Fundamentals of Mechanics

(Energy and Work)

Dr. Sajjad Tahir

Department of Nuclear Engineering

Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences
 Energy
• Energy is required for any sort of motion
• The energy approach to describing motion is particularly useful when
Newton’s Laws are difficult or impossible to use
• Energy:
o Is a scalar quantity assigned to an object or a system of objects
o Can be changed from one form to another
o Is conserved in a closed system, that is the total amount of energy
of all types is always the same
• In this chapter we discuss one type of energy (kinetic energy)
• We also discuss one method of transferring energy (work)
 Kinetic Energy
• Kinetic energy:
o The faster an object moves, the greater its kinetic energy
o Kinetic energy is zero for a stationary object
• For an object with v well below the speed of light:

1 2
K = mv Equation (7-1)
2
• The unit of kinetic energy is a joule (J)

1 joule = 1 J = 1 kg × m 2 /s 2 . Equation (7-2)

Example

6.4 km
 Example
Energy released by 2 colliding trains with given weight and
acceleration from rest:
o To find the K.E of two locomotives, we need their velocities just before the
collisions and their mass
The final velocity of each locomotive is: 1 2
o
K= mv
2
v 2 = v02 + 2a ( x - x0 ) .
v2 = 0 + 2 ( 0.26 m/s 2 )( 3.2 ´ 10 3 m ) ,
v = 40.8 m/s = 147 km/h.
o Convert the given weight to mass:
1.2 ´ 10 6 N
m= = 1.22 ´ 10 5
kg.
9.8m/s 2
 Example

• The kinetic energy will be then:

æ1 2ö
= 2 ç mv ÷ = (1.22 ´ 10 kg )( 40.8 m/s )
2
K 5

è2 ø
= 2.0 ´ 10 8 J. ( Answer )
 Work and Kinetic Energy

• Start from force equation and 1-dimensional velocity:

Fx = ma x , Equation (7-3)

v 2 = v02 + 2a x d . Equation (7-4)

!
• Multiplying with 𝑚:
"
1 2 1 2
mv - mv0 = Fx d . Equation (7-5)
2 2
• The left side is now the change in energy
• Therefore work is:
W = Fx d . Equation (7-6)
 Work
1 2 1
• Start with mv - mv0 2 = Fx d Work “W”
2 2

• Work provides a link between force and energy

• Work done on an object is transferred to/from it
• If W > 0, energy added: “transferred to the object”
• If W < 0, energy taken away: “transferred from the
object”
 Definition of Work
• The work, W, done by a constant force on an object is
defined as the product of the component of the force
along the direction of displacement and the magnitude
of the displacement
W º ( F cos q ) d
!" !"
W = F ×d
• F is the magnitude of the force
• D is the magnitude of the
object’s displacement !
! !
• q is the angle between F and d d
SI Unit
Newton • meter = Joule
N•m=J
 Work: + or -?
• Work can be positive, negative, or zero. The sign of
the work depends on the direction of the force
relative to the displacement

W º ( F cos q ) d
• Work positive: W > 0 if 90°> q > 0°
• Work negative: W < 0 if 180°> q > 90°
• Work zero: W = 0 if q = 90°
• Work maximum if q = 0°
• Work minimum if q = 180°

!
d
 Example: When Work is Zero
• A man carries a bucket of water
horizontally at constant velocity.
• The force does no work on the
bucket
• Displacement is horizontal
• Force is vertical
• cos 90° = 0
W º ( F cos q )Dx
 Example: Work Can Be Positive or Negative

• Work is positive when lifting

the box
• Work would be negative if
lowering the box
• The force would still be
upward, but the
displacement would be
downward
Example:
 Work Done by a Constant Force
• The work W done on a system by an !
agent exerting a constant force on the F
! !
system is the product of the F Dr
magnitude F of the force, the !
magnitude Δr of the displacement of Dr
the point of application of the force, I II
and cosθ, where θ is the angle
between the force and displacement WI = 0 WII = - FDr
vectors:
!
! ! ! F
W º F × Dr = FDr cos q F
! !
Dr Dr
III IV
WIII = FDr WIV = FDr cos q
 Work and Force
• An Eskimo pulls a sled as shown. The total mass
of the sled is 50.0 kg, and he exerts a force of
1.20 × 102 N on the sled by pulling on the rope.
How much work does he do on the sled if θ =
30°and he pulls the sled 5.0 m ?
W = ( F cos q )Dx
= (1.20 ´10 2 N )(cos 30! )(5.0m)
= 5.2 ´10 2 J
Work and Kinetic Energy

