Motion in a straight line with constant a:

v = u + at, s = ut + 1
at2, v 2 − u2
= 2as
2
Relative Velocity: _v A / B = _vA −
0.1: Physical Constants _v B
8
Speed of light c 3 × 10 m/s
u
Planck constant h 6.63 × 10−34 J s y

u sin θ
hc 1242 eV-nm H
x
Projectile Motion:
Gravitation constant G 6.67×10−11 m3 kg−1 θ
s−2 Boltzmann constant k 1.38 × 10−23 J/K O u cos θ
Molar gas constant R 8.314 J/(mol
23
K) R

Avogadro’s number −1

N A Charge of electron e 1.602××1010−19

6.023 molC x = ut cos θ, y = ut sin θ − 21 2
4π × 10 N/A2
−7 gt g
Permeability of vac- 2
y = x tan θ − 2 2 x
µ0 uum 2u cos θ
8.85 ×910−12 F/m 2u sin θ u2 sin 2θ u2
Permitivity of vacuum sin2 θ
E0 2 T= , R= , H=
96485
2 C/mol g g 2g
Coulomb constant 1
9 × 10 N−31m /C
4π 0
9.1 × 10 kg 1.3: Newton’s Laws and Friction
Faraday constant F
1.6726 × 10−27 kg
Mass of electron
1.6749 × 10−27 kg Linear momentum: p_ =
me
1.66 × 10−27 kg m_v
Mass of proton Newton’s first law: inertial frame.
931.49 MeV/c2
mp
5.67×10−8 W/(m2 K4) Newton’s second law: F_ = dp, F =
Mass of neutron dt
7 _
mn R∞ m_a
−1
Atomic mass unit µ Bu 1.097××1010
9.27 −24 m
J/T Newton’s third law: F_AB = −F_BA
Atomic mass unit u 0.529 × 10−105 m
Stefan-Boltzmann σ 1.01325 × 10 Frictional force: f s t a t i c , max = µ s N, f kinetic = µ k N
2
constant Pa
2.9 × 10−3 m K 2
Rydberg constant Banking angle: v
= tan θ, v = µ + t a n θ
Bohr magneton rg 2 rg 1 − µ 2tan
Centripetal force: F c = mvr , ac = vr θ
Bohr radius a0
Standard atmosphere mv 2
1 atmMECHANICS
Wien displacement b Pseudo force: F_pseudo = −m_a 0 , Fcentrifugal = − r
constant
1.1: Vectors Minimum speed to complete vertical circle:

Notation: _a = ax ˆı + ay ȷˆ+ az ✓
vmin, bottom = 5gl,
kˆ 1
Magnitude: a = |_a| = a2x + 2y + a2z vmin, top =
✓
gl θ
l
a 1
l cos θ
Conical pendulum: T = 2π g θ T
Dot product: _a ·_b = axbx + ayby + azbz = ab
cos θ ˆ mg
Cross product: a×b b ı
θ ȷ
a kˆ
ˆ 1.4: Work, Power and Energy

_a ×_b = (aybz −azby )ˆı +(a z b x −axbz )ȷˆ+ (axby R

Work: W = F_ · S_ = F S cos θ, W = F_ ·
− ay bx )kˆ Kinetic
dS_ energy: K = 1
mv2 = p2
2
2m

|_a × _b| = ab sin θ Potential energy: F = −∂U/∂x for conservative forces.

