RULES OF MATRIX CAMILLE A.

GOMEZ
ARITHMETIC AND INVERSE MAEd Math
MATRICES
 In this section, we will:
PROPERTIES OF MATRIX • Algebraic properties of
ADDITION AND matrix operations.
• Basic rules of arithmetic for
SCALAR MULTIPLICATION real numbers hold for
matrices, some do not.
PROPERTIES • Assuming that the sizes of the matrices are such
OF MATRIX that the indicated operations can be performed, the
ARITHMETIC following rules of matrix arithmetic are valid.
 SYSTEMS OF LINEAR EQUATIONS AND
MATRICES
To prove any of the equalities in this
theorem we must show that the matrix on
the left side has the same size as that on the
right and that the corresponding entries on
the two sides are the same. Most of the
proofs follow the same pattern, so we will
prove part (d ) as a sample.
PROOF D: A(B + C) = AB + AC

A(B + C)ij = (AB + AC)ij

In general, given any sum or any product of matrices, pairs
of parentheses can be inserted or deleted anywhere within
the expression without affecting the end result.
 EXAMPLE 1: ASSOCIATIVITY OF MATRIX MULTIPLICATION

[ ]
12
𝐴= 3 4 B C
01
Then
𝑎𝑛𝑑

[ [] ] [ ] =
12 85
𝐴 𝐵= 3 4 4 3 ¿ 20 13
21
01 21
Thus

[ ]
( = 18 1 5
46 39
43
𝑎𝑛𝑑

[ ]
A(BC = 18 1 5
46 39
43

𝒔𝒐 ( 𝑨𝑩 ) 𝑪= 𝑨 ( 𝑩𝑪 ) , 𝒂𝒔 𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒆𝒅 𝒃𝒚 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒐𝒓𝒆𝒎
PROPERTIES OF MATRIX
MULTIPLICATION
 THREE POSSIBLE REASON:

1. AB may be defined and BA may not (for example, if A is 2 × 3

and B is 3 × 4).

2. AB and BA may both be defined, but they may have different

sizes (for example, if A is 2 × 3 and B is 3 × 2).

3. AB and BA may both be defined and have the same size, but
the two products may be different (as illustrated in the next
example).
EXAMPLE 2: ORDER MATTERS IN MATRIX MULTIPLICATION
ZERO MATRICES – A matrix whose entries are
all zero is called a ZERO MATRIX.
Some examples are;

A+0=0+A=A
PROPERTIES OF
ZERO MATRICES
 Since we know that the commutative law of real
arithmetic is not valid in matrix arithmetic, it should
not be surprising that there are other rules that fail
as well. For example, consider the following two
laws of real arithmetic:

• If ab = ac and a = 0, then b = c. [The cancellation law]

• If ab = 0, then at least one of the factors on the left is 0.
Example 3: Failure of the Cancellation Law
A zero product with nonzero factors
 Identity Matrices
A square matrix with 1’s on the main diagonal and zeros
elsewhere is called an identity matrix. Some examples are
 In this section:
- We learned to multiply
INVERSE MATRICES matrices together
- We learned to “divide” by a
matrix.
 Solving equations with matrices
(inverse matrices act as matric division)
XA = B XA = B A matrix times its inverse
A=A XA = B yields an identity matrix
(like cancelling out the
matrix)
this is not
possible X I= B This is only possible if the
two matrices have
appropriate dimensions
X =B
 Matrix
multiplication is not Taking the inverse of a
XA = B commutative product of matrices
(place inverse
matrix in same
(B =
XA = B position on both
sides)
A =
A =
I =
=

XA = B ⇐⇒ =
 INVERTIBLE MATRICES
Definition:
Let A be an n×n (square) matrix. We have to require AB= and BA=
We say that A is invertible if there because in general matrix
is an n×n matrix B such that multiplication is not commutative.
AB = and BA=

If A and B are n×n matrices such

In this case, the matrix B is called that AB= , then automatically BA= .
the inverse of A, and we write
B=
 EXAMPLE: Solution:
We will check that AB = and that
Verify that the matrices
BA =

𝐴= 2 1
[ ] B
𝐴 𝐵= 21
11 [ ][ 1− 1
−1 2 ] =

11

Are inverse, 𝐵𝐴= 1 −

−1 2
1
[ ][ ] 21
11
=

Therefore, A is invertible, with inverse B.

COMPUTING THE INVERSE MATRIX
PROOF:
 INVERSE MATRICES

If , then 1. a and d swap options

2. b and c switch their sign
3. divide by the
determinant
If , then 𝐴
−1
𝐴=
1
[𝑑 −𝑏 𝑎𝑏
𝑎𝑑 −𝑏𝑐 −𝑐 𝑎 𝑐 𝑑][ ]
𝐴
−1
𝐴=
1
[𝑑𝑎 −𝑏𝑐 𝑏𝑑 − 𝑏𝑑
𝑎𝑑 −𝑏𝑐 −𝑎𝑐 + 𝑎𝑐 −𝑏𝑐 +𝑎𝑑 ]
𝐴
−1
𝐴=
1
[
𝑎 𝑑 −𝑏𝑐
𝑎𝑑 −𝑏𝑐 0 𝑎𝑑 −𝑏𝑐
0
] Divide each
term by the
determinant

[ ]
1. a and b swap options −1 1 0
2. b and c switch their sign
𝐴 𝐴=
01
3. divide by the determinant
 Find the inverse of
EXAMPLE:

1
[ ]
−1
𝐴 = 𝑎𝑑𝑗 ( 𝐴 ) 𝐴
−1
=
1 2− 3
det ⁡( 𝐴) −1 − 3 4

−1
𝐴 =
1 𝑑
𝑎𝑑 − 𝑏𝑐 − 𝑐 [ −𝑏
𝑎 ] 𝐴
−1
[
=− 1 2− 3
−3 4 ]
−1
𝐴 =
1
[
2 −3
( 4 ) ( 2 ) − ( 3 ) (3) −3 4 ] 𝐴
−1
[
= −2 3
3−4 ]
𝐴
−1
=
1
[ 2−3
8 − 9 −3 4 ]
 𝐴𝐴
−1
= 4
32
3
[ ][ −2 3
3−4 ]
𝐴𝐴
−1
[
= − 8 + 9 12 − 12
− 6 +6 9 − 8 ]
𝐴𝐴
−1
= 1
01
0
[ ]
The identity matrix confirms this
inverse relationship
EXAMPLE:
1. Find the inverse of

2. Find the inverse of

THE FOLLOWING THEOREM GIVES A
PROCEDURE FOR COMPUTING IN GENERAL
PROOF:
EXAMPLE: AN INVERTIBLE MATRIX
EXAMPLE: AN NON-INVERTIBLE MATRIX
SOLVING LINEAR SYSTEMS USING INVERSES
 EXAMPLE: SOLVING A 2 X 2 SYSTEM USING INVERSES

3x + 8y = 5 Solution:
4x + 11y = 7
A= X= B=

Then

[ 𝟑𝟖
𝟒 𝟏𝟏 ][ ]𝒙
𝒚
=
EXAMPLE: SOLVING A 3 X 3 SYSTEM USING INVERSES