Figure 7-2
Work Done by Multiple Forces
• If more than one force acts on an object, then the
total work is equal to the algebraic sum of the work
done by the individual forces

Wnet = å Wby individual forces

• Remember work is a scalar, so
this is the algebraic sum

Wnet = Wg + WN + WF = ( F cos q )Dr

Work and Multiple Forces
• Suppose µk = 0.200, How much work done on the sled
by friction, and the net work if θ = 30° and he pulls
the sled 5.0 m ? Fsinθ

Fnet , y = N - mg + F sin q = 0 Fcosθ

N = mg - F sin q F=1.20 × 102 N

m= 50 kg
W fric = ( f k cos180! )Dx = - f k Dx From previous case
= - µ k NDx = - µ k (mg - F sin q )Dx WF = 5.2 ´102 J

= -(0.200)(50.0kg × 9.8m / s 2 Wnet = WF + W fric + WN + Wg

- 1.2 ´10 2 N sin 30! )(5.0m) = 5.2 ´10 2 J - 4.3 ´10 2 J + 0 + 0
= -4.3 ´10 2 J = 90.0 J
Work-Kinetic Energy Theorem
• When work is done by a net force on an object and
the only change in the object is its speed, the work
done is equal to the change in the object’s kinetic
energy
• Speed will increase if work is positive
• Speed will decrease if work is negative

1 2 1 2
Wnet = mv - mv0
2 2

Wnet = KEf - KEi = DKE

Kinetic Energy and Work

• Work is related to kinetic energy

1 2 1
mv - mv0 2 = ( Fnet cos q )Dx
2 2
xf
= ò F × dr
xi

Wnet = KEf - KEi = DKE

 Work-Kinetic Energy Theorem

• The work-kinetic energy theorem holds for positive and

negative work
• Example If the kinetic energy of a particle is initially 5 J:
• A net transfer of 2 J to the particle (positive work)
o Final KE = 7 J
• A net transfer of 2 J from the particle (negative work)
o Final KE = 3 J
Work and Kinetic Energy
Work and Kinetic Energy
• (a) We know v0 = 35.0m / s, v = 0, m = 1.00 ´103 kg , f k = 8.00 ´103 N
• Find the minimum necessary stopping distance
1 1
Wnet = W fric + Wg + WN = W fric = mv 2 - mvo2
2 2
1 2
- f k Dx = 0 - mv0
2
1
- (8.00 ´103 N )Dx = - (1.00 ´103 kg )(35.0m / s ) 2
2
Dx = 76.6m
Work and Kinetic Energy
• (b) We know if Dx = 30.0m, v0 = 35.0m / s, m = 1.00 ´103 kg , f k = 8.00 ´103 N
• Find the speed at impact.
• Write down the work-energy theorem:
1 2 1 2
Wnet = W fric = - f k Dx = mv - mvo
2 2
2
v 2 = v02 - f k Dx
m
2
v = (35m / s ) - (
2 2
)(8.00 ´ 10 3
N )(30 m ) = 745 m 2
/ s 2