1.2: Kinematics
Average and Instantaneous Vel. and Accel.: Ugravitational = mgh, Uspring = 21 kx2

Work done by conservative forces is path indepen-

_v av = _vinst =
∆_r/∆t, d_r/dt jdent and depends only on initial and final points:
F_conservative · d_r =
_aav = _ainst = 0.
∆_v /∆t d_v/dt Work-energy theorem: W = ∆ K
Mechanical energy: E = U + K . Conserved if forces are Rotation about an axis with constant α:
conservative in nature.
ω = ω0 + αt, θ = ωt + 2
1
αt2, ω2 − ω02 = 2αθ
Power Pav = ∆∆Wt , Pinst = F_ ·
_v
L J
1.5: Centre of Mass and Collision Moment of Inertia: I = i miri2, I= r2dm
PP R 2 2
Centre of mass: xcm = x im i , xcm = xdm
dm mr2 21 mr 2 3 2 mr 2 5 2 1 21 ml2
2
mr
1
2m r
2
m ( a 1 2+ b )
mi
R mr 2
b
a
CM of few useful configurations: ring

m1 r m2 disk

1. m 1 , m2 separated by r: C shell
m2 r m1 r I/Isphere
m1 +m2 m1 +m2 Ic
Theorem of Parallel Axes: I I = Icm + md2 d
rod
cm
h
2. Triangle (CM ≡ Centroid) y c = 3 h hollow
C solid
h
3 zrectangl
y
Theorem of Perp. Axes: I z = I x + Iy e
x
3. Semicircular ring: y c = 2r
π
C
2r
r π

✓
4. Semicircular disc: y c = 4r Radius of Gyration: k = I/m
3π C
4r
r 3π
Angular Momentum: L_ = _r × p_ ,
5. Hemispherical shell: yc = r
2 C r
L_ = y
r 2 P θ
ITorque:
ω_ _τ = _r × F_ , dt _τ = F
r x
dL
, τ = Iα O
6. Solid Hemisphere: yc = 3r
8 C 3r
r 8
Conservation of L_ : _τ e x t = 0 =⇒ L_ =
7. Cone: the height of CM from the base is h/4 for const. L
_ L
the solid cone and h/3 for the hollow cone. Equilibrium condition: F = 0, _τ =
_
Kinetic
_0 Energy: K r o t = 2 Iω
1 2

L Dynamics:
Motion of the CM: M = mi
L
m i i ext _τcm = Icm α_ , F_ext = m_a c m ,
_vcm = , p_cm = _acm = F K = =1
mv cm +
2 1
Icmω2, L_ = Icm ω_ + _rcm ×
M _v c m , _v
M _M p_cm m_v cm
m_v cm
2 2
J
Impulse: J_ = F_ dt =
1.7: Gravitation
∆ p_ Before collision After collision
m1 m2 m1 m2 m1 F F m2
Gravitational force: F = G m 1 m2 2
r
Collision: v1 v2 v1 r
Momentum conservation: m1v1 +m 2 v 2 = m1v1/ +m2v2/
v2
Elastic Collision: 1 m v1 21 + 12m v2 22 = 12 m v / 2 +1 m v/ 2 Potential energy: U = − G Mr m
2 1 1 2 2 2
Coefficient of restitution:
Gravitational acceleration: g = GM

−(v / − v2 ) 1, completely elastic ( )

R2
e= / 1 =
v1 − 2 0, completely in-elastic Variation of g with depth: g inside ≈ g 1 Rh
v − ( )
Variation of g with height: g outside ≈ g 1 2h
If v = 0 and m « m then v / = −v . R
2 1 2 1 1 −
If v2 = 0 and m1 » m2 then v2/ = 2v1. Effect of non-spherical earth shape on g:
Elastic collision with m1 = m2 : v1/ = v2 and v2/ =
gat pole > gat equator (∵ Re − Rp ≈ 21 km)
v 1.
Effect of earth rotation on apparent weight:
1.6: Rigid Body Dynamics
Angular velocity: ωav = ∆θ
, ω= dθ
, _v = ω_
× _r
∆t
dt

