friction
B. Air Resistance
C. Tension in string
D. All of these
MCQ: A gas expands from 5 litre to 205 litre at a
constant pressure 50 N/m2.The work done is:

A. 2000 J
B. 1000 J
C. 10000 J
D. None
MCQ: During swinging of simple pendulum:

A. The work done by gravitational force is zero

B. The work done by tension force is always zero
C. The mechanical energy of bob does not remain
constant in the absence of air
D. The mechanical energy remains constant in the
presence of air resistance
MCQ: work done is:

A. 20 J
B. 25 J
C. 30 J
D. 35 J
 Work done by a constant Force

1. Force:
• “An agency which produced or tends to produce acceleration
in a body”.
Force

Constant Variable
Force Force

No change in Either change

20 N in a
magnitude 20 N East in magnitude
Circle
and direction and direction
2. Work:
i. Definition:
• “The product of magnitudes of the displacement and the
component of the force in the direction of the displacement”.
ii. Formula:
• Dot product of force and displacement.
W = F . d = Fd cos
iii. Dependence of Work:
• Force
• Displacement
• Angle between force and displacement.
iv. Quantity:
• Scalar quantity.
v. Units of Work:
• J = Nm = Watt s
• 1 J = 107 erg
• 1 J = 6.25 1018 eV
• 1 eV = 1.6 10-19J
• 1 kWh= 3.6 MJ
• 1 cal = 4.18 J
vi. Dimension:
• J = [ML2T-2]
vii.Types of Work:
viii. Work done by Graphical method:
• Displacement along x – axis.
• Force along y – axis.
• F=ma=m
• Area under force displacement graph is “Work”.
 Work done by a variable Force

1. Interval method of work by variable Force:

• A particle is acted upon by a variable force moving along the
path from point ‘a’ to point ‘b’.
2. Graphical method of work by variable Force:
• If the limit The total area of the rectangles approaches the
area the area between the F cos curve and d – axis from a to
b.
Wtotal =

• Work done by variable force is equal to the area under the

‘F cos’ verses ‘d’ curve between the point ‘a’ and ‘b’.
 Work done by Gravitational Field

1. Gravitational Field:
• “The space around earth in which earth’s gravitational force
acts”.
• Work done in gravitational field is independent of path.
• WADB = 0 + (- mgh)
• WADB = -mgh.

• WACB = - mgh + 0
• WACB = -mgh.
 • WAB = -mg ()
() = h
• WAB = -mgh
• Work done by gravitational force gives the idea
of conservation and non - conservation fields.
2. Conservation and Non - conservation Fields:
Non-conservative
Features Conservative Field
Field
A field in which work is A field in which work is not
1. Definition independent of path or work done independent of path and work
in a closed path is zero. done in a close path is not zero.
• Friction
• Air drag
• Gravitational force
• Tension in string
2. Examples • Electrical force
• Normal force
• Elastic spring force
• Propulsion force of a force and
rocket
MCQ: Power is:

A. The time derivative of force

B. The time derivative of kinetic energy
C. The distance derivative of work
D. The distance derivative of force
 Power

1. Definition:
• “Rate of doing work w.r.t time”.
• Power does not mean that you have more energy.
• It’s the rate at which you consume or prevail energy.
• A rat can be much powerful than elephant.
2. Formulas:
• Average power =P=
• Instantaneous power = P =
• Linear power =P= .
• Angular power =P=
• Electrical power =P=IV
3. Quantity:
• Power is a scalar quantity.
4. Unit of Power:

Power

British Food Electrical

MKS CGS (1 Hp = 746 W Calories / hour (Kilo watt =
(Watt = Js-1) (erg s-1) 1 Hp = 550 ft lb (1 Hp = 33000 ft 1000 W
s-1) lb min-1) 1 KWh = 3.6 MJ)

5. Dimension:
• [ML2T-1]
6. Kilo Watt Hour:
• Electrical energy is measured in terms of power consumption.
1 kWh = 3.6 106 J = 3.6 M J
MCQ: Slope of work time graph is:

A. Work
B. Force
C. Power
D. Momentum
MCQ: A balloon is rising from the surface of earth
then its potential energy:

A. Increases
B. Decreases
C. First increases then decreases
D. Remains constant
MCQ: If a compressed spring is dissolved in acid:

