ENERGY, WORK AND POWER

CHAPTER 7
 WORK
F

W=Fxd Displacement
Work done (m)
(J) Force (N)
Work done is the product of the force and the
distance moved in the direction of the force.
 Example 1

If a 4 N force moves an object 3 m, find the work done.

Answer:
W=Fxd
=4x3
= 12 J
 Example 1

What is the work done when a force of 20 N displaces a

body through 50 cm?

Answer: 1m = 100 cm
W=Fxd 100 cm = 1 m
= 20 x 0.5 50 cm = 0.5 m
= 10 J
 Kinetic Energy Ek
Ek is the energy possessed by a body due to its motion.

1
Ek = mv22
Speed
Kinetic
(m/s)
energy
(J) Mass
(kg)
v

m
 Example 1

What is the kinetic energy when a body of mass 20

kg is moving a speed of 10 m/s?

Answer:
1
Ek = mv2
2
1
= 2 x 20 x 102
= 1000 J

v = 10 m/s

m = 20 kg
 Example 2

A bullet of mass 0.02 kg travels at a speed of 1200

m/s. Calculate its kinetic energy.

Answer:

Ek = mv2
1
2

= 2 x 0.02 x 12002
1

= 14 400 J

v = 1200 m/s

m = 0.02 kg
 Gravitational Potential Energy Ep
Ep is the energy possessed by a body due to its position.

Height
(m)
Ep = m g h
m
Gravitational
h potential
Gravitational
energy (J) Mass field strength
(kg) (N/Kg)
ground
 Example 1

If a 2 kg mass is 3m above the ground, find the

gravitational potential energy.

Answer:
2 kg
Ep = mgh m
= 2 x 10 x 3
= 60 J 3m

ground
 Power
Power is work done per unit time.

Power = Work done J P

W
Time taken
s

Power is energy transferred per unit time.

J
P
Power = energy transferred
W
Time taken
s
 Example 1

If an engine does 1500 J of work in 3 s, what is its

power output?

Answer:

Power = Work done = 1500 = 500 W

Time taken 3
 Example 2

An electric heater is rated at 250 W. Calculate the

quantity of heat generated in 10 minutes.

Answer:

Power = Work done

1 min = 60 s
Time taken 10 min = 10 x 60 s
= 600 s
250 = Work done
600
Work done = 250 x 600 = 1.5 x 105 J
 Example 3

An electric motor in a washing machine has a power

output of 1.0 kW. Find the work done in half an hour.

Answer:
1.0 kW = 1000 W
Power = Work done
1h = 60 min
Time taken 1h = 3600 s
1
2
h = 1800 s
1000 = Work done
1800
Work done = 1000 x 1800 = 1.8 x 106 J
 Example 4
A lift in a shopping centre can raise 20 people
through a height of 10 m in 8 s. The lift and its
passengers have a total mass of 1600 kg. What is
(i) the work done to lift the motor
(ii) the power of the lift motor?
(ii)
Answer:
Power = Work done
h = 10 m
(i) Time taken
t=8s
Work done = Force x d lift = 160 000
= Weight x d 8
m = 1600 kg
= mg x d
= 1600 x 10 x 10 = 20 000 W
= 160 000 J
 ENERGY
Energy can be stored as:
Kinetic Energy
Gravitational Potential Energy
Chemical Energy
Elastic potential Energy
Nuclear Energy
Electrostatic Energy
Internal/Thermal Energy
Moving objects
Position above surface
Battery, food, fuel
Stretched rubber band
Splitting of Uranium
Charges
Hot objects
 Transfer of Energy
Energy can be transferred from one place to another by:
(1) forces
(2) heating
(3) Electromagnetic radiation
(4) Electrical currents
 Transfer of Energy
Example 1: Loudspeaker

Electrical Energy Sound Energy

 Conversion of Energy
Example 2 : Microphone

Sound Energy Electrical Energy

 Conversion of Energy
Example 3 : Electric Iron

Electrical Energy Thermal Energy

 Conversion of Energy
Example 4 : Connecting a lamp to a battery

Chemical
Energy
Electrical
Energy
Light Energy
+ Thermal
Energy
 Conversion of Energy
Example 5 : Charging a battery

Electrical Energy Chemical Energy + Thermal Energy

 Conversion of Energy
Example 7 : Interchange of Ek and Ep

Ek = min = 0
Ep = max

Ek = increases
Ep = decreases

Ek = max
Ep = min = 0
 Conversion of Energy
Example 7 : Interchange of Ek and Ep

Ek = min = 0
Ep = max

Ek = increases
Ep = decreases

Ek = max
Ep = min = 0
 Conversion of Energy
Example 7 : Solar panels

Light Energy Electrical Energy

Sound Energy
Geothermal Energy
Solar Energy
Wind Energy
 Nuclear Energy

Nuclear fission reactor

to produce electricity
Hydroelectric Energy
Hydroelectric Energy
Electrical Energy
Heat Energy or Thermal Energy