Angular Accel.: αav = ∆ω

, α= dω
, _a = α_
× _r
∆t
dt
 ω
A
Superposition of two SHM’s: A 2
δ
2
mg m ω R cos θ
mgθ = mg − mω R cos
/ 2 2
A1
θ
θ R

x 1 = A 1 sin ωt, x2 = A2 sin(ωt + δ)

x = x 1 + x2 = A sin(ωt +
1
GM E) 1
Orbital velocity of satellite: vo = R A= A1 2 + A 2 2 + 2A 1 A 2 cos
1 δ A2
Escape velocity: ve = 2GM sin δ
R tan E =
A 1 + A2 cos δ
vo
Kepler’s laws: 1.9: Properties of Matter
a
F /A F
First: Elliptical orbit with sun at one of the focus. Modulus of rigidity: Y = ∆ l /l , B = −V ∆∆ VP , η = Aθ
Second: Areal velocity is constant. (∵ dL_ /dt =
0). Compressibility: K = 1dVB =
1
Third: T2 ∝ a3 . In circular orbit T 2 = GM
4π a3 . V dP
2 −
∆D/D
Poisson’s ratio: σ = longitudinal strain =
lateral strain
∆ l /l

1.8: Simple Harmonic Motion

Elastic energy: U = 1
2 stress × strain × volume
Hooke’s law: F = −kx (for small elongation x.)
d2 x
Acceleration: a = dt 2
= − kmx = −ω 2x Surface tension: S = F/l
✓m
Time period: T = 2π
ω = k
Surface energy: U = SA
2π
Displacement: x = A sin(ωt + φ) Excess pressure in bubble:
√ ∆pair = 2S/R, ∆psoap = 4S/R
Velocity: v = Aω cos(ωt + φ) = ±ω A2 − x2

Capillary rise: h = 2 S cos θ

rρg
U
Potential energy: U = 1
2kx
2
x
−A 0 A
Hydrostatic pressure: p = ρgh

Kinetic energy K = K
2 mv
1 2
x Buoyant force: F B = ρV g = Weight of displaced liquid
−A A
0 Equation of continuity: A 1 v 1 = A2v2 v1
v2
Total energy: E = U + K = 2 mω A
1 2 2

Bernoulli’s equation: p + 2 ρv
1 2+ ρgh = constant
√
1 Torricelli’s theorem: vefflux =
l
Simple pendulum: T = 2π g l 2gh
Viscous force: F = −ηA dxdv

1 F
I
Physical Pendulum: T = 2π mgl Stoke’s law: F = 6πηrv
v

1 Poiseuilli’s equation: Volume flow

= πpr 4
r
I
Torsional Pendulum T = 2π k
time
l
8ηl

2r 2 (ρ−σ)g
Terminal velocity: vt = 9η

Springs in series: 1
= 1
+ 1
k1 k2
k eq k1 k2

Springs in parallel: keq = k1 + k2 k2

k1
 1
2 4. 1st overtone/2 nd
harmonics: ν 1 = 2
2L
T
µ
Waves
2.1: Waves Motion 3
1
T
5. 2nd overtone/3 rd
harmonics: ν 2 = 2L µ
2 2
∂ y
General equation of wave: ∂x 2
= 1v 2 ∂∂t2 6. All harmonics are present.
y
.
Notation: Amplitude A, Frequency ν, Wavelength λ, Pe-
riod T , Angular Frequency ω, Wave Number k, L
1 2π
2π String fixed at one end: N A
T = ν = ω , v = νλ, k= λ A N

λ/2
Progressive wave travelling with speed v:
1. Boundary conditions: y = 0 at x = 0
y = f (t − x/v), +x; y = f (t + x/v), 1
−x 2. Allowed Freq.: L = (2n + 1) λ4, ν = 2 n4L+ 1 T
µ , n =
y 0, 1,
A 2, . . .. 1
x
λ λ 3. Fundamental/1 st harmonics: ν0 = 4L 1
µ
T
Progressive sine wave: 2
1
4. 1st overtone/3 rd harmonics: ν 1 = 4L3 T
y = A sin(kx − ωt) = A sin(2π (x/λ − µ
1
t/T )) 5 T
5. 2nd overtone/5 th harmonics: ν 2 = 4L µ

2.2: Waves on a String 6. Only odd harmonics are present.