A. The energy of the spring increases

B. The energy of acid decreases
C. The potential energy and kinetic energy of
molecules of acid increases
D. The temperature of acid decreases
 Introduction to Energy

1. Energy:
• “Ability of a body to do work”.
• Only conservative forces can store energy.
2. Types of Energy:
• K.E and P.E are the microscopic form of energy.
i. Kinetic Energy:
• Kinetic energy of a body due to its motion.
• K.E = mv2 =
ii. Potential Energy:
• The energy is possessed by a body because of its position in a
force field.
a. Types of Potential Energy:
• Gravitational potential energy = mgh
• Elastic potential energy =k
• Electric potential energy =q
Source Energy (J)
1. Burning 1 ton coal 30 9

2. Burning 1 litre petrol 5

3. K.E of a car at 90 kmh-1 1

4. Running person at 10 km h-1 3

5. Fission of one atom of

1.8 -11
uranium

6. K.E of a molecule of air 6 -21

MCQ: The kinetic energy of a particle moving on a
curved path continuously increases with time.
Then:
A. Resultant force on the particle must be parallel to
the velocity at all instants
B. The resultant force on the particle must be at an
angle less than 900 all the time
C. Its height above the ground level must
continuously decrease
D. The magnitude of its linear momentum is
increasing continuously
MCQ: If a car is moving on a straight road with
constant speed, then:

A. Work is done by engine against force of friction

B. Net work done on car is zero
C. Net work done on the car in not zero
D. Both A and B are correct
MCQ: The work done on a particle is equal to the
change in its kinetic energy:

A. Always true for horizontal motion

B. Only if the force acting on the body are
conservative
C. Only if the forces acting on the body are
gravitational
D. Only if the forces acting on the body are elastic
 Work Energy Principle

1. Definition:
• “Work done on a body is equal to change in its kinetic as well
as potential energy”.
W= m- m
• If a body is raised up from the surface of earth than;
W = mgh2 – mgh1
• If a body is compressed or stretched than;
W= K- K
 Absolute Potential Energy

1. Statement:
• “The work done by the gravitational force in displacing the
object from that position to infinity where the force of gravity
become zero”.
2. Mathematical Form:
• When ‘r’ is the distance from center of earth
U=
Negative sign shows gravitational field of masses is attractive
• Absolute potential energy at the surface of the earth r = R.
Ug =
MCQ: Vesc of an object depends upon:

A. Mass of planet
B. Orbital velocity of planet
C. Mass of body
D. Both B and C
MCQ: The ratio of Vesc and Vo is:

A.
B.
C. 1
D. 2
MCQ: The momentum of a particle numerically
equal to K.E of that body. Then velocity of a
body is:
A. 9 ms-1
B. 3 ms-1
C. 2 ms-1
D. 1 ms-1
 Escape Velocity

1. Definition:
• “The initial velocity of an object with which it goes out of the
earth’s gravitational field”.
• Initially kinetic energy is provided by a body to lift it to
infinity distance from surface of earth.
K.E = m
2. Mathematical Form:
• Body will escape out if K.E is equal to change in P.E.
vesc =
vesc =
• vesc = 11.2 km / s
• vesc = 40.320 km / h
• vesc = 6.96 miles / s
• vesc = 25000 miles / h
3. Relation between vesc and vo:
• vesc = and vo =
Then,
vesc = vo
4. Velocity of Projectile and Trajectory:
• Projectile fall on earth v<
• Projectile moves in circular path v=
• Projectile moves in elliptical path < v < vesc
• Projectile moves in hyperbolic path out v > vesc
• Projectile escape out v = vesc
 Interconversion of Potential Energy and
Kinetic Energy
1. Statement:
• “One form of energy is converted into other form of energy
but total energy of system remain constant”.
Etotal = K.E + P.E
2. Calculation:
• At point ‘A’;
K.E = 0 and P.E = mgh
ET = 0 + mgh
ET = mgh
• At point B;
K.E = mgx and P.E = mg(h - x)
ET = mgx + mg(h - x)
ET = mgh
• At point C;
K.E = mgh and P.E = 0
ET = mgh + 0
ET = mgh
i. Key point:
• As body fall velocity of body increase so K.E increase.
• As body fall height of body decrease so P.E decrease.
Loss of P.E = Gain in K.E
mg(h1 – h2)= m( - )
ii. Under the action of Fractional Forces:
• A part of P.E is used to work against fractional forces.
P.E = mgh – fh
• In this case change in P.E is;
mgh = mv2 + fh
So,
Loss in P.E = Gain in K.E + Work done against friction
 Conversion of Energy

