Formulas in Microsoft Excel begin with an

equal sign. The equal sign tells Excel

that the succeeding characters constitute
a formula. If you don't enter the equal
sign, Excel will treat your entry as text
and the calculation will fail.
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 WORK SHEET- EXCEL

THIS IS EXCEL
WORK SHEET

CELLS IN WORK
SHEET

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 AVERAGE

• AVERAGE function returns the average.

The syntax for the Microsoft Excel AVERAGE
function is

AVERAGE function is:

AVERAGE( number1, [number2], ... [number_n] )

where number1, number2, ... number_n are numeric

values - they can be numbers

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 CONCATENATE

• CONCATENATE function allows you to

join 2 or more strings together

CONCATENATE function is:

CONCATENATE( text1, text2, ... text_n )

=CONCATENATE(B8," ",A8)
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 SUM

• SUM function adds all numbers in a range of

cells and returns the result.
SUM function is:
SUM( number1, [number2, ... number_n] )

=SUM(C4:C12)

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 SUMIF

• SUMIF function adds all numbers in a range of

cells, based on a given criteria.
SUMIF function is:

SUMIF( range, criteria, [sum_range] )

Where,
range is the range of cells that you want to apply
the criteria against.
criteria is used to determine which cells to add.
sum_range is optional

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 IF

• IF function returns one value if a specified condition

evaluates to TRUE, or another value if it evaluates to
FALSE.
IF function is:
IF( condition, [value_if_true], [value_if_false] )

value_if_true is optional. It is the value that is returned

if condition evaluates to TRUE.
value_if_false is optional. It is the value that is return
if condition evaluates to FALSE.

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 RANK

• Returns the rank of a number in a list of numbers. The

rank of a number is its size relative to other values in a
list.
RANK(number,ref,[order])

• Number Required. The number whose rank you

want to find.
• Ref Required. An array of, or a reference to, a list
of numbers. Nonnumeric values in ref are ignored.
• Order Optional. A number specifying how to
rank number.

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ABSOLUTE AND RELATIVE CELL
REFERENCE
• By default, when you copy a formula that
contains a cell reference, excel will automatically
adjust the cell reference.

• You can stop Excel from automatically adjusting

the cell reference by using one or more dollar
signs ($) in the cell reference. These are called
absolute cell references.

• A cell reference without a dollar sign is a relative

cell reference
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 MAX

• MAX function returns the largest value from

the numbers provided.

MAX function is:

MAX( number1, [number2, ... number_n] )

• number1, number2, ... number_n are numeric

values - they can be numbers, named ranges,
arrays, or references to numbers.
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 MIN

• MIN function returns the smallest value from

the numbers provided

MIN function is:

MIN( number1, number2, ... number_n )

• number1, number2, ... number_n are numeric

values - they can be numbers, named ranges,
arrays, or references to numbers
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 DATE

• DATE function returns the serial number of a

date DATE function is:
DATE( year, month, day )

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 TIME

• TIME function returns the decimal number for

a particular time
TIME function is:

TIME( hour, minute, second )

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 TODAY

• TODAY function returns the current system

date. This function will refresh the date
whenever the worksheet recalculates.

TODAY function is:

TODAY()

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 NETWORK DAYS

• NETWORKDAYS function returns the number

of "work days" between 2 dates, excluding
weekends and holidays.

NETWORKDAYS function is:

NETWORKDAYS( start_date, end_date, [holidays] )

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 COUNT

• COUNT function counts the number of cells that contain numbers

as well as the number of arguments that contain numbers.

COUNT function is:

COUNT( argument1, [argument2,
... argument_n] )

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 COUNTIF

• COUNTIF function counts the number of cells

in a range, that meets a given criteria.
COUNTIF function is:
COUNTIF( range, criteria )
• range is the range of cells that you want to
count based on the criteria.
• criteria is used to determine which cells to
count.
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Entering Formulas
After the equal sign, a formula includes the addresses of the cells whose values will
be manipulated with appropriate operands placed in between. The operands are the
standard arithmetic operators:

Operator Meaning Example

(+) Addition =A7+A9
(-) Subtraction =A7-A9
(*) Multiplication =A7*A9
(/ ) Division =

A7/A9
(ˆ ) Exponents =A7ˆA9
You can also enter formulas by using the point mode, where you
either
click on a cell with your left mouse button or you use the arrow keys.

ˆ To enter ’=B2+B3+B4+B5’ into cell B6 using the point:

– Left click on cell B6 to make it active.
– Type ’=’.
– Use the up arrow key to move to cell B5, or left click on cell B5.
– Type ’+’.
–Use the up arrow or mouse to add cells B4, B3, and B2 in the same
fashion.
– Press Enter when you are finished entering the formula.
Functions are pre -defined
formulas that come with
Excel.
Entering Functions
Functions differ from regular formulas in that, after the
equal sign, you supply the cell addresses but not
the arithmetic operators. Functions perform calculations by
using specific values, called arguments, in a
particular order called syntax. When using a function,
remember the following:

ˆ Use an equal sign to begin the function.