1.00 ´103 kg

v = 27.3m / s
Or v0 = 35.0m / s, v = 0, m = 1.00 ´103 kg , f k = 8.00 ´103 N
V = 98 km/hr
 Checkpoint
• A particle moves along an x axis. Does the kinetic energy of the
particle increase, decrease, or remain the same if the particle's
velocity changes (a) from −3 m/s to −2 m/s and (b) from −2 m/s to
2 m/s? (c) In each situation, is the work done on the particle
positive, negative, or zero?
Answer:
(a) energy decreases
(b) energy remains the same
(c) work is negative for (a), and work is zero for (b)
 ehefloorfloor and
and safe
safe make
make frictionless
frictionless contact.
contact. → → ment d . (b) A free-body diagram 30.0° for Ftheg safe.
Sample
(a) What is Problemthe net work7.02 done on Work the safe done by twoF1constant
by forces and F2 forces, industrial Spy 002
(a) dspies
d F
Fgg F11 (b)
→ →
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What
KEY
hat7-4a isisthe
during the
IDEAS
shows
net
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two done
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displacement
work
industrial
done on on the ?spies
dthe safe
safe
sliding
byby forces
→ forces F1 and
and F→F
Spy 001 Figure 7-4(a)
(b) →
(a) Spy
(a)
During Two002
the spies move
displacement,
(b) through a displace
safe
(b)
what is the work Wg
nary Figure225 kg7-4a floorshows →
safe →?two industrial spies
a displacement d ofsliding
magnitude
2
1 an initially
2
Figure 7-4ment (a ) dTwo. (b)spies
A free-body
move a parallel
diagram
floor Only
safe to
for the→
force
the
through components
displacement
safe.
the
ngstationary
the displacement
displacement→ d d ? → Figure → 7-4 Spy
(a
the
001
) Two
safe spies
by the move a floor
gravitational safe through
force F aa displace-
and
displace-
what is the w
. (1)
TheThe pushnet F1 work
225 kg
of spy floorW done safe
001 is 12.0 a onNthe
displacement
at an safe by the
angle d of two forces
magnitude
of 30.0° ment →
is dd .. (b) A free-body diagram do for parallel
work.
the safe.
safe. to the
g → displacement
KEY → → N at an angle of 30.0° ment (b) A free-body diagram for the
ward 8.50
the from m.IDEAS
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thethepush F1 of spy
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the do isindividually.
pull 12.0 F2 of → spy (2)002Because
is we (b)done During on thethe safe by the normal
displacement, dowhat
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force
is theFwork N from Wtheg done
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YIDEAS F2
N
N IDEAS
downward
can
at treat
40.0° above from
the safe
thethehorizontal.
as horizontal;
a  particle The the
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the
magnitudesF2 of spy
forces are
and 002 is During
constant
(b) the safe
the by the gravitational
displacement, what force
is the F and
workFN what is the on
done work
(1) The net work W done on the safe by the two forces is (b) During the displacement, what → is the gwork
→ WFW
2 gg done on
10.0 
in bothNthese
atmagnitude
40.0° above and thedirection,
horizontal. The
we can magnitudes
use either and
Eq. 7-7 KEY IDEA Safe
→ 40.0°
The
ons
e thenet of
net sum
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work
forces
ofW done
the
W done works doonon
not
they
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do
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asthe
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two (2)moves,
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is
the
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by the ongravitational
the the safe by the
gravitational normal
force
force →
force
and
Fgg and
F what
Safewhat FNis
30.0°
from
is40.0°
the work
the the floor?
work WWNN
e candirections
(W
floor = Fd the
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cos these
safesafeϕ)make forces
orasdoEq. do not
7-8 (Wand
frictionless change
= Fthe
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· dforces safe