1. Law of Conservation of Energy:

• “Energy neither be created nor be destroyed. It can be
transformed from one form to another, but the total amount
of energy remains constant”.
Total Energy = P.E + K.E = Constant
2. Examples:
• Conversion of sunlight into chemical energy.
• Conversion of electrical energy into kinetic energy.
• Conversion of chemical energy into thermal energy.
3. Renewable and Non – renewable Energy Resources:
 Non Conventional Energy Sources

1. Conventional Energy Sources:

• “The energy sources which cannot be compensated, once
these are used after their exploitation”. Conventional
Non-
conventional
1. Hydral 1. Tides
2. Oil 2. Waves
3. Coal 3. Solar
4. Gas 4. Biomass
5. Nuclear 5. Geothermal
6. Wind
2. Non – conventional Energy Sources: 7. Waste

• “All these sources are renewable or inexhaustible and do not

cause environmental pollution”.
i. Energy from Tides:
• Ocean water on earth is like rubber band.
• Gravitational pull of moon give rise to the tides in oceans.
• Tides rise water twice in a day.
• High tide is called spring tide.
• Low tide is called neap tide.
• Dam is filled at high tide to drive the released in a controlled
way to low tide to drive the turbine.
• Dams on sea shore can provide electrical energy from tides.
• Tidal power plant, Turbines are located inside the dam.
ii. Energy from Waves:
• Tidal movement and wind produce waves.
• Salter duct is used to generate wave.
• Duck float
• Balance float
• The wave energy makes duct float move relative to the balance
float.
• This relative movement is used to run generator.
• Land sliding and earthquakes cause giant waves to produce.
iii. Solar Energy:
• Sun is our main source of energy
• Solar constant = 1.4 kWm-2
• Sun light reduce due to,
• Reflection
• Absorption
• Scattering
• Devices to used solar energy;
• Flat plate collector
• Solar cells
• Solar energy can directly used through;
• Solar absorber
• Solar reflector
• Solar panels
• High temperature achieved to run turbines through;
• Small surface area
• Huge reflector (Mirror or lenses)
• Nickle cadmium batteries are connected with solar panels.
• Solar cells are for long time and have low running cost.
• Solar cells are used in;
• Power station
• Weather station and rain forest.
• Solar calculators and watches.
iv. Energy from Biomass:
• Biomass is the potential source of renewable energy.
• Methods for conversion biomass into fuel.
a. Direct Conversion:
• Burning in the presence of oxygen
• Burning mass boils water
• Boiling water creates steam
• Steam runs turbine and generator
b. Fermentation:
• Decomposition in the absence of oxygen
• This process can create biofuel.
• Digester tank is very good example
• Conversion of biomass to electrical energy.
v. Energy from Waste Product:
• Solid waste can be used to get energy by direct combustion.
• Heat produced in this way is directly utilized in boiler to produce
steam that run turbine.
vi. Geothermal Energy:
• Energy from the interior of earth.
• Structure of earth is like boiled egg.
• Crest
• Mantle
• Core
• Core temperature is about 6000 K.
• Due to convection heat rises from the core.
• This heat melts rocks creating lava and magma.
a. Radioactive decay
• Alpha
• Beta
• Gamma
b. Residual heat of earth
• 10 km deep
• 200o C
c. Compression of materials
• Water and rocks contact
• Geyser
• Aquifer
vi. Advantages and disadvantages of non-convenctional
energy sources:
Energy
Advantages Disadvantages
resources

• Provide large amount of

• Nonrenewable.
thermal energy per unit
• Burning produce smog
mass.
1. Fossil fuels • Easy to get and transport.
• Burning coal caused acid
rain.
• Used to generate electricity
• Risk of oil spills.
and make products (plastic).

• Very concentrated form of

energy. • Produce radioactive waste.
2. Nuclear • Power plants do not produce • Nonrenewable
smog.