Speed of waves on a string with mass per unit length µ
✓ √ 1
and tension T : v = T/µ
Sonometer: ν ∝ L1 , ν ∝ T , ∝ √1µ . ν = n
2L
T
µ
Transmitted power: Pav = 2π 2µvA 2ν 2
ν
Interference: 2.3: Sound Waves

y1 = A 1 sin(kx − ωt), y2 = A2 sin(kx − ωt + Displacement wave: s = s0 sin ω(t − x/v)

δ)
y = y1 + y2 = A sin(kx − ωt + Pressure wave: p = p0 cos ω(t − x/v), p0 = (Bω/v)s0
E)
1 Speed of sound waves:
A= A 1 2 + A22 + A
2A A cos δ
2 1 2 s s s
sin δ B Y γP
tan E = , ,
A 1 + A2 cosconstructive;
δ vliquid = ρ vsolid = ρ vgas = ρ
2nπ,
δ=
(2n + 1)π, destructive.
2π 2 B p 02 v p0 2
Intensity: I = v s02 ν2 = 2B = 2ρv
2 A cos k x

x
Standing Waves: A N A N A
Standing longitudinal waves:
λ/4
p1 = p0 sin ω(t − x/v), p2 = p0 sin ω(t +
y1 = A 1 sin(kx − ωt), y2 = A2 sin(kx + ωt) x/v) p = p1 + p2 = 2p0 cos kx sin ωt
y = y1 + y2 = (2A cos kx) sin ωt
( )
n + 12 λ2 , nodes; n = 0, 1, 2, . . .
x=
n λ2, antinodes. n = 0, 1,
2, . . . L
Closed organ pipe:
L

String fixed at both ends: N N

A N A

λ/2 1. Boundary condition: y = 0 at x = 0

2. Allowed freq.: L = (2n + 1) λ4, ν = (2n + 1) 4L ,
v
n=
1. Boundary conditions: y = 0 at x = 0 and at x = L
1 0, 1,
2. Allowed Freq.: L = n λ2 , ν = 2L
n T
µ , n = 1, 2, 3. 2, ...
Fundamental/1 s t harmonics: ν
v
0 = 4L
3,1. . ..
1 T
3. Fundamental/1 st harmonics: ν 0 = 2L µ 4. 1st overtone/3rd harmonics: ν1 = 3ν0 = 4L
3v
 5. 2nd overtone/5th harmonics: ν2 = 5ν0 = 5v
4L S1
P
dy y
Path difference: ∆ x = D
θ
6. Only odd harmonics are present. d
D
S2

A
Phase difference: δ = 2π
λ ∆x
N Interference Conditions: for integer n,
Open organ pipe: L A f
2nπ, constructive;
N δ=
(2n + 1)π, destructive,
A

1. Boundary condition: y = 0 at x = 0 f
nλ, ) constructive;
Allowed freq.: L = n λ2, ν = n 4L
v
, n = 1, ∆x =
n+ 1
2 λ, destructive
2, . . .
2. Fundamental/1 harmonics: ν0 = v
s t
2L
Intensity:
3. 1st overtone/2nd harmonics: ν1 = 2ν0 = 2v
2L
✓
4. 2nd overtone/3rd harmonics: ν2 = 3ν0 = 3v
2L I = I 1 + I2 + 2 I1I2 cos δ,
✓ ✓ 2 ✓ ✓ 2
5. All harmonics are present. I max = I +1 I 2 , I min = I1 − I
2
2
I 1 = I2 : I = 4I0 cos2 δ , Imax = 4I0, Imin = 0
l1 + d

Fringe width: w = λD
d
l2 + d

Resonance column: Optical path: ∆x / = µ∆x

Interference of waves transmitted through thin film:

l1 + d = λ
, l2 + d = 3λ
, v = 2(l2 − l1)ν
2 4 f
nλ, ) constructive;
∆ x = 2µd =
Beats: two waves of almost equal frequencies ω1 ≈ ω2 n+ 1
2 λ, destructive.

