Work, Energy and Power!

ENERGY

What is another term for

the ability to do work?
 Energy
Energy: The ability of an object to
do work
 Units: Joules (J)
 Work
Work is done when a task produces
a change in energy
Factors affecting work done:
 The application of a force
 The movement of the object by that
force over a distance
 Energy and Work
• Energy is the ability to do work.

• Work is the energy transferred to

or from a system by a force that
acts on it.
Work

• In physics, work
represents a
measurable change
in a system,
caused by a force.
Work Concept

• Work is defined as a force acting upon an object to cause a

displacement
• Mathematically, work can be expressed by the following
equation.
• W= F x d cos q, if ( cos 00 = 1) then W= F x d
• where F = force, d = displacement, and the angle (theta) is
defined as the angle between the force and the displacement
vector
Atlas holds up the Earth
But he doesn’t move,
d = 0

Work= Fx d = 0

He doesn’t do any work!

Garry does work when
he picks up the tray

but not while he

carries it around
the room

d is not zero,
but d is 0
Work (force is parallel to distance)

Force (N)

Work (joules) W=Fxd

Distance (m)
Work (force at angle to distance)

Force (N)

Work (joules) W = F x d cos (q) Angle

Distance (m)
 Work Calculations

W=F x d W=F x d cos 300 W= F x d

=100N X 5m = 100N X 5m X .87 =15Kg(10m/s2 ) X 5m

=500 N m = 413 N m = 750 N m

 Other Example

• Renzie is out with her friends. Misfortune occurs and

Renzie and her friends find themselves getting a workout.
They apply a cumulative force of 1080 N to push the car
218 m to the nearest fuel station. Determine the work done
on the car.
235, 440 J
 Other Example

• Myla has just arrived at the airport and is dragging her

suitcase to the luggage check-in desk. She pulls on the strap
with a force of 190 N at an angle of 35° to the horizontal to
displace it 45 m to the desk. Determine the work done by
Myla on the suitcase.
7003.75 J
 Power
How much work is performed
over a period of time
Therefore:
Power = Work / Time
P = W/t
Units: Watts (W) where 1 W = 1 J/s
POWER

Power is the measure for how fast the work is

●

done.

Symbol Quantity Unit

W work J
t time s
P power J/s = W (watt)
Vave Average m/s
velocity
 Other units
• Power is the rate that we use energy.
• Power = Work or Energy / Time
• P = W/t
= (F x d)/t
= FV
• The units for power :
– J/s
– Kg m2 / s2 /s
–Nm/s
 Power
amout of energy
Rate of using energy: Power = elapsed time

Joule
Units: 1 second = 1 Watt

A 100 W light bulb

consumes 100 J of
electrical energy each
second to produce light
 Kilowatt hours
energy
Power = time  energy = power x time

 power unit x time unit = energy unit

Elec companies use: Kilowatts x

hours
(103 W) (3600 s)

1 kilowatt-hour = 1kW-hr

= 1000 W x 3600 s = 36,000 Ws

= 36,000 J
Power Calculation

• A 5 Kg Cart is pushed by a 30 N force against friction for a

distance of 10m in 5 seconds. Determine the Power needed
to move the cart.
• P=Fxd/t
• P = 30 N (10 m) / 5 s
• P = 60 N m /s
• P = 60 J/s
• P = 60 watts
 Problem

• A new conveyor system at the local packaging plan will

utilize a motor-powered mechanical arm to exert an average
force of 890 N to push large crates a distance of 12 meters
in 22 seconds. Determine the power output required of such
a motor.
485.45 W
 What is Energy?

 Energy: The ability of an object to do

work
 Units: Joules (J)
 The amount of work done by an object
does not depend on the path taken
 Work depends only on the object’s starting
and ending points
 As work is done on an object, the object
itself gains the opportunity to do work
 Energy
For example:
 A bowstring drawn back on a bow
 Winding an alarm clock

 Raising the arm on a pile driver

All of these objects now have

the ability to do work
Energy
 Mechanical Energy
Mechanical Energy: Energy
of movement and position
 There are two major types of
mechanical energy:
Potential Energy: Energy of
position
Kinetic Energy: Energy of motion
 Potential Energy
Gravitational Potential Energy:
The potential due to elevated
positions
P.E. = mass x gravity x height
 P.E. = mgh
Recall: weight = mass x gravity
 Therefore: P.E. = weight x height
Potential Energy Calculation