Infra-red radiation
Chemical Energy
Light Energy
Kinetic Energy
Potential Energy
Principle of Conservation of Energy
 Conversion of Energy
Example 1: Loudspeaker

Electrical Energy Sound Energy

 Conversion of Energy
Example 2 : Microphone

Sound Energy Electrical Energy

 Conversion of Energy
Example 3 : Electric Iron

Electrical Energy Heat Energy

 Conversion of Energy
Example 4 : Connecting a lamp to a battery

Chemical
Energy
Electrical
Energy
Light Energy
+ Heat Energy
 Conversion of Energy
Example 5 : Charging a battery

Electrical Energy Chemical Energy + Heat Energy

 Conversion of Energy
Example 7 : Interchange of Ek and Ep

Ek = min = 0
Ep = max Potential energy
changes into
kinetic energy

At any instant, Ek = increases

Total energy = Ep + Ek Ep = decreases

Ek = max
Ep = min = 0
 Conversion of Energy
Example 8 : Interchange of Ek and Ep
Ep is max Ek is min = 0

Ep increases
Ep decreases
Ek decreases
Ek increases

At any instant,
Total energy = Ep + Ek

Ep is min = 0
Ep is min = 0
Ek is max
Ek is max
EINSTEIN’S MASS-ENERGY EQUATION
Einstein formulated that :

E = mc2
Energy (J) Speed of light
(3 x 108 ms-1)
Mass (kg)

This means a change in energy corresponds to

a change in mass.
 Example 1

Find the increase in mass when 4200 J of heat is

absorbed by water.
Speed of light = 3.0 x 108 ms-1

Answer:
E = mc2
4200 = m x (3 x 108)2
m = 4.7 x 10-14 kg
 Efficiency
Energy converted to the
required form
Total
Useful
Input Machine Output
Energy
Energy
e.g. light energy in lamp
Wasted
Output
Energy

e.g. work done against frictional forces

e.g. heat energy in lamp
 Efficiency
Energy
converted to the
required form

Input Output
Energy Machine Energy

Wasted
Output
Energy

e.g. work done against frictional

forces

𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑓𝑢𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡

% 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = 𝑥 100 %
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡

𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑓𝑢𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡

% 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦= 𝑥 100 %
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡
 Efficiency
Energy
converted to the
required form

Input Output
Energy Machine Energy

Wasted
Output
Energy

e.g. work done against frictional

forces

𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑓𝑢𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡

𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 =
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡

𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑓𝑢𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡

𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 =
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡
 Example 1

A lamp uses 200 J of electrical energy to produce

150 J of light energy. Calculate the percentage
efficiency of the lamp.

Answer:
75 %
 Example 2

A crane lifts a 100 kg block of concrete through a

vertical height of 16 m in 20 s. If the power input to
the motor is 1000 W, what is the efficiency of the
motor? Work done to lift the concrete ?
Answer:
W = Ep
= mgh
= 100 x 10 x 16
=16000 J Output m = 100 kg
Energy
h = 16 m t = 20 s Power = 1000 W
Input Power = 1000 W
Energy = Power x Time
Input Energy = Input Power x time Output Energy
Efficiency  x 100 %
= 1000 x 20 Input Energy
= 20 000 J
16000
Efficiency  x 100%  80%
20000
 Sources of energy

Fossil fuel

Biofuel

Solar radiation Tides

Waves in the sea
Wind
Nuclear fuel
Geothermal

Hydroelectric energy
 Fossil fuel
Examples of fossil fuels:
coal
petrol
oil
diesel
Natural gas
Jet fuel
 Biofuel (Biomass)
Examples
wood
Alcohol made from sugarcane
Methane gas from rotting waste
 Conversion of Energy
Example 6 :
Electricity from oil
The heat from the burning coal will boil the water to
steam . The steam will drive the turbine and
electricity will be produced in the generator.

heat steam rotates

Oil or Coal Boiler Turbine Generator

Oil is burnt The heat boils The steam turns Electricity is

the water the turbine produced

Chemical Heat Kinetic Electrical

Energy Energy Energy Energy
 Renewable sources of energy
Renewable sources of energy are those which are continually
being replaced.

example

Solar Energy Wave Energy

Wind Energy

Geothermal Energy

Hydroelectric Energy
Non-Renewable Sources of Energy
Non-renewable sources of energy are those which once used
cannot be replaced.

example

Nuclear Energy
Oil
Coal
Natural gas
Fossil fuel
Environmental issues associated with power generation

1. Depletion of non-renewable sources of energy.

2. Emission of sulphur dioxide from coal-burning

power stations causes acid rain.
3. Transporting fuels can cause pollution. Eg.
There may be a leak from an oil tanker.
4. Burning fossil fuels causes global warming
i.e. an increase in the temperature of the Earth.
5. And many more ……………
Any question ?

END