p1 = p0 sin ω1 (t − x/v), p2 = p0 sin ω2(t −

y
x/v) p = p1 + p2 = 2p0 cos ∆ω(t − x/v) sin ω(t Diffraction from a single slit: b θ
y
− x/v) ω = (ω1 + ω2)/2, ∆ω = ω1 − ω2 D
(beats freq.) For Minima: nλ = b sin θ ≈
b(y/D)
Resolution: sin θ = 1.22λ
b
Doppler Effect:
v + uo θ
ν= ν0 Law of Malus: I = I0 cos2 θ I
v − us I0

where, v is the speed of sound in the medium, u0 is

the speed of the observer w.r.t. the medium, consid-
ered positive when it moves towards the source and
negative when it moves away from the source, and us
is the speed of the source w.r.t. the medium, consid-
ered positive when it moves towards the observer and
negative when it moves away from the observer.
2.4: Light Waves

Plane Wave: E = E0 sin ω(t − xv ), I = I 0

Spherical Wave: E = aE 0
r sin ω(t − vr ), I = I0
r2

Young’s double slit experiment

 1 1
3 Optics Lens maker’s formula: 1
f = (µ − 1) 1 1
R2
− R1

3.1: Reflection of Light f

normal
Lens formula: 1
v − 1u = 1
f , m= v
u
Laws of reflection: (i)
incident r reflected
i u v
Incident ray, reflected ray, and normal lie in the same
plane (ii) ∠i = ∠r Power of the lens: P = f
1
, P in diopter if f in metre.

Two thin lenses separated by distance d:

Plane mirror:
d d
(i) the image and the object are equidistant from mir- 1 1 1 d
= + d
ror (ii) virtual image of real object F − f1 f2 f1 f2
f1 f2

I
Spherical Mirror: O
f 3.3: Optical Instruments
v
u
Simple microscope: m = D/f in normal adjustment.
1. Focal length f = R/2
Objective
2. Mirror equation: 1
v+
1
u = 1
Eyepiece
3. Magnification: m = − uf v Compound microscope: O ∞

u v
fe
3.2: Refraction of Light D

Refractive index: µ = speed of light

speed in medium c
in vacuum
of light = v 1. Magnification in normal adjustment: m = v D
u fe
2µ sin θ
incident reflected
2. Resolving power: R = 1
=
µ2
∆d λ
Snell’s Law: sin i
= µ1 i
sin r

µ1 µ2 r refracted
fo fe

real depth
Astronomical telescope:
Apparent depth: µ = apparent depth = d
d Id
i
di
O

Critical angle: θc = sin−1 1 µ

µ θc 1. In normal adjustment: m = − f o , L = f o + f e
fe
2. Resolving power: R = 1
∆θ = 1.22λ
1

A
3.4: Dispersion
δ
Deviation by a prism: i A
r ri ii Cauchy’s equation: µ = µ 0 + , A> 0
λ2
µ
Dispersion by prism with small A and i:

δ = i + i/ − A, general result 1. Mean deviation: δy = (µy − 1)A

A+δm 2. Angular dispersion: θ = (µv − µr )A
µ = sin A2 i = i/ for minimum deviation
sin 2
, Dispersive power: ω = µ v− µ r ≈ θ (if A and i small)
δ µ y− 1 δy

δm = (µ − 1)A, for small A

δm A µi
i Dispersion without deviation:
ii
µ Ai

µ1
Refraction at spherical surface:
P O Q
u v
µ2
(µy − 1)A + (µ/y − 1)A/ = 0
Deviation without dispersion:
(µ v − µ r)A = (µ/ − µ/ )A/
v r