• How much potential energy is lost by a

5Kg object to kinetic energy due a
decrease in height of 4.5 m?
• PE = mgh
• PE = (5Kg)(10 m/s2)(4.5 m)
• PE = 225 Kg m2/s2
• PE = 225 J
Potential Energy
 Kinetic Energy
Objects in motion are capable of
doing work
. .
KE = ½ mass velocity 2

KE = ½mv 2
Kinetic Energy Calculation

• The energy of motion

 DKE = W= F x d= mgh=1/2 mv2
• Find the kinetic energy of an 4 Kg object moving at 5m/s.
• KE = 1/2 mv2
• KE = ½ (4Kg)(5m/s) 2
• KE= (2kg) 25 m 2 /s 2
• KE = 50 Kg m 2 /s 2
• KE = 50 J
 Kinetic Energy
Note that the velocity of the object
is squared when determining KE
 If the velocity of the object is

doubled, the KE is quadrupled

Energy Conservation
 What is the Law of Conservation of
Energy?
 Law of Conservation of energy simply states that

“energy can never be created or destroyed, but it can be

transformed from one type to another.”
 Different Forms of Energy

 Chemical - Chemical energy comes from atoms and molecules and

how they interact.
 Electrical - Electrical energy is generated by the movement of
electrons.
 Gravitational - Large objects such as the Earth and the Sun create
gravity and gravitational energy.
 Heat - Heat energy is also called thermal energy. It comes from
molecules of different temperatures interacting.
 Different Forms of Energy

 Light - Light is called radiant energy. The Earth gets a lot of its energy
from the light of the Sun.
 Motion - Anything that is moving has energy. This is also called
kinetic energy.
 Nuclear - Huge amounts of nuclear energy can be generated by
splitting atoms.
 Potential - Potential energy is energy that is stored. One example of
this is a spring that is pressed all the way down. Another example is a
book sitting high on a shelf.
The Law of Conservation of
Energy
 Energy Conservation
Energy is constantly
transforming, but never
“disappears”
 Energy Conservation
Potential and kinetic energy are
constantly transforming back and
forth
 Most of the time during this
transformation, some energy is turned
to heat and transferred out of the system
 Why this definition?

Newton’s 2nd law: F=m a

Definition of work
+ a little calculus

Work= change in ½mv2

This scalar quantity is given
a special name: kinetic energy
Work = change in KE

This is called:

the Work-Energy Theorem

 Units again…

Kinetic Energy = ½mv2

m
kg 2
2

s
work = F x d same!
=1Joule
m
N m =kg 2 m
s
 Work done by gravity
end

start
dist dist∥
change in
vertical height
W=mg
Work = F x dist∥
= -mg x change in height
= -change in mg h
 Gravitational Potential Energy

Workgrav = -change in mgh

This is called:
“Gravitational Potential
Energy” (or PEgrav)

change
Workgrav
in =
PE-change
grav = -Work
in PE
grav
grav
If gravity is the only force doing work….

Work-energy theorem:

-change in mgh = change in ½ mv2

0 = change in mgh + change in ½ mv2

change in (mgh + ½ mv2) = 0

mgh + ½ mv2 = constant

 Conservation of energy

mgh + ½ mv2 = constant

Gravitational Kinetic energy
Potential energy

If gravity is the only force that does work:

PE + KE = constant

Energy is conserved
Free fall
(reminder) height

t = 0s 80m
V0 = 0

t = 1s 75m

V1 = 10m/s
60m
t = 2s
V2 = 20m/s

t = 3s 35m
V3 = 30m/s

t = 4s
0m
V4 = 40m/s
m=1kg free falls from 80m
t = 0s mgh ½ mv2 sum
V0 = 0 h0=80m 800J 0 800J
t = 1s
V1 = 10m/s; h1=75m 750J 50J 800J

t = 2s
V2 = 20m/s; h2=60m 600J 200J 800J

t = 3s
V3 = 30m/s; h3=35m 350J 450J 800J

t = 4s
V4 = 40m/s; h4=0 0 800J 800J
Conservation of Mechanical Energy
Energy can neither be created
nor destroyed, but only
transformed from one kind to
another.

(KE  PE ) inital  (KE  PE ) final

Works for systems with no
losses (friction, air resistance,
etc.)
Work Energy Theorem
The amount of kinetic energy transferred to the
object is equal to the work done. DKE = W
 Many of the problems can be worked from here
Summary

• Energy is the ability to move

• Potential is stored energy (Statics)
• Dependant on height
• Kinetic is moving energy (Dynamics)
• Dependant on velocity
• Springs store energy dependant on distance and constant
• Power is how fast the work is done