ENERGY

Energy

WORK

Work is defined as the energy that is applied to or removed from an object by applying
force along a displacement. For a constant force acting in the same direction as the motion, the
work is simply equal to the product of the force's magnitude and the distance travelled.

When both F and s are in the same direction, the work performed by a force acting on a body is,
by definition, equal to the product of the force and the distance it travels W= F s

Work= (force) (distance)

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SOLVED PROBLEM 1

A crate of mass 50kg is pushed along a floor with a force of 20N for a distance of 5m. Calculate
the work done.

WD = Fxd

= 20N x 5m WD

= 100Nm

SOLVED PROBLEM 2

How far must a 5N force pull a 50g toy car if 30J of energy are transferred?

WD = F x d

Rearrange to get

d = WD

F = 30 5

so d = 6m

SOLVED PROBLEM 3

A man exerts a force of 2kN on a boulder but fails to move it. Calculate the work done.

WD = F x d

d = 0 (because the boulder does not move)

= 2000 x 0:

so WD = 0

SOLVED PROBLEM 4

Amy uses 20N of force to push a lawn mower 10 meters. How much work does she do?

Work = Force X Distance

Work = 20N X 10m
Work = 200 J
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SOLVED PROBLEM 5
An object is horizontally dragged across the surface by a 100 N force acting parallel to the
surface. Find out the amount of work done by the force in moving the object through a distance
of 8 m

F = 100 N, d = 8 m

W = FdCos θ

W = 100 x 8 x Cos 0

W = 800 J [Since Cos 0 = 1]

SOLVED PROBLEM 6

A crate is moved across a frictionless floor by a rope THAT is inclined 30 degrees above
horizontal. The tension in the rope is 50 N. How much work is done in moving the crate 10
meters?

W = Fx cosθ 

= (50)(10)(cos 30)

= 433 J

POWER

The quantity of energy transferred or transformed per unit of time is known as power. The watt,
or one joule per second, is the unit of power in the International System of Units. Power is also
referred to as activity in ancient writings. A scalar quantity is power.

Power =
 ENERGY

P=

Power = (force) (velocity)

EFFICIENCY

Efficiency tells you how efficient something is and gives a number between 0 and 1.

Efficiency = useful power out ÷ total power in

It can be written as a number between 0 and 1 or as a %. For example, an efficiency of 0.25 is

the same as an efficiency of 25%. Because some energy is always wasted from every device,
efficiency should always be less than 1 or less than 100%.

Eff =
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SOLVED PROBLEM 1

A boy of 450 N of weight climbs a wood steps with a length of 3m. The boy takes 6 seconds to
get the end of the steps. What is the power done by the boy on this activity?

Where W= (450x3)

=1350 J

So then;

P= W/T

P= 1350/6; P= 225 watt

SOLVED PROBLEM 2

The burning gasoline in an engine contains 2000 J of chemical energy. 1200 J of this
energy becomes kinetic energy, and 800 J are lost to friction. What is the energy efficiency of
the engine?

(1200J/ 2000J) X 100 = 60%

SOLVED PROBLEM 3

A motorboat requires a 60 k W to move at the constant velocity of 4.5 m/s. how much
resistive force does the water exert on the boat at this velocity?

F= = 1.33 x 104 N = 13.33 k N

SOLVED PROBLEM 4
 ENERGY

ENERGy

Energy is simply the force that makes things move, according to the definition, which states
that it has the ability to do work, which is the ability to exert a force causing the displacement
of an object.

KINETIC ENERGY

An object's kinetic energy is the type of energy it has as a result of motion. It is described as the
effort required to move a mass-determined body from rest to the indicated velocity. The body
holds onto the kinetic energy it acquired during its acceleration until its speed changes.

Kinetic energy = KE =

SOLVED PROBLEM 1

What is the Kinetic Energy of a 150 kg object that is moving with a speed of 15 m/s?

KE = ½ mv2 KE = ? m = 150kg v = 15m/s

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KE = ½ (150kg) (15 m/s)2

KE = ½ (150kg)(225)

KE = 16875J

SOLVED PROBLEM 2

An object moving with a speed of 21 m/s and has a kinetic energy of 140 J, what is the mass of
the object.

KE = ½ mv2 KE = 140J m = ? v = 21m/s

2KE/v2 = m OR m = 2KE/v2

(m = 2(140J)/(21) 2

m = 280J/441 = 0.63kg

SOLVED PROBLEM 3

What is the Kinetic Energy of a 100 kg object that is moving with a speed of 12.5 m/s?