µ2 µ1 µ 2 − µ1 , µ1v
− = m=
v u R µ2u
4 Heat and 4.4: Theromodynamic Processes
Thermodynamics First law of thermodynamics: ∆ Q = ∆U + ∆W
4.1: Heat and Temperature

Temp. scales: F = 32 + Work done by the gas:

5 C, K = C + 273.16
9

Ideal gas equation: pV = nRT , n : number of moles ∆W = p∆V, W= V2

( ) pdV V1
van der Waals equation: p + Va2 (V − b) =
V2
nRT
Thermal expansion: L = L0(1 + α∆T ), Wisothermal = nRT ln V1
A = A0(1 + β∆T ), V = V0(1 + γ∆T ), γ = 2β = 3α
Wisobaric = p(V2 − V1)
p1V1 − p2V2
Thermal stress of a material: F
= Y ∆l Wadiabatic =
A l
γ−
1
Wisochoric = 0
4.2: Kinetic Theory of Gases

General: M = mN A , k = R/NA
T1
n Efficiency of the heat engine: Q1
W
Maxwell distribution of speed: T2 Q 2

v p v¯ v rms
v work done by the engine
Q 1 − Q2 η = =
1 1 heat supplied to it Q1
RMS speed: vrms = 3kT 3RT Q2 T2
m = M = 1−
1 ηcarnot = 1 − Q 1 T1
1
8kT 8RT
Average speed: v¯ πm
= πM
= 1
T1

Most probable speed: vp = 2kT Coeff. of performance of refrigerator: Q1

W
m
Q2
Pressure: p = 1
ρv2r m s Q2 Q2
T2
3 COP = =
W
1
Equipartition of energy: K = 2 kT for each degree of Q 1− Q 2 Jf ∆Q
freedom. Thus, K =
f Entropy: ∆ S = ∆Q
, Sf − S i =
2 kT for molecule having f de-
T i T

grees of freedoms. Const. T : ∆ S = Q

, Varying T : ∆ S =
Internal energy of n moles of an ideal gas is U = f ms ln T f
2 nRT . T

Ti

4.3: Specific Heat Adiabatic process: ∆ Q = 0, pV γ = constant

4.5: Heat Transfer
Q
Specific heat: s = m∆T ∆Q
Conduction: ∆t = −KA ∆xT
Latent heat: L = Q/m
Thermal resistance: R = x
KA
∆Q 1
Specific heat at constant volume: C v = n∆ T 1
V 1 x x A
K1 K2
Rseries = R 1 + R2 = 1 + 2
Specific heat at constant pressure: C = ∆Q 1 A K1 K2
p n∆ T 1 x1 x2
p
1 K2 A2
Relation between Cp and Cv : Cp − Cv = R = 1 + 1
= x1 (K1 A1 + K1
R parallel R1 R2
K2 A2 ) x
A1

Ratio of specific heats: γ = Cp/Cv

Relation between U and Cv : ∆U = nCv ∆T Kirchhoff’s Law: emissive powerpower E b o d y

absorptive = a b o= E blackbody
dy

Specific heat of gas mixture: Eλ

Wien’s displacement law: λ m T = b

Cv = n 1 C v1 + n2Cv2 , γ = n 1 C p1 + n2Cp2 λ
λm
n 1 + n2 n 1 C v1 + n2Cv2
∆Q
Molar internal energy of an ideal gas: U = 2f Stefan-Boltzmann law: ∆t = σeAT 4
RT , f = 3 for monatomic and f = 5 for diatomic gas.
Newton’s law of cooling: dT
dt = −bA(T − 0
T)
5 Electricity and 5.3: Capacitors
Magnetism Capacitance: C = q/V
5.1: Electrostatics
−q +q
Coulomb’s law: F_ =4πc0 1 r 2 q1q2 q1 r q2 Parallel plate capacitor: C = E0A/d
A A
rˆ d
Electric field: E_ (_r) 4πc
= 0 r12 q q E