• Limitless source of energy. • Expensive to use

3. Solar • Do not produce pollution. • Only used in sunny areas.
 Energy
Advantages Disadvantages
resources
• Renewable • Dams disrupt a river’s
• Do not produce ecosystem
4. Water pollution. • Available only in river
areas

• Relatively inexpensive • Only used in windy

5. Wind to generate areas

• Limitless source of • Only located near hot

energy spots
6. Geothermal • Power plants require • Waste water can
little land damage soil
• Required large areas of
7. Biomass • Renewable farmland
• Produces smoke
MCQ: A diver weighing 750 N dives from a board 10 m
above the surface of a pool of water. Use the
conservation of mechanical energy to find his
speed at a point 5.0 m above the water surface,
neglecting air friction:
A. 9.9 ms-1
MCQ: Ten bricks, each 6.0 cm thick and mass 1.5 kg,
lie flat on a table. How much work is required
to stack them one on the top of another?
A. 40 J

W = n(n-1)mgh/2
MCQ: A 500 kg rocket travels in deep space at a
constant speed of 3000 m/s. The net power
produced by the rocket engine at this time is:
A. 1500 KW
B. 6 KW
C. 0.16 KW
D. None of these

P = F v = mgv = 500x10x3000= 15000000 W

MCQ: If the power of the body is 10 Js-1. Then
energy consumed by body in 1.5 s is:

A. 100 J
B. 10 J
C. 15 J
D. 150 J

W = P t = 15 J
MCQ: K.E of a body is increased by 21%. The
increased in momentum will be:

A. 5 %
B. 10 %
C. 30 %
D. 21%

P=
When K.E. is increased by 21 %, it becomes 1.21 E.
P’ = = 1.11 = 1.11 P
Momentum increased by 11 %
 16-05-2023
CIRCULAR MOTION
MCQ: A body is rotating in anti-clockwise direction
its angular velocity is:

A. Perpendicular to v
B. Perpendicular to r
C. Along the axis of rotation
D. All of these
Introduction to Circular Motion

1. Circular Motion:
• “Motion of a body in a circle or over a circular path”.
• The motion in which direction of velocity changes but
magnitude remain same.
2. Variable of Circular Motion:
i. Angular Displacement:
• “The angle that a rotating body goes through”.
a. Formula:

• ‘If is very small then angular displacement is a vector quantity’.

b. Units:
• Degree.
• Radian
• Revolution
Conversion:
• 1 rev = 360o = 2 rad
• 1o = 0.01745 rad
• 1 rad = 57.3o
• 1 rad = (rev
• ‘ dimension less quantity.
MCQ: What will be of minute hand of mechanical
watch in rad/min:
MCQ: What will be the of hour’s hand in rad/hour:
MCQ: The number of revolutions in 3 rad is:
 c. Direction:
• Curl figures in the direction of motion erect thumb shows angular
displacement.
• Anti – clockwise = +ive
• Clockwise = -ive
ii. Angular Velocity:
• Time rate of change of angular displacement.
a. Formula:
• =
• If T is period of revolution:
• =
b. Units:
• degree s-1.
• rad s-1
• rev min-1.
• Dimension of ’ is [T-1].
 c. Angular Velocity of Clock:
• Hour hand = rad / h
• Minute Hand = rad / min
• Second Hand = rad / sec
iii. Angular Acceleration:
• “Time rate of change of angular velocity”.
a. Formula:
• =
b. Units:
• rad s-2.
• degree s-2.
• rev min-2.
• Dimension of is [T-2].
 c. Direction:
• ‘’ and ‘’ are always along the axis of rotation.
• If increase then and are in same direction.
• If decrease then and are in opposite direction.
iv. Relation between Linear and Angular Variable:
• Linear (tangential) velocity is related to angular velocity;
• v=r
• In vector form;
• =r
• Linear (tangential) acceleration is related to angular
acceleration;
• a=r
• In vector form;
• =r
• All the points on rigid body rotating about a fixed axis have
same , , but different , , .
 • Relation between linear and angular variables:
Linear Motion Rotational Motion Relationship
1. Linear s Angular s=r
displacement displacement
2. Linear v= Angular = v=r
velocity velocity
3. Linear a= Angular a=r
acceleration acceleration

m Moment of I I = mr2
4. Mass
inertia
5. Linear P = mv Angular L=I =
momentum momentum
6. Force F Torque =
 • Linear and Angular Equations of Motion:
Equation Linear Equations Angular Equations
1. Distance formula S=v = t