) to calculate moves, those
done →
m
um treat
ofofthe theworks
works they
they a make
do particle
individually.
individually. (2)
(2) Because
Because areweweconstant doneon on thethe safe
safe by
Because
the
the normal
by these normal
dforces
force
force from the
FNN from
are Fconstant Fg Fthe
30.0° floor?
floor?
1in both magnit
and
works. the floor
Let’s and
choose safe Eq. 7-7. frictionless contact. KEY IDEA
eat in both magnitude and direction, we can →constant
use either → Eq. 7-7 d Fg F
reat
hat isthethesafe
the safe
net asasa a particle
work particle
done onand the
andsafe
the theforces
byforces
→ →are
forces areF1constant
and→F2 → direction, (a) we can find the work (b) they do1 with Eq. 7-7
hthe
oth (W
(a) = Fd is
magnitude
What
magnitude cos and
the ϕ)net
and or→ Eq. done
direction,
work
direction, 7-8we can
(Won=
we can theF use · deither
safe
use ) to
by
either calculate
Eq.
forcesEq. F7-7
1 and
7-7 FKEY
thoseKEY
Figure
IDEA
IDEA
7-4 (a) Two
(a)
spiesforcesmove aare floor safe through
(b)
a displace-
Calculations: From Eq. →
displacement d ? → 7-7
→ →
and
→ the free-body diagram for → 2 Because these constant in both magnitude
=FdFd works.
during
cos cos Let’s
ϕ)ϕ)
theoror choose
displacement
Eq.Eq. 7-87-8 Eq. 7-7.
(W(W =d= F?F· ·dd) )totocalculate →
calculate those
those Figure
ment ddirection,
. (b) 7-4
Calculations:(a
→A free-body
) Two spies
Thus,
diagram move fora
with floor
mg
the safe. safe
as through
the magnitudea displace- of th
the safe in Fig. 7-4b, the work done by F1 is Because
Because ment these
these
d . (b) we
forces
forces
A can are
free-body find the
constant
diagramwork in
for they
both
the do with
magnitude
magnitude
safe. Eq. 7-7. and
and
s.Let’s
Let’schoose chooseEq. 7-7. Eq. 7-7. tational force, we write
IDEAS
Calculations: From Eq. 7-7 and the free-body diagram direction,
direction, we
for we can can find find the work they do with Eq. 7-7. Eq. 7-7.
KEY IDEAS W1 = F1d cos ϕ1 = (12.0 N)(8.50 →m)(cos 30.0°) (b) During Calculations:
the displacement, Thus,
Wg = mgd cos with
what mg isas the
the
90°is=the magnitude
work W done of the
on gr
the safeFrom
ations:
ulations: in
From Fig. Eq. 7-4b,
Eq. 7-77-7 the
and
and work
the done
thefree-body
free-body by Fdiagramis
1diagram for
for (b) During the displacement, →what mgd(0)workg =W0g done on (
= 88.33 J, → → the two forces is the safe tational
Calculations: by the force,
gravitationalwe writeforce F →
and what is the work W
ee (1)
net
in inFig.work 7-4b, W done
the work on donethe safe
by by Calculations:
the safeand byThus,
Thus, with mg asforce
the gravitational
N = FNd
Wnormal cos magnitude
theg magnitude
→Fg =
90° and FNwhatd(0) ofisthe
of the
= the gravi-
0.gravi-
workN W(
afe Fig.
The W 7-4b,
net = work
F the
d cos work
W done
ϕ done
= on
(12.0 by
theF
N)(8.501isis by
F1safe the
m)(cos two forces
30.0°) is
done on the safe by the force F →
from the floor?
mthe of the → tational
tational force,
force, wesafe
we write
write
Wgby = themgdnormalcos 90°force =Nmgd(0) = 0the floor? (Answ
theworks
1 1they do1 individually. (2) Because we we done on the FN from
and sum work
of thedone worksbythey F2 isdo individually. (2) Because We should have known this result. Because these fo
W
eatcanW =
1the = F Fd
safe dcoscos
= ϕ ϕ
88.33
as safe
a  = = (12.0
(12.0
J, N)(8.50
N)(8.50 m)(cos
m)(cos
1 1particle and the forces are constant 30.0°)
30.0°) WWgg = = mgd
mgd cos 90° = mgd(0) = 0 (Answer)
(Answer)
1 1 1
treat the as a  particle and the forces are constant KEY KEY and
IDEA perpendicular W N = F d cos 90°
toN the displacement = F N d(0) = 0.
of the safe, they (Answ
h andin = =
magnitude
both W
88.33
88.33 =
and
2 J,J,
magnitude cos
F2ddirection,
and ϕ→ = we can
(10.0 N)(8.50
2direction, use
we can m)(cos
either
use Eq.
either40.0°)
7-7 Eq. 7-7 IDEA
the work done by F2 is→ → → → and Wework
and WW
should == F
N on haveFthed
N safecos known90° =
and this F d(0)
doNnot result.= 0.
transferBecause any(Answer)