rˆ r r2
qq
Electrostatic energy: U = − 4πc10 r
1 2
Spherical capacitor: C = 4πc0 r 1 r 2
−q +q
r 2− r 1 r1
q
Electrostatic potential: V = 1
4πc0 r

r
_ · _r , V (_r) = − E ·
dV = −E
d_r _ ∞ Cylindrical capacitor: C = 2πc 0 l r2 l
l n ( r 2/ r 1)
r1
p
Electric dipole moment: p_ = −q +q
d A
qd_ Capacitors in parallel: C eq = C 1 + C 2
C1 C2
B
p cos θ
V (r)
Potential of a dipole: V = 1 θ r
1 1 1
4πc0 r2
p Capacitors in series: C eq = C1 + C2
C1 C2
A B

Force between plates of a parallel plate capacitor:

Er Q2
Field of a dipole: θ r F =
Eθ 2Ac0
p
Q 2
Er = E θ= Energy stored in capacitor: U = 1
CV 2 =
1
4πc0
2p cos θ
r3 , 1
4πc0
p sin θ
r3
= 1 QV
2
Energy density in electric field E:2CU/V = 1
2E0E
2
Torque on a dipole placed in E_ : _τ = p_ 2

× E_energy of a dipole placed in E_ : U = −p_ Capacitor with dielectric: C = c0 K A

d
Pot.
· E_
5.2: Gauss’s Law and its Applications 5.4: Current electricity
j Current density: j = i/A = σE
Electric flux: φ = E_ ·
j
dS_
Gauss’s law: E _ · dS = in 0 Drift speed: vd = 1 eE
2 m τ= neA
i

q /E _
Field of a uniformly charged ring on its axis: Resistance of a wire: R = ρl/A, where ρ = 1/σ
a
EP = 1 qx q Temp. dependence of resistance: R = R 0(1 + α∆T )
4πc0 ( a 2 + x 2 ) 3 / 2 x P E

Ohm’s law: V = iR
E and V fof a uniformly charged sphere:
1 Q r , for r < R
Kirchhoff’s Laws: (i) The Junction Law: The algebraic
E = E
4πc0 R 3 sum of all the currents directed towards a node is zero
1 Q , for r ≥ R O
r
4πc0 r 2 R i.e., Σnode I i = 0. (ii)The Loop Law: The algebraic
f ( 2 )
Q
3 − r 2 , for r < R V sum of all the potential differences along a closed loop
V= 8πc0 R R in a circuit is zero i.e., Σ loop ∆ Vi =
1 Q, for r ≥ R r
4πc0 r O R 0.
A
Resistors in parallel: 1
= 1
+ 1
E and V of a uniformly charged spherical shell: R eq R1 R2
B
R1 R2
f
0, for r < R E
E =
1 Q , for r≥R O r Resistors in series: Req = R 1 + R2 A R1 R2 B
4πc0 r 2 R
f
1 Q , for r V R1 R2
V= 4πc1 0 RQ <R r ↑
4πc0 r , O R Wheatstone bridge:
for r ≥ R R3 G R4

Field of a line charge: E = λ V

2πc 0 r
Balanced if R 1 /R 2 = R3/R4.
Field of an infinite sheet: E = σ
2c0
Electric Power: P = V 2/R = I 2 R = IV
Field in the vicinity of conducting surface: E = σ
c0
 i ig G i Energy of a magnetic dipole placed in
Galvanometer as an Ammeter: B_ :
i − ig
U = −µ_ · B_
S
ig G = (i − ig )S Hall effect: Vw = B
y
Bi
ned w l x
R G i d z
Galvanometer as a Voltmeter: ↑
B
A ig
VAB = ig (R + G) 5.6: Magnetic Field due to Current
R C
i ⊗ B
Charging of capacitors: µ i d l× r θ
Biot-Savart law: dB_ = 4π0 r3 r
V
1 1 dl
− R tC
q(t) = CV 1 −
e θ2
C
t Field due to a straight conductor: i
d
⊗ B
Discharging of capacitors: q(t) = q0e− R C q(t)
θ1
R
µ0i
B = 4πd (cos θ1 − cos 2
Time constant in RC circuit: τ = RC θ )
µ0 i
Field due to an infinite straight wire: B = 2πd