KE = ½ mv2 KE = ? m = 100kg v = 12.5m/s

KE = ½ (100kg) (12.5 m/s)2

m = 2(140J)/(21) 2

m = 280J/441 = 0.63kg

SOLVED PROBLEM 4

A car is travelling at a velocity of 10 m/s and it has a mass of 250 Kg. Compute its
Kinetic energy?

m = 250 Kg, v = 10 m/s,

KE= ½ (250kg)(10m/s)2

=12500kg ms2
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POTENTIAL ENERGY

Energy that is stored in an object or system of things is called potential energy. For a few
examples, it might be connected to its location, the chemical structure's bonds, its propensity
for radioactive decay, or even its shape

The gravitational potential energy of a body of mass m at a height h above a given

reference level is

Gravitational potential energy = PE = mgh

where g is the acceleration of gravity. In terms of the weight w of the body,

PE = w h

SOLVED PROBLEM 7.19

A 1.5kg book is held 60 cm above a desk whose top is 70 cm above the floor. Find the potential
energy of the book (a) with respect to the desk, and (b) with respect to the floor.

(a) Hence h = 60 cm = 0.6 m, so

PE = mgh (1.5 kg (9.8 m/𝑠2) ( 0.6 m) = 8.8 J
(b) The book is h = 60 cm +70 cm = 130 cm = 1.3 m above the floor, so its PE with respect to
the floor is
PE = mgh = (1.5 kg) (9.8 m/𝑠2) (1.3 m) = 19.1 J

SOLVED PROBLEM 7.20

Compare the potential energy of a 1200-kg car at the top of the hill 30 m high with its
kinetic energy when its velocity is 100 km/h (27.8 m/s).

PE = mgh = (1200kg) (9.8 m/𝑠2) (30m) = 3.5 x 105 J

KE = ) (1200 kg) (27.8 m/𝑠)2 = 4.6 x 105 J

The KE of the car at this velocity is greater than its PE at the top of the hill. This means
that a crash at 100 km/h (62 mi/h) into a stationary obstacle will yield more work that is, do
more damage than dropping the car from a height of 30 m (98 ft).
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SOLVED PROBLEM 7.21

(a) A 125-lb woman jumps off a wall 3 ft high and lands on a concrete road with her knees
stiff. Her body is compressed by 3 in. at the moment she hits the road. What is the
average force exerted on her by the road? (b) if the woman bends her knees on impact
so that she comes to a stop over a distance of 12 in., what would the force on her be ?
(a) The woman’s potential energy with respect to the road is converted to work done on
her body. Here s = 3 in.= 0.25 ft. setting her initial PE equal to the work done, wh = F
s

F= = 1500 lb
(b) Now s = 12 in. = 1 ft, and

F=F= = 375 lb
Clearly it is safer to land bent knees rather than rigid knees after falling through even
a short distance.

REST ENERGY

According to Einstein’s theory of relativity, matter can be converted to energy and energy
can be converted to matter. The rest energy of a body is the energy it has by virtue of its mass
alone. Thus, mass can be regarded as form of energy. The rest energy of a body is in addition to
any KE or PE it might have.

If the mass of a body is m0 when it is at res, its rest energy is

Rest energy = E0 =mc2

In this formula c is the velocity of light in free space, whose value is

C = 3.00 x 108 m/s = 9.83 x 108ft/s = 186,000 mi/s

This book has a mass of roughly 1 kg. The rest energy of a 1-kg object is E 0 = mc2= (1 kg)(3 x
108 m/s)2= 9 x 1016 J , enough energy to send nearly a million tons to the moon . By contrast, the
PE of this book on top of Mt. Everest is less than 105J. All the energy-producing reactions of
physics and chemistry involve the disappearance of a small amount of matter and its
reappearance as energy.

SOLVED PROBLEM 7.22

 ENERGY
Approximately 4 x 109 kg of matter is converted to the energy in the sun each second. What
is the power output of the sun?

The energy produced by the sun per second is

E0= mc2 = (4 x 109 kg)(3 x 108 m/s )2= 3.6 x 1026 J

Hence the power output is

P= E0/t = 3.6 x 1026 J/ 1 s = 3.6 x 1026 W

SOLVED PROBLEM 7.23

How much mass is converted to energy per day in a nuclear power plant operated at a level of
100 MW (100 X 106 W)?