(Answer)
these
energy forces
to o
Fd(W cos= ϕ) Fd or
cos Eq.
= →→
65.11
ϕ) 7-8
or (W 7-8
J.
Eq. = F(W· d = )Fto· calculate
d ) to those those
calculate
N N
he
eLet’s work
workchoose done
done=by by F
F2dF2cos is
2is ϕ = (10.0 N)(8.50 m)(cos 40.0°) Because
We should
We should
Becausethese
perpendicular
have
have forces
theseknown
known are
to the
forces constant
thisare displacement
result. in
Because
constant bothinofboth magnitude
the magnitude
these
these safe,
forces
forces theyand
are
aredoand 7z
works. W Let’s
2 Eq. 7-7.
choose Eq. 7-7.
2
direction, (c)
weon The
can safe
find is
the initially
andwork stationary.
they do What is its speed
Thus, the net work W is work
direction,
perpendicular
perpendicular the
we
to
to the
thesafe
can find
displacement do work
the not thewith
transfer
ofthey do any
safe, Eq. 7-7.
with energy
they dotozero
Eq. 7-7. or from
W W2= 2= F2F d2dcos cos ϕϕ
= 65.11 =J.(10.0
2 2= (10.0
N)(8.50m)(cos
N)(8.50 m)(cos40.0°) 40.0°) end of the 8.50 m displacement?safe, they do zero
lations:
Calculations: From Eq. From 7-7Eq. and7-7 theand free-body
the diagram
free-body for for
diagram workon
work on(c) the
theThe safe
safe safeandisdo
and do not transfer
not
initially transfer
stationary. any
any energy
energy
What is to
to or
or from
from it.
it.
Thus, = =65.11
65.11
the Wnet =J.W
J. work1+W W 2is= 88.33 J→ + 65.11 → J Calculations:
Calculations:
Calculations: Thus, We with
Thus, relate mg the
with asmg the asmagnitude
speed theto magnitude
the ofits
work the
ofspeed gravi-
the
done
v f at
gravi
by
e the
in Fig. 7-4b, the work done
safe in Fig. 7-4b, the work done1 by F1 is by F is (c) The end
safe of isthe 8.50
initially m displacement?
stationary. What is its speed v at the
= is J ≈ 153 J. tational
(c) The tationalKEY
force, we
force,
safe is initially IDEA
write
we write
stationary. What isenergy
its speed v at the
WORKcombining
DONE BY Eqs. THE 7-10 (the work–kinetic theorem) and
f
, thenet
the network work W W153.4
is (Answer)
7-3 GRAVITATIONAL FORCE 155 f
W1 = F1W W 1=F
d cos = W +
ϕ11d=cos
1 W
(12.0 = 88.33
ϕ1 =N)(8.50
2 J + 65.11
m)(cosm)(cos
(12.0 N)(8.50 J
30.0°) 30.0°) end
end 7-1of the
of the 8.50
(the8.50 m
m mgd
definition displacement?
displacement?
of kinetic energy):
W g =W g = mgd cos cos=90°
90° = mgd(0)
mgd(0) = 0 = 0 (Answer) (Answer
During
W=WW = W + +
the =
W W8.50
=
153.4 = m
88.33
88.33J ≈ J
153 J
+ +
displacement, 65.11
65.11
J. J J therefore, the spies
(Answer) trans- KEY The IDEA
speed of the safe changes because its kinetic e
88.33
1 1 J, 88.33
2 2 J,
and and W = WF =
d F
cos d cos
90° =90°F 1= F 2 d(0)
d(0) = 1 = 20.
0. (Answer) →
(Answer
fer 153 J of energy to the kinetic energy of the safe. KEY IDEA changed N = K
W
when
N f − Ki =is
Nenergy N2 mv Nf − 2 mv i . to it by F1 and
transferred
== 153.4
153.4 J≈≈
Jby →153J.J.
153 → (Answer)
work (Answer) KEY IDEA N
elculations:
During
and
work the the
done We
work 8.50 relate
Fm
done the speed to the
displacement,
2 isby F2 is
therefore, done by trans-
the spies done is 153.4
We We
should
The
The J.speed
should
Solving
have
initial
offor
have
known
speed
the
v known
isthis
and changes
v fsafe
zero,
then substituting
this
result.
and result. because
Because
we now Because
knowthese
known
itsthese
kinetic
that →
forcestheforcesenerg
→ar
are
work
mbining Eqs. 7-10 (the to work–kinetic energy theorem) and data, wespeed
find that
changed when energy is transferred to it by and 2.
i
ng fer
g (the the 153 8.50
the=definition
8.50 J mofm energy
displacement,
displacement, the kinetic
therefore,
therefore, energy the
the of the
spies safe.
spies40.0°)trans-
trans- The
The of
perpendicular
speed
perpendicular of the the
to the safe changes
todisplacement
safe the
changes because
displacement
becauseof the ofits kinetic
the
itssafe, safe,
kinetic F
energy
they
theyenergy do zero doisFzero
is
W F Wd 2=F
cos cos
of22dkinetic
ϕ = ϕ2energy):
(10.0 =N)(8.50
(10.0 N)(8.50
m)(cos m)(cos
40.0°) →→ →→
1