2. 1st vf = vi + at f =t

3. 2nd S = vit + ½ at2 t + ½ t2

4. 3rd 2aS = vf2 – vi2 2= -

5. Second law of F = ma =
motion
6. Work W = F . ds W= .d

7. Kinetic energy K.E = mv2 K.E = I2

8. Work – Energy W = m- m W = I- I
principle
9. Power P=
MCQ: A body rotates with uniform speed ‘v’ in a circle of
radius ‘r’ and takes time ‘T’ to complete one revolution,
What was magnitudes of angular velocity ‘w’ the linear
velocity ‘v’ and ‘a’:
A. , ,
B. , ,
C. , ,
D. , ,
MCQ: A 3 Kg rock swings in a circle of radius 5 m. If
its constant speed is 8 ms-1, what is the
centripetal acceleration?
A. 12.8 ms-2
B. Zero
C. 15 ms-2
D. 6 ms-2
MCQ: A skater moves with 15 m/s in a circle of
radius 30 m. The ice exerts a central force of
450 N. What is the mass of the skater?
A. 90 Kg
B. 30 Kg
C. 60 Kg
D. 10 Kg
MCQ: The wall exerts a 600 N force on an 80-kg
person moving at 4 m/s on a circular platform.
What is the radius of the circular path?
A. 3.14 m
B. 2.13 m
C. 1.23 m
D. 3.12 m
Centripetal Force

1. Definition:
• “The force needed to bend the normally straight path of a
particle into circular path”.

2. Mathematical Form:
• Fc = = 2 =
3. Centripetal Acceleration:
• “The instantaneous acceleration of an object travelling with
uniform speed in a circle”.
i. Mathematical Form:
• a = = = 2=
4. Direction of Centripetal Force:
• Direction of Fc and ac;
• Along the radius of circle.
• Towards the centre of the circle.
• Perpendicular to velocity.
5. Centrifugal Force:
• “The reaction force of centripetal force”.
• f = -c
6. Car Negotiating a Flat Turn:
7. Key points:
• Work done by centripetal force is zero.
• Fc and Ff cannot balance each other because they always act
at different bodies.
• In case of centripetal force,
• Linear acceleration = ac =
• Tangential acceleration = at = 0.
MCQ: When pail is at highest point in case of
vertical motion, tension will be:

A. Max
B. Min
C. Remains same
D. None of these
MCQ: At what angle tension will be equal to ‘Fc’:

A. 60
B. 90
C. 0
D. 1
MCQ: A ball tied to a string is swing in a vertical
circle. Which of the following remains
constant?
A. Tension in the string
B. Speed of the ball
C. Centripetal force
D. Earth’s pull on the ball
MCQ: Mass ration of two bodies is 1 : 2, diameter
ratio 2 : 1 then moment of inertia ratio is:

A. 1 : 4
B. 4 : 1
C. 2 : 1
D. 1 : 2
MCQ: Moment of inertia does not depend upon:

A. Distribution of mass
B. Position of axis of rotation
C. Both ‘a’ and ‘b’
D. Angular speed
Moment of Inertia

1. Definition:
• “The measure of hindrance offered by a rigid body against
angular motion, when a torque acts on a body”.
2. Mathematically Form:
• “Product of mass and square of the perpendicular distance
from the axis of rotation”.
I = mr2
• It is also known as second moment of mass.
1. Unit and Dimension:
• kgm2 and [ML2].
2. Dependence of Moment of Inertia:
• Mass of the body
• Distribution of mass about the axis of rotation
3. Moment of inertia and mass:
• Moment of inertia plays same role in angular motion as the
mass in linear motion.
• Equation is the rotational analogous of Newton’s second law
F = ma.
6. Moment of inertia of different bodies:
Angular Momentum