There are 60x60x24= 86,400 s/day, so the energy liberated per day is

E0= Pt = (108 W) (8.64 x 104 s)= 8.64 x 1012 J

Since E0= mc2,

M= E0/c2= 8.64 x 1012 J /(3 X 108 m/s)2= 9.6 x 10-5 kg

CONSERVATION OF ENERGY

According to the law of conservation of energy, energy cannot be created or destroyed,

although it can be transformed from one kind to another. The total amount of energy in the
universe is constant. A falling stone provides a simple example: More and more of its initial
potential energy turns to kinetic energy as its velocity increases, until finally all its PE has
become KE when it strikes the ground. The KE of the stone is then transferred to the ground as
work by the impact.

In general,.

Work done on an object= change in object’s KE + change in object’s PE + work done by object

Work done by an object against friction becomes heat, as discussed in later chapters.
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SOLVED PROBLEM 7.24

At her highest point, a girl on a swing is 7 ft above the ground, and at her lowest point she is 3
ft above the ground. What is her maximum velocity?

The girl’s maximum velocity v occurs at the lowest point. Her kinetic energy there equals her
loss of potential energy in descending trough a height of h=7 ft-3 ft= 4 ft. Hence

KE=PE

1/2mv2= mgh

𝑓𝑡
(2) ( 32
v=√ 2𝑔ℎ = √ 𝑠₂
) (4 𝑓𝑡) = √256
ft/s =16 ft/s

This result is independent of the girl’s mass.

SOLVED PROBLEM 7.25

A man skis down a slope 200 m high. If this velocity at the bottom of the slope is 20 m/s, what
percentage of his initial potential energy was lost due to friction and air resistance?

/2gh= (20m/s)2/ (2)(9.8 m/s2)(200 m)= 0.102=10.2%

Which means 89.8% of the initial PE was lost.

SOLVED PROBLEM 7.26

A 30-kg crate is pulled up a ramp 15 m long and 2 m high by a constant force of 100 N. The
crate starts from rest and has a velocity of 2 m/s when it reaches the top of the ramp. What is
the frictional force between the crate and the ramp?

According to conservation of energy,

W=∆𝐾𝐸 + ∆𝑃𝐸 + 𝑊f
 ENERGY
Work done by applied force on crate =change in KE of crate + change in PE of crate + work
done against friction

Since the length of the ramp is = 15 m and its height is = 2 m,

W= S =(100 N)(15 m) = 1500 J

∆𝐾𝐸 =KEfinal - KEinitial = ½ mv2 = (1/2)(30 kg)(2 m/s)2=60 J

∆𝑃𝐸 = 𝑃𝐸final – PEinitial =mgh = (30 kg)(9.8 m/s2)(2 m)= 588 J

The work done against friction is therefore

Wf = W - ∆𝐾𝐸 − ∆𝑃𝐸 = 1500 J – 60J – 588 J= 852 J

If ff is the frictional force, then Wf = FFs and

f = Wf/s =852 J/15 m = 56.8 N

Multiple- Choice Questions

7.1. Power can be expressed in

(a) kg

(b) N•

(c) N•

(d) N•m2/s2

7.2. A woman presses against a wall with a force of 10 N for 10 min. The work she does is

(a) 0 J

(b) 200 J

(c) 1224 J
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(d) 12 Kj
7.3. To raise a 200-kg steel beam to a height of 10 m on a bridge being built requires work of

(a) 2 kJ

(b) 10 kJ

(c) 19.6 kJ

(d) 98 kJ

7.4. A total of 15,000 ftxlb of work is used to lift a load of bricks to a height of 50 ft. The weight
of the bricks is

(a) 30.6 lb

(b) 94.0 lb

(c) 300 lb

(d) 294. Lb

7.5. Six kJ of work are used to lift an object to a height of 100 m. The object’s mass is
approximately

(a) 600 g

(b) 6 kg

(c) 60 kg

(d) 600 kg

7.6. A weightlifter raises a 200-kg barbell over his head from the floor, a displacement of 2 m, in
2.2 s . The average power he develops during the lift is

(a) 0.18 Kw
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(b) 0.89 kW

(c) 1.78 kW

(d) 8.62 kW
7.7. A force of 240-N keeps a 900-kg car moving at a constant velocity of 10 m/s. The car’s
engine supplies energy to the car rate of

(a) 2.4 kW

(b) 12 kW

(c) 45 Kw

(d) 90.6 kW

7.8. The work a 300-W electric grinder can do in 5.0 min is

(a) 1 kJ

(b) 1.5 kJ

(c) 25 kJ

(d) 90 kJ

7.9. An 80-lb girl climbs a 12-ft rope in 7.5 s. Her average power output is

(a) 0.13 hp

(b) 0.19 hp

(c) 0.23 hp

(d) 7.4 hp

7.10. A 150-kg yak has an average power output of 120 W . The yak can go up a mountain 1.2
km high in (a) 25 min
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(b) 4.1 h