353J Jofofenergy
2 energytotothe
2 thekinetic
kineticenergy energyofofthe thesafe.
safe. changed work whenon the energy
safe andisnot
transferred
dotransfer
not transfer to
to it by
by F
any F11 and
energy to orto FFfrom. from
2or it. it
√ √
changed
work on when
the safe energy
and 2W do is 2(153.4
transferred J)any itenergy and 2.
= 65.11 J.
= 65.11WJ. = Kf − Ki = 2 mv f − 2 mv i . 1 2 1 2 v f = =
Sample
(c)safeTheissafe Problem m
is initially 7.03 225 kgWorkWhat
stationary. done by a constant
Thus, the net work W is (c) The initially stationary. What is itsisspeed its speed v f atv ftheat th
the
e initialnet workspeed W v i isiszero, and we now know that the work = 1.17 m/s. (Answer)
ofend
end During theof8.50 them
a storm,
8.50 m displacement?
displacement?
a crate of crepe is sliding across a slick,
Work done by a Gravitational Force
• Gravitational Force
• Magnitude: mg
• Direction: downwards to the Earth’s
center
• Our equation is: Wg = mgd cos f
• For rising object:
Wg = mgd cos 180° = mgd ( -1) = - mgd .

• For falling object:

Wg = mgd cos 0° = mgd ( +1) = + mgd .
 Work done by a Gravitational Force

• Examples You are a passenger:

• Being pulled up a ski-slope
o Tension does positive work, gravity does negative work
 Work done by a Gravitational Force

• Examples You are a

passenger:
• Being lowered down in an
elevator
o Tension does negative work,
gravity does positive work
 Work Done By a Spring
• A spring force is the variable force from a spring
o A spring force has a particular mathematical form
o Many forces in nature have this form

• Figure (a) shows the spring in its

relaxed state: since it is neither
compressed nor extended, no force
is applied
• If we stretch or extend the spring it
resists, and exerts a restoring force
that attempts to return the spring to
its relaxed state
 Work Done By a Spring
• The spring force is given by Hooke's law:
!" !"
F s = -k d Equation (7-20)

• The negative sign represents that the force always opposes the
displacement
• The spring constant k is a measure of the stiffness of the spring
• This is a variable force (function of position) and it exhibits a
linear relationship between F and d
• For a spring along the x-axis we can write:
!" "
F x = -k x Equation (7-21)
 Work Done By a Spring
• To understand the
work done by the
spring, we divide the
displacement of the
spring into very small
segments.
• Let the force in each
segment Δx1, Δx2,
Δx3,….. be Fx1, Fx2,
Fx3,….. If the displacement segments
• Then the total work are infinitesimally small, then
done will be: we can write:
n!!" !!!" xf
Ws = å Fi × Dxi Ws = ò - Fx dx.
i =1 xi
 Work Done By a Spring
• Plug in the magnitude of the force Fx =kx:

xf 1 2 1 2
Ws = ò -(kx)dx = kxi - kx f
xi 2 2
1 2 1 2
Ws = kxi - kx f Equation (7-25)
2 2
Ws = PEsi - PEsf
• The work:
o Can be positive or negative
o Depends on the net energy transfer
rce.

Example: Work Done By a Spring

fore and after the displacement, then this

When a spring does work on an object, we cannot find the work by

simply multiplying the spring force by the object’s displacement.
The
sitions, reason isalong
respectively, thatthethere
xaxis is
forno one value for the force—it changes.
b) 2However,
cm, 3 cm; andwe can
(c) −2 cm,split
2 cm.the displacement up into an infinite number of
In each
rce on the block positive, negative, or zero?
tiny parts and then approximate the force in each as being constant.
Integration sums the work done in all those parts. Here we use the
ne generic
by a springresult to of
change kinetic energy
the integration.
we cannot find the
The spring force does
orce by the object’s
negative work, decreasing
no one value for the v
speed and kinetic energy.
it the displacement
xf
sW and ò
= approxi-
s then
xi
- Fx dx. k
Frictionless m
nt. Integration sums
we use the generic
d
ss m = 0.40 kg slides Stop First touch
h speed v= 0.50 m/s. Figure 7-11 A canister moves toward a spring.
Example:
It then runs into Work Done
and compresses By ofa spring
a spring Springconstant
k = 750 N/m. When the canister is momentarily stopped by
the spring, by what distance d is the spring compressed?
Key Ideas
KEY IDEAS

1. The work Ws done on the canister by the spring force

is related to the requested distance d by Eq. 7-26
(Ws = −12 kx 2), with d replacing x .
2. The work Ws is also related to the kinetic energy of the
canister by Eq. 7-10 (Kf − Ki = W).
3. The canister’s kinetic energy has an initial value of
K = 12 mv 2 and a value of zero when the canister is
momentarily at rest.

Additional examples, video, and practice available

 Example: Work Done By a Spring
ant Calculations: Putting the first two of these ideas together,
by we write the work – kinetic energy theorem for the canister as
Kf − Ki = −12 kd2.
Substituting according to the third key idea gives us this
expression:
rce
0 − 12 mv 2 = −12 kd2.
-26
Simplifying, solving for d, and substituting known data then
the give us

√ √
m 0.40 kg
of d=v = (0.50 m/s)
k 750 N/m
is
= 1.2 × 10−2 m = 1.2 cm. (Answer)
 Conservation of Energy

• Shown here is part of a Ball Machine sculpture by George Rhoads. A ball in this contraption
is lifted, rolls, falls, bounces, and collides with various objects, but throughout its travels, its
kinetic energy changes in definite, predictable amounts, which depend on its position and
the objects with which it interacts. (credit: modification of work by Roland Tanglao)
 Energy Transforms: Example
• As a football starts its descent toward the wide receiver, gravitational potential
energy is converted back into kinetic energy.
 Types of Forces
• Conservative forces
• Work and energy associated with
the force can be recovered
• Examples: Gravity, Spring Force, EM
forces
• Non-conservative forces
• The forces are generally dissipative
and work done against it cannot
easily be recovered
• Examples: Kinetic friction, air drag
forces, normal forces, tension
forces,…
Conservative Forces
• A force is conservative if the work it does on an object
moving between two points is independent of the
path the object it takes between the points
• The work depends only upon the initial and final positions
of the object
• Any conservative force can have a potential energy function
associated with it