1. Definition:
• If a body changes its angular position with some reference
axis.
2. Mathematical forms:
• =
• L = mrv sin
• L = mr2
• L=I
3. Types of angular momentum:
• Angular momentum is due to spin motion or orbital motion of
a body, and is also called moment of momentum.
i. Spin angular momentum:
• Angular momentum of a spinning body.
Ls = I
ii. Orbital angular momentum:
• Angular momentum of a body performing an orbital motion.
LO = I
• Orbital angular momentum is greater than spin angular
momentum.
Lo > L s
4. Angular momentum of a particle:
• The angular momentum of a particle of mass m with respect
to a chosen axis is given by
L = mvr sin
• more formally by the vector product,
=
• The direction is given by the right hand rule which would give
L the direction out of the diagram.
• For circular orbit L become,
L = mvr
5. Angular momentum of a rigid body:
• “The product of the moment of inertia and the
angular velocity”.
MCQ: Which of the following has the highest
moment of inertia if each has the same mass
and the same radius?
A. A ring about its axis perpendicular to the plane of
the ring
B. A solid sphere about one of its diameters
C. A spherical shell about one its diameters
D. A disc about its axis perpendicular to the plane of
its disc.
Law of Conservation of Angular Momentum

1. Statement:
• If no external torque acts on a system, the total angular
momentum of the system remains constant.
Ltotal = L1 + L2 + …. = constant
• Angular momentum is a conserved quantity only in isolated
system.
I1 = I 2
2. Applications of law of conservation of momentum:
• When a gymnast closes her arms while standing on a
rotating joy wheel, the wheel speed up, and slow down for
the reverse just to conserve angular momentum.
• Springboard diver has more rotation when she pulls her body
into tuck position.
• Balance of a sport bicycle is maintained due to the
conservation of angular momentum for its thin rotating
wheels.
MCQ: A disc a hoop and a sphere of same mass and radii
are rolled down from inclined plane. Which has
greater speed on reaching the ground.

A. Disc
B. Hoop
C. Sphere
D. All have same speeds
Rotational Kinetic Energy

1. Statement:
• Half of the product of moment of inertia and angular velocity.
K.Erot = I= L
K.Etrans = mv2
K.Etotal = K.Erot + K.Etrans
2. Kinetic energy and velocity of some objects:
Shape K.Erot K.Etran K.Etotal Velocity

1. Disc mv mv mv

2. Hoop mv mv mv

3. Solid mv mv mv
sphere

4. Spherical mv mv mv
shell
3. Key points:
• For the same mass from inclined plane, rotational K.E is
K.ESphere < K.EDisc < K.EShell < K.EHoop
(Simple hoop has maximum rotational K.E)
• For the same mass from inclined plane, velocity is
vSphere > vDisc > vShell > vHoop
(Sphere has maximum speed at the bottom)
MCQ: A hoop is place on an inclined plane at a
height of ‘10m’. Its velocity at bottom.
:

A. -1
B. -1
C. -1
D. -1
Artificial Satellites

1. Satellites:
• “An object revolving around a planet”.
2. Types of Satellites:
Satellites

Natural Artificial
Satellites Satellites

Naturally
Man made
revolving
satellites
around a planet

Example
Example
(Rocket, Space
(Moon)
ships)
3. Key points:
• Satellites revolve around earth due to force of gravity.
• For moon vo = vs.
• If vo vs, then object moves tangentially.
• Critical velocity = vc = = 7.9 kms-1.
• Time period = T = 5060 s 84 min.
MCQ: At what height above the surface of the earth
the weight of a person becomes w / 9?

A. h = R
B. h = 2R
C. h = 3R
D. h = 9R
MCQ: A man standing in a freely falling elevator
feels weightlessness because:

A. His weight actually becomes zero.

B. His mass becomes infinite due to relativistic effects
C. There is no upward push exerted.
D. The force of gravity outside the elevator is zero on
him by the floor of elevator.
MCQ: The minimum acceleration with which a
fireman can slide down a rope of breaking
strength two third of his weight is
A. Zero
B. g/3
C. 2g / 3
D. g
Real and Apparent Weight