(c) 13.3 h

(d) 14.7 h

7.11. A 700-kg horse is pulling a sled at a velocity of 3.5 m/s . If the horse’s power output is 1.0
hp, the force the horse exerts on the sled is

(a) 0.16 kN
(b) 0.21 kN

(c) 0.57 kN

(d) 15.2 kN

7.12. The KE of a 900-kg car whose velocity is 60 km/h is

(a) 12.8 kJ

(b) 125 kJ

(c) 1.23 MJ

(d) 1.62 MJ

7.13. The velocity of a 5000-kg truck whose KE is 360 kJ is

(a) 12 km/h

(b) 31 km/h

(c) 43 km/h

(d) 144 km/h

7.14. The KE of a 2400-lb car whose velocity is 40 mi/h is

(a) 1.9 x 103 ft•lb

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(b) 6.0 x 104 ft•lb

(c) 7.0 x 104 ft•lb

(d) 1.3 x 105 ft•lb

7.15. A 50-kg mass has a PE of 4.9 kJ relative to the ground. The height of the mass above the
ground is (a) 10 m

(b) 98 m

(c) 960 m

(d) 245 km
7.16. A 16-slug mass is raised by 10 ft. The PE of the mass increases by (a)

5 ft•lb

(b) 20 ft•lb

(c) 160 ft•lb

(d) 5120 ft•lb

7.17. A girl on a swing varies in height from 60 cm above the ground to 10 cm. The girl’s
greatest velocity (a) is 1.5 m/s

(b) is 4.8 m/s

(c) is 24 m/s

(d) depends on her mass

7.18. The 2.50-kg head of an ax exerts a force of 80 kN as it penetrates 18 mm into the trunk of
a tree. The velocity of the ax head when it strikes the tree is

(a) 1.2 m/s

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(b) 3.4 m/s

(c) 34 m/s

(d) 107 m/s

7.19. The mass equivalent of 6.0 MJ is

(a) 6.7 x 10-11

(b) 5.4 x 10-9

(c) 6.7 x 10-3

(d) 5.0 x 10-2

Supplementary Problems

7.1. Under what circumstances (if any) is no work done on a moving object even though a net
force acts on it?

7.2. A gold ball and a Ping-Pong ball are dropped in a vacuum chamber. When they have fallen
halfway to the bottom how do their velocities compare? Their kinetic energies?Their
potential energies?

7.3. The earth exerts a gravitational force of 2 x 1020N on the moon, and the moon travels 2.4 x
109m each time it orbits the earth. How much work does the earth do on the moon in
each orbit?

7.4. (a) How much work must be done to raise a 1100-kg car 2 m above the ground? (b) What
is the car’s potential energy afterward?

7.5. A 20-lb object is raised to a height of 40 ft above the ground. (a) How much work was
done? (b) What is the potential energy of the object? (c) If the object is dropped, what will
its kinetic energy be just before it strikes the ground?
 ENERGY
7.6. A boy pulls a wagon with a force of 45 N by means of a rope that makes an angle of 40⁰
with the ground. How much work does he do in moving the wagon 50 m?

7.7. A horse exerts a force of 200 lb while pulling a sled for 3 mi. (a) How much work does the
horse do? (b) If the trip takes 30 min. what is the power output of the horse in
horsepower?

7.8. A road slopes upward so that it climbs 1 m for each 12 m of distance covered. A car whose
weight is 10 kN moves up the road at a constant velocity of 24m/s. Find the minimum
power the car’s engine is delivering.

7.9. A certain 80-kg mountain climber has an average power output of 0.1 hp. (a) How much
work does she perform in climbing a mountain 2000 m high ?(b) How long does she take
to climb the mountain ? (c) What is her potential energy at the top?

7.10. A man uses a rope and a system of pulleys to raise a 200-lb box to a height of 10 ft. He
exerts a force of 60 lb on the rope and pulls a total of 40 ft of rope through the pulleys. (a)
How much work does he perform? (b) By how much is the potential energy of the box
increased? (c) If these answers are different, what do you think the reason is?

7.11. A total of 104 kg of water per second flows over a waterfall 25 m high. If 50 percent of the
power this flow represented could be converted into electricity, how many 100-W light
bulbs could be supplied?

7.12. The four engines of a DC-8 airplane develops a total of 22 MW when its velocity is
240m/s. How much force do the engines exert?

7.13. Neglecting friction and air resistance, is more work needed to accelerate a car from 10 to
20 km/h of from 20 to 30 km/h?