• Work done by gravity Wg = PEi - PE f = mgyi - mgy f

1 2 1 2
• Work done by spring force Ws = PEsi - PEsf = kxi - kx f
2 2
Nonconservative Forces
• A force is nonconservative if the work it does on an
object depends on the path taken by the object
between its final and starting points.
• The work depends upon the movement path
• For a non-conservative force, potential energy can NOT be
defined
• Work done by a nonconservative force
! !
Wnc = å F × d = - f k d + å Wotherforces
• It is generally dissipative. The dispersal
of energy takes the form of heat or sound
Extended Work-Energy Theorem
• The work-energy theorem can be written as:
Wnet = KEf - KEi = DKE
Wnet = Wnc + Wc
• Wnc represents the work done by nonconservative forces
• Wc represents the work done by conservative forces
• Any work done by conservative forces can be accounted for by
changes in potential energy Wc = PEi - PE f

• Gravity work Wg = PEi - PE f = mgyi - mgy f

1 2 1 2
• Spring force work Ws = PEi - PE f = kxi - kx f
2 2
Extended Work-Energy Theorem
• Any work done by conservative forces can be accounted for by
changes in potential energy
Wc = PEi - PE f = -( PE f - PEi ) = -DPE
Wnc = DKE + DPE = ( KE f - KEi ) + ( PE f - PEi )

Wnc = ( KE f + PE f ) - ( KEi + PEi )

• Mechanical energy includes kinetic and potential energy
1 2 1 2
E = KE + PE = KE + PE g + PEs = mv + mgy + kx
2 2
Wnc = E f - Ei
Problem-Solving Strategy
• Define the system to see if it includes non-conservative forces
(especially friction, drag force …)
• Without non-conservative forces
1 2 1 1 1
mv f + mgy f + kx 2f = mvi2 + mgyi + kxi2
2 2 2 2
• With non-conservative forces Wnc = ( KE f + PE f ) - ( KEi + PEi )
1 1 1 1
- fd + å Wotherforces = ( mv 2f + mgy f + kx 2f ) - ( mvi2 + mgyi + kxi2 )
2 2 2 2

• Select the location of zero potential energy

• Do not change this location while solving the problem
• Identify two points the object of interest moves between
• One point should be where information is given
• The other point should be where you want to find out something
Work Done on a System by an
External Force
Learning Objectives
8.13 When work is done on a system by an external force with no
friction involved, determine the changes in kinetic energy and
potential energy.
8.14 When work is done on a system by an external force with
friction involved, relate that work to the changes in kinetic
energy, potential energy, and thermal energy.

1
Work Done on a System by an External Force
4. System = block + Spring + Earth
1. System = block only Now there are no external forces that do
Spring force and gravity are external forces; work on the system, therefore,
therefore no P.E.
K.E of the block changes due to external
DKE + DUg + DUs = 0
work done by spring and gravity, therefore,
DKE = Ws + Wg
2. System = block + Spring
Gravity remains external force;
Spring is within the system, therefore we
include its interaction with the block
through its P.E, therefore,
DKE + DUs = Wg
3. System = block + Earth
Gravity is included in the system while
spring force remains external, therefore,
DKE + DUg = Ws FIGURE 13-2. A block, a spring, and the Earth can be grouped in
different ways to define the system and its environment.
Work Done on a System by an
External Force

3
Work Done on a System by an
External Force
• For a system with friction:

DEth = f k d ( increasein thermalenergy bysliding ).

W = DEmec + DEth

• The thermal energy comes from the forming and breaking of

the welds between the sliding surfaces

4
Work Done on a System by an
External Force

5
Work Done on a System by an
External Force
Checkpoint 5
In three trials, a block is pushed by a horizontal applied force across a floor that is not
frictionless as shown on previous slide. The magnitudes F of the applied force and the
results of the pushing on the block’s speed are given in the table. In all three trials, the
block is pushed through the same distance d. Rank the three trials according to the
change in the thermal energy of the block and floor that occurs in that distance d, greatest
first.
Trial F Result on Block’s Speed
a 5.0 N decreases
b 7.0 N remains constant
c 8.0 N increases
Answer:
All trials result in equal thermal energy change. The value of fk is the same in all cases,
since µ k has only 1 value.
6
Conservation of Energy
• D E = D K + D U = 0 if conservative forces are the only forces
that do work on the system.
• The total amount of energy in the system is constant.
1 2 1 1 1
mv f + mgy f + kx 2f = mvi2 + mgyi + kxi2
2 2 2 2
• D E = D K + D U = -fkd if friction forces (Non-conservative) are
doing work on the system.
• The total amount of energy in the system is still constant, but
the change in mechanical energy goes into “internal energy”
or heat.
æ1 2 1 2 ö æ1 2 1 2ö
- f k d = ç mv f + mgy f + kx f ÷ - ç mvi + mgyi + kxi ÷
è2 2 ø è2 2 ø
 Conservation of Mechanical Energy
q A block of mass m = 0.40 kg slides across a horizontal
frictionless counter with a speed of v = 0.50 m/s. It runs into
and compresses a spring of spring constant k = 750 N/m.
When the block is momentarily stopped by the spring, by
what distance d is the spring compressed?
Wnc = ( KE f + PE f ) - ( KEi + PEi )