1. Real Weight:
• The gravitational pull of the earth on the object.
• Weight of an object on the surface of moon is due to
gravitation pull of the moon.
• Real weight measure by spring balance.
2. Apparent Weight:
• Apparent weight is not equal to real weight in accelerated
system.
• It is equal and opposite to the force required to stop it falling
in that frame of reference.
3. Real and apparent weight in an elevator:
i. When elevator is at rest:
• T = w = mg
ii. When elevator moves upward:
• T = w + ma
• T = m (1 + )
iii. When elevator moves downward:
• T = w - ma
• T = m (1 - )
iv. Elevator Falling Freely:
• a = g.
• T = 0.
• Every thing in a free falling elevator will appear weightless.
• Space satellite are continuously in a state of weightless.
MCQ: An elevator is moving vertically up with an
acceleration a. The force exerted on the floor
by the passenger of mass m is:
A. mg
B. ma
C. mg + ma
D. mg - ma
MCQ: An 80 kg man stands on a spring balance in an
elevator. When it starts to move, the scale read
700 N. What is the acceleration of the elevator?
A. 1.25 ms-2 upwards
B. 2.0 ms-2 downwards
C. 2.0 ms-2 upwards
D. 1.25 ms-2 downwards
4. Monkey Climbing a Rope:
i. Climbing up with constant velocity:
• T = mg
ii. Accelerated upward:
• T = mg + ma
iii. Accelerated downward:
• T = mg – ma
5. Variation in weight due to shape:
6. Pendulum in an elevator:
i. Accelerated upward:
• T=2
• T (decrease)
• f (increase)
ii. Accelerated downwards:
• T=2
• T (increase)
• f (decrease)
iii. Free falling:
• T=2
• T
• f 0.
MCQ: The real weight of a person in an elevator
accelerating upward will:

A. Increase
B. Decrease
C. Remain same
D. Infinite
MCQ: A mass of 1 kg is suspended in a lift, it is lifted
up with an acceleration g/4 and lowered with
an acceleration g/4. The ratio of the tension is:
A. 3 : 1
B. 1 : 3
C. 5 : 3
D. 2 : 1
MCQ: A man of weight ‘W’ is standing in a lift which
is moving upward with acceleration equal to
‘g’. Then apparent weight becomes:

A. Zero
B. Double
C. Infinite
D. Half
Weightlessness and Gravity Free System

1. Statement:
• “A satellite which does not produce its own gravity moves
around the earth in a circular path under the action of
gravity”.
• The acceleration of satellite towards the center of earth is;
a=
• If a body of mass m placed on a surface inside a satellite
moving around the earth. Then force on the body are:
• The gravitational pull of earth = Fg =
• The reaction by the surface = FR
By Newton’s law;
Fg – FR = ma
- FR = m since FR = 0
• Thus, the surface does not exert any force on the body and
hence its apparent weight is zero.
• A body needs no support to stay at rest in the satellite and
hence all position are equally comfortable. Such a state is
called state of weightlessness.
MCQ: Speed of near satellites is ‘v’. Its orbital speed
when altitude is increased by half of earth’s
radius.
=
MCQ: At what height above the surface of earth the
weight of the body become quartered:

A. R
B. 2R
C. 3R
D. 4R
MCQ: If mass of the earth remain conserved, by
doubling radius, value of ‘g’ becomes:

A. 2g
B. g /2
C. g
D. g /4
MCQ: If the value of ‘g’ is increase for an object,
them what effect on the density of the
object?
A. Increase
B. Decrease
C. Remain same
D. None of these
Orbital Velocity

1. Statement:
• Orbital velocity for a satellite is;
v=
• Equation shows that orbital velocity is independent to the
mass of the satellite.
2. Acceleration due to gravity:
• g=
• g=
 • g=
• R = 6400 km
• 𝜌 = 5515 kgm-3
• g = 9.8 ms-2.
• g = 12700 kmh-2.
• g = 32 ft s-2.
3. Variation in value of g:
i. Variation of g above the surface of earth:
• g = ….. (i) or g’ = …… (ii)
• h R, 2R, 3R.
• g’ = g(1 - )
• h << R.
• As, we go above the surface of the earth value of g decrease.
ii. Due to Depth:
• g’ = g(1 - )
• d << R
• As we go below the surface of the earth the
value of g decrease.
iii. Variation in g due to shape of earth:
• Earth is elliptical in shape. It is flattened at the poles and bulged
out at the equator.
• At equator ge = …. (i)
• At pole gp = …. (ii)
From i and ii
=
 REquator > RPole
• The REquator is about 21 km longer than RPole.
gPole > gEquator
• gPole = gEquator + 0.018 ms-2
• The weight of the body increases as it is taken from equator to
the pole.
iv. Variation due to density:
• g=
g R
MCQ: Value of ‘g’ on the planet with mass and
radius halved that of the earth will be:

A. g
B. g/2
C. 2g
D. g/4
MCQ: If you tunnel through the diameter of the earth and
throw an object of mass 100 kg through it, it will
reach the other part of earth in:
A. 3 days
B. 84 min
C. 42 min
D. Will stuck in center
MCQ: A man of weight ‘W’ is standing in a lift which
is moving upward with acceleration equal to
‘g’. Then apparent weight becomes.
A. Zero
B. Double
C. Infinite
D. Half
Artificial Gravity

