Important Operators

Lecture 8
Introduction
• A conditional expression is also referred to as a test condition. To
determine, for example, who receives an A on an exam, a relational
test is made between two operands.

• The first operand is an exam score, and the second is a value such as
90, or some predetermined cutoff value for an A.

• After this conditional expression is written, it can be used with

hundreds of different exam scores to determine who gets the A.
Introduction
(Contd..)
• In C#, the && and || operators are also called the short-circuiting
logical operators.

• These operators enable doing as little as is needed to produce the

final result through short-circuit evaluation.

• With short-circuit evaluation, as soon as the value of the entire

expression is known, evaluation stops. A conditional expression is
evaluated from left to right.
Introduction
(Contd..)
• With expressions involving &&, if the first evaluates as false, there is
no need to evaluate the second.

• The result will be false. With expressions involving ||, if the first
evaluates as true, there is no need to evaluate the second.

• The result will be true.

And
•Operator
To add two points to examScore that range between 70 and 90, you
might write the following pseudocode

if (examScore > 69 AND examScore < 91)

examScore = examScore + 2

When expressions are combined with AND, both expressions must

evaluate to true for the entire compound expression to return true.
Exampl
e
It is also incorrect to write:
(examScore > 69 < 91)
//Invalid

It is also incorrect to write:

(69 < examScore < 91) //Invalid

The correct way to write the expression is: //Correct way

((examScore > 69) && (examScore < 91))
OR
Operator
• || only returns a false result when both of the expressions or
operands are false.

• At all other times, when either one of the expressions or operands

evaluates to true, the entire compound expression evaluates to true.
Exampl
e
Compound expressions using the || must also have a complete
expression on both sides of the logical symbol.

The following is invalid:

(letterGrade == 'A' || 'B') //Invalid

The correct way to write the conditional expression is:

((letterGrade == 'A') || (letterGrade == 'B')) //Correct way
Not Operator
• The ! symbol is the logical negation operator.
• It is a unary operator that negates its operand and is called the NOT
operator.
• It returns true when the expression or operand is false. It returns false
when the expression or operand is true.

Given the following declaration:

char letterGrade = 'A';
Exampl
e
• When the NOT operator (!) is placed in front of the conditional
expression, the statement returns false, as shown in the following
line:
( ! (letterGrade == 'A'))
• The conditional expression first yields a true result (letterGrade is
equal to 'A').

• Adding the NOT operator ! negates that result. Thus, the expression
evaluates to false.
Consider this Example for && and ||
 Boolean Operator
• A variable declared to be of bool type holds the value of true or false.

• When a bool variable is used in a conditional expression, you do not have to

add symbols to compare the variable against a value.

• Boolean data types are often used as flags to signal when a condition exists
or when a condition changes.

• You simply write the bool variable name as the expression

bool salariedEmployee;
Boolean Operator (contd..)
• After being declared, a conditional expression could be used to
determine whether salariedEmployee held the values true or false.

• The conditional expression would read:

if (salariedEmployee)
• It is not necessary to write if (salariedEmployee is equal to true)
because salariedEmployee is defined as a bool type.
 Boolean Operator
(Contd..)
• To create a flag situation, declare a bool data type variable and initialize it
to either true or false.

• Then use this variable to control processing.

• As long as the value of the Boolean variable remains the same, processing
continues. When some planned condition changes, the Boolean data type
is changed and processing stops.

• For example, moreData is declared as a Boolean, is initialized to true, but

can be changed to false when all of the data has been processed.
Exampl
e