1 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 2
mv f + mgy f + kx 2f = mvi2 + mgyi + kxi2 0 + 0 + kd = mv + 0 + 0
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1
0 + 0 + kd 2 = mv 2 + 0 + 0
2 2
m 2
d= v = 1.15cm
k
Block-Spring Collision
• A block having a mass of 0.8 kg is given an initial velocity vA = 1.2 m/s to the
right and collides with a spring whose mass is negligible and whose force
constant is k = 50 N/m as shown in figure. Assuming the surface to be
frictionless, calculate the maximum compression of the spring after the
collision.

1 2 1 1 1
mv f + mgy f + kx 2f = mvi2 + mgyi + kxi2
2 2 2 2

1 2 1
0 + 0 + kxmax = mv A2 + 0 + 0
2 2

m 0.8kg
xmax = vA = (1.2m / s ) = 0.15m
k 50 N / m
 Block-Spring Collision
• A block having a mass of 0.8 kg is given an initial velocity vA = 1.2 m/s to the
right and collides with a spring whose mass is negligible and whose force
constant is k = 50 N/m as shown in figure. Suppose a constant force of kinetic
friction acts between the block and the surface, with µk = 0.5, what is the
maximum compression xc in the spring.

1 1 1 1
- fd + å Wotherforces = ( mv 2f + mgy f + kx 2f ) - ( mvi2 + mgyi + kxi2 )
2 2 2 2
1 1
- µ k Nd + 0 = (0 + 0 + kxc2 ) - ( mv A2 + 0 + 0)
2 2
N = mg and d = xc
1 2 1 2
kxc - mv A = - µ k mgxc
2 2
25 xc2 + 3.9 xc - 0.58 = 0 xc = 0.093m
 Energy Review
• Kinetic Energy
• Associated with movement of members of a system
• Potential Energy
• Determined by the configuration of the system
• Gravitational and Elastic
• Internal Energy
• Related to the temperature of the system
• Lets understand this internal energy with the help of example:

DKE + DUs + DEint = 0

 Internal Energy Example

System = Base ball + Air + Earth Conservation of energy implies that

No external force on this system, therefore,
DKE + DUs + DEint = 0
The change in potential energy of the system is
Solving for Eint

The change in Kinetic energy of the system is

This internal energy increase might be observed as a temperature rise
of the ball and the surrounding air, or perhaps as kinetic energy of the
air left in the wake of the falling ball.
 Conservation of Energy
• Energy is conserved
• This means that energy cannot be created nor destroyed
• If the total amount of energy in a system changes, it can
only be due to the fact that energy has crossed the
boundary of the system by some method of energy transfer
Ways to Transfer Energy
Into or Out of A System
• Work – transfers by applying a force and causing a
displacement of the point of application of the force
• Mechanical Waves – allow a disturbance to propagate through
a medium
• Heat – is driven by a temperature difference between two
regions in space
• Matter Transfer – matter physically crosses the boundary of
the system, carrying energy with it
• Electrical Transmission – transfer is by electric current
• Electromagnetic Radiation – energy is transferred by
electromagnetic waves
Connected Blocks in Motion
• Two blocks are connected by a light string that passes over a frictionless
pulley. The block of mass m1 lies on a horizontal surface and is connected to a
spring of force constant k. The system is released from rest when the spring is
unstretched. If the hanging block of mass m2 falls a distance h before coming
to rest, calculate the coefficient of kinetic friction between the block of mass
m1 and the surface.

- fd + å Wotherforces = DKE + DPE

1
DPE = DPE g + DPEs = (0 - m2 gh) + ( kx 2 - 0)
2
1
- µ k Nx + 0 = -m2 gh + kx 2
2
N = mg and x=h 1
m2 g - kh
1 µk = 2
- µ k m1 gh = -m2 gh + kh 2 m1 g
2
Questions ?