7.14. A 3000-lb car has an engine which can deliver 80 hp to the driving wheels. What is the
maximum velocity at which the car can climb a 15⁰ hill?

7.15. Find the kinetic energy of a 2-g (0.002-kg) insect when it is flying at 0.4 m/s.
 ENERGY
7.16. The electrons in a television picture tube whose impacts on the screen produce the
flashes of light that make up the image have masses of 9.1 x 10 -31 kg and typical velocities
of 3 x 107 m/s. What is the kinetic energy of such an electron?

7.17. A 15-kg object initially at rest is raised to a height of 8 m by a force of 200 N. What is the
velocity of the object at this height?

7.18. A 7-kg iron shot is thrown 18 m. What was its minimum initial kinetic energy?

7.19. An 800-kg car moving at 70 km/h is carrying two 75-kg people. If the power output of the
car’s engine is 30 Kw, how much time is needed for the car to reach a velocity of 110
km/h? Neglect friction and air resistance.

7.20. (a) What velocity does a 1-slug object have when its kinetic energy is 1 ft x lb? (b) What
velocity does a 1-lb object have when its kinetic energy is 1 ft x lb?

7.21. A stone is dropped from a height of 100 m. At what is half of its energy potential and half
kinetic?

7.22. A 10-g bullet has a velocity of600 m/s when it leaves the barrel of a riffle. If the barrel is
60 cm long, find the average force on the bullet while it is in the barrel.

7.23. A 16-lb shell has a velocity of 200 ft/s when it leaves the barrel of a cannon. If the barrel is
10 ft long, find the average force on the shell while it is in the barrel.

7.24. (a) An 8-N force pushes a 0.5-kg ball on a horizontal table for 3 m, starting from rest. If
there is no friction, what is the final KE of the ball? (b) The same force is used to raise the
ball a height of 3 m, starting from rest. What is its final KE now?
7.25. An 800-kg car moving at 6 m/s begins to coast down a hill 40 m high with its engine off.
The driver applies the brakes so that the car’s speed at the bottom of the hill is 20 m/s.
How much energy was lost to friction?

7.26. One kilogram of water at 0⁰C contains 335 Kj of energy more than 1 kg of ice at 0⁰C. What
is the mass equivalent of this amount of energy?

7.27. Approximately 12 MJ of energy is liberate when 1 kg of dynamite explodes. How much

matter is converted to energy in this process?
 ENERGY
7.28. A sedentary person uses energy at an average rate of about 70 W. (a) How many joules of
energy does this person use per day? (b) All this energy originates in the sun. How much
matter is converted to energy per day to supply such a person?

Answers to Multiple- Choice Questions

7.1. ( c )

7.2. (a) 7.8. (d) 7.14. (d)

7.3. (c) 7.9. (c) 7.15 (a)

7.4. (c) 7.10. (b) 7.16. (d)

7.5. (b) 7.11. (b) 7.17. (b)

7.6. (c) 7.12. (b) 7.18. (c)

7.7. (a ) 7.13. (c) 7.19. (a)

Answers to Supplementary Problems

7.1. No work is done by a net force acting on a moving object when the force is perpendicular
to the direction of the object’s motion.

7.2. Their velocities are the same. The golf ball, which has the greater mass , has the greater KE
and PE.
7.3. No work is done because the force on the moon is perpendicular to its direction of motion.

7.4. (a) 21.6 kJ (b) 21.6 kJ

7.5. (a) 800 ft•lb (b) 800 ft•lb (c) 800 ft• lb
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7.6. 1.72 kJ

7.7. (a) 3.17 x 106ft•lb (b) 3.2 hp

7.8. 20kW

7.9. (a) 1.57 MJ (b) 5 h 50 min (c) 1.57 MJ

7. 10.(a) 2400 ft•lb (b) 2000 ft•lb (c) 400 ft•lb was used in doing work against frictional
forces in the pulleys

7.11. 14,250 bulbs

7.12. 92 kN

7.13. From 20 to 30 km/h

7.14. 56.7 ft/s=38.6 mi/h

7.15. 1.6 x 10-4 J

7.16. 4.1 x 10-16 J

7.17. 7.5 m/s

7.18. 0.62 kJ

7.19. 8.8 s

7.20. (a) 1.4 ft/s (b) 8 ft/s

7.21. 50 m

7.22. 3 kN

7.23. 105lb

7.24. (a) 24 J (b) 9.3 J

7.25. 168 J
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-12
7.26. 3.7 X 10 kg

7.27. 1.3 x 10-10 kg

7.28. (a) 6.05 x 106 J (b) 6.72 x 10-11 kg

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