ˆ Specify the function name.
ˆEnclose all of the function’s arguments within
parentheses.
ˆUse a comma to separate the function’s individual
arguments.
Reference Operators
•Reference operators refer to a cell or a group of cells. There are two
main types of reference operators:
•1. Range:
ˆ Refers to all of the cells between and including the reference.

ˆConsists of two cell addresses separated by a

colon. ˆ EXAMPLE: ’A1:A3’ includes cells A1, A2,
and A3.
ˆ EXAMPLE: ’A1:C3’ includes cells A1, A2, A3, B1,
B2, B3, C1, C2, and C3.
•2. Union:
ˆ Includes two or more references.
Autosum
You can use the Autosum icon on the standard toolbar, which
automatically adds the contents of a cluster
of adjacent cells.

ˆ Select the cell that the sum will appear in that is outside
the cluster of
cells whose values will be added.
ˆClick the Autosum button (Greek letter sigma, Σ).
ˆ Highlight the group of cells that will be summed.
ˆ Press the Enter key on the keyboard or click the
green check mark on the
formula bar.
Function Wizard
You can access all of the available functions in Excel using the Function
Wizard.
ˆSelect the cell where the function will be placed and click the Function
Wizard button on the standard
toolbar.
ˆ Other ways of starting the Function Wizard are:
– Select Function from the Insert drop menu.
– Click on the drop down arrow next to the Autosum icon button.
*You will first see the commonly used functions in Excel, and at the
bottom of the menu, the
More Functions option.
* Clicking on More Functions will give you an alphabetical and
categorical
listing of all available
functions in Excel.
 List of functions

1. IF Functions

The IF function test to see whether a given condition

is true or false. Depending upon the result, different
outcomes for the function can be specified.
The IF function has also been combined with other
popular Excel functions to create such functions
as SUMIF, COUNTIF, and AVERAGEIF.
2.Date and Time
Functions
Dates are very important in spreadsheet
programs
like Excel. Most spreadsheets make use of dates
in
some way. Listed below are a number of date-
related tutorials. Each tutorial includes a step
by step example of working with dates in
Excel.
3.Math and Trig
Functions
The math functions carry out basic
math operations such as adding, multiplying,
and dividing numbers.
The Trig functions can be used to find the sine,
cosine, and tangent of an angle as well as
converting angle sizes between radians
and degrees.
 4.Random and Rounding
Number Functions

The random number tutorials cover the

functions that are used generate random
numbers in Excel.
The rounding number tutorials cover the
functions
in Excel that are used when rounding numbers
up or down.
5.Logical
Functions
These functions return only a true or false
answer. They can be used individually or
combined with one or more other
functions.
6.Text and
Information
Functions
Excel's Text Functions help you manage the text data
in your spreadsheets.
The Information functions tell about the data in a cell or
range of cells. This information includes whether the data
is a number, the formatting applied to the cell, or even if
the cell is empty.
7.Count and
Database Functions

Excel has a number of Count functions that will total the

number of cells in a selected range that meet certain
criteria. Since each Count function does a slightly
different job the criteria required varies with the function
chosen.
Excel's database functions can be used to find specific
information based on one or more criteria that you
set.
8.Statistical
Functions
Excel's Statistical functions can be used to analyze
data in a variety of different ways. Functions
included in the program can be used to find
common statistical operations such as finding the
average value or ranking data by its largest and
smallest values as well as more complex
operations such as standard deviation.
9.Financial
Functions
Excel's Financial Functions can be used to help
you
determine changes in dollar value of
investments and loans.
A Function instead of a Formula
Functions can be a more efficient way of performing mathematical operations than formulas.

Specifically , in

many cases, a function will simplify formulas that you can type in manually, such as average or sum.

ˆ EXAMPLE: If you wanted to add the values of cells D1 through D10, you could type the formula

’=D1+D2+D3+D4+D5+D6+D7+D8+D9+D10’, or a shorter way would be to use the SUM function

and simply type ’=SUM(D1:D10)’.

The following table contains the definitions and examples of several other available functions:
Function Example Description
SUM =SUM(A1:A100) Finds the sum of cells A1 through A100.
AVERAG =AVERAGE(B1:B10) Finds the average of the cells B1 through B10.
E MAX =MAX(C1:C100) Returns the highest number from cells C1 through
C100.
MIN =MIN(D1:D100) Returns the lowest number from cells D1 through D100.
SQRT =SQRT(D10) Finds the square root of the value in D10.
TODAY =TODAY() Returns the current date (leave the parentheses empty).