1. Gravity Free System:

• “If satellite is falling freely with an acceleration ‘g’ towards
the center of earth. So, apparent weight of all the bodies
inside it is zero (weightless)”.
2. Artificial Gravity:
• “Artificial gravity is produce when satellite is set into rotation
around its own axis”.
• Artificial gravity is a reactional force, which gives impression
of real gravity, when ac = g.
3. Frequency of Artificial Satellite:
• Frequency of rotation to produce artificial gravity, in a space
is;
f=
4. Time period of Artificial Satellite:
• Time period of rotation to produce artificial gravity, equal to
real gravity is;
T=
MCQ: Geo-stationary satellites has angular speed:

A. Greater than earth orbital speed

B. Equal to spin angular speed of earth
C. Half to that of earth
D. Equal to moon
Geostationary Orbits

1. Geostationary Satellite:
• “A satellite whose position does not change w.r.t a certain
point on earth”.
2. Radius of Geostationary Satellite:
• Radius of geo-stationary satellite is;
r == 4.23 m
3. Height of Geostationary Satellite:
• Height of geo-stationary satellite is above the equator is
36000 km.
4. Orbital velocity of Geostationary Satellite:
• Orbital velocity of geo-stationary satellite is;
vo = = = 3.1 kms-1
Communication Satellite

1. Statement:
• A satellite communication system can be set up by placing
several geo-stationary satellites in orbits over different points
on the surface of the earth.
2. Key points:
• Geo-stationary satellite completes one rotation in 24 hours.
• Three geo-stationary satellite placed at 120o intervals about
the equator can effectively cover the whole globe for
communication.
• The largest satellite communication system is managed by
126 countries and named as International Telecommunication
Satellite Organization (INTELSAT).
• 3 correctly positioned geo-stationary satellites are required
for world wide communication.
Newton’s and Einstein’s views of Gravitation

1. Newton’s View:
• “Gravitational interaction is taking place between material
objects and is directly proportional to the product of the
masses of the objects and inversely proportional to the
square of the distance between their center”.
2. Einstein’s View:
• “Gravitational interaction is taking place between material
objects and also between material object and
electromagnetic radiation”.
• Gravity follows the inverse square law, but when gravitational
fields are very strong inverse square law does not hold.
• Einstein’s theory is more close to the experimental facts than
that of Newton’s theory.
MCQ: A girl stands on a weighing scale placed in a
stationary lift (elevator). The scale reads 30 kg. The lift is
then activated to move from ground floor to 10th floor. As
the lift moves from its stationary position on the ground
floor until it comes to rest on the 10th floor, the scale
reading will:
A. Remain constant
B. First decrease, become constant for some time and
then increase
C. First increase, become constant for some time and
then decrease
D. First increase become constant for some time and
then increase
MCQ: A 100 kg satellite orbiting 400 km above the earth
has an orbital speed of v km/h. A 200 kg satellite with the
same orbital radius will required an orbital speed:
A. v km/h
B. v/ km/h
C. 2v km/h
D. km/h
MCQ: Orbital speed of satellite going around the
earth increased if the distance from the earth is:

A. Increased
B. Decreased
C. Remain same
D. None of these
MCQ: 100 kg mass moves in a circle of radius 100 m
with a speed of 36 ms-1. Calculate centripetal force.

A. 100 N
B. 150 N
C. 200 N
D. 36*36 N
MCQ: A body moving along the circumference of a circle
complete two revolutions. If the radius of the circular path
is R, The ratio of displacement to the covered path will be?

A. R
B. 2R
C. Zero
D. 4R
MCQ: Angular frequency of second pendulum is:

A. Pi
B. 2 Pi
C. 3 Pi /2
D. 1
MCQ: Two satellites S1 and S2 are with radius from
the Centre of earth of 80,000 and 40,000
then their orbital velocity v1 and v2 are:
A. √2 v1 = v2
B. √2 v2 = v1
C. v1 = v2
D. None of these
MCQ: A boy named Amir sees a scale placed on
earth while he is in aero plane. Then the length of
scale will:
A. Increased
B. Decreased
C. Remain same
D. None of these