Peltier effect: emf e = ∆H

∆Q = Peltier heat
charge transferred .
Force between parallel wires: dF
dl = µ0 i 1i 2
2πd
i1 i2

e d
Seeback effect: T
T0 Tn Ti
a
P
1. Thermo-emf: e = aT + Field on the axis of a ring:
2 bT
1 2 i
B
d
2. Thermoelectric power: de/dt = a + bT .
3. Neutral temp.: Tn = −a/b. BP = µ 0 ia 2
2(a 2 +d 2 ) 3 / 2
4. Inversion temp.: Ti = −2a/b. a
µ 0 iθ
Field at the centre of an arc: B = i
Thomson effect: emf e = ∆H
∆Q = chargeThomson heat
transferred = σ∆T . 4πa B

θ
Faraday’s law of electrolysis: The mass deposited is a
µ0 i
Field at the centre of a ring: B = 2a
m = Zit = 1
F Eit j
Ampere’s law: B _ · dl = µ0 in
where i is current, t is time, Z is electrochemical equiv- I _
alent, E is chemical equivalent, and F = 96485 C/g is Field inside a solenoid: B = µ0ni, n = N
l
Faraday constant. l

µ0 N i
5.5: Magnetism Field inside a toroid: B = 2πr r

Lorentz force on a moving charge: F_ = q_v × B_

+ q E_ Field of a bar magnet:
B
d
2
S N
q B 1
Charged particle
qB , in
r = mv T =a uniform
2πm
qB magnetic field: d
v
B ⊗
r B1 = µ0 2M
4π d3 ,
B2 = µ 0 M3
4π d

Horizontal Bh
B
Angle of dip: B h = B cos δ δ
Force on a current carrying wire: l
i Bv B
F
µ 0 ni
F_ = i _l × B_ Tangent galvanometer: B h tan θ = 2r , i = K tan θ
Magnetic moment of a current loop (dipole): Moving coil galvanometer: niAB = kθ, i= nAB
k

µ A µ_ = 1 θ
i I
iA_ Time period of magnetometer: T = 2π MBh

Torque on a magnetic dipole placed in B_ : _τ = µ_ Permeability: B_ = µH

_
× B_
 C
5.7: Electromagnetic Induction R
1 Z
RC circuit: i ωC
φ
j R
Magnetic flux: φ = B_ ·
Faraday’s
dS_ law: e = − dφ Z =
✓
R2 + (1/ωC)2,
tan φe0=s ˜
in1
ωCR
dt ωt

Lenz’s Law: Induced current create a B-field that op- L

R
poses the change in magnetic flux. i R φ
LR circuit: ωL
Z
+

Z =
√
R 2 + ω2L2,
tan φ = eωL
R
0 s in˜
Motional emf: e = Blv l ωt
⊗B
v
− C 1
L R Z
LCR Circuit: i
ωC
φ
1
ωC − ωL

Self inductance: φ = Li, e= −L dt

di
ωL R

Self inductance of a solenoid: L = µ0n 2(πr 2l)

1
2
( 1 )
˜
e0 s in 1
ω −ωL
1 − ωL ,
2
1 1 Z = ωt R + ωC tan φ = C R
− L /t R 1 1
Growth of current in LR circuit: i = Re 1 − νresonance = 2π LC
e i
L
Power factor: P = e r m s i r m s cos φ
e R 0.63 Re
e1 N1 N2 e2

˜ ˜
t Transformer: N1
= e1
, e 1 i 1 = e2i2
S i L
R N2 e2
i1 i2
t
Decay of current in LR circuit: i = i0e− L / R
i Speed of the EM waves in vacuum: c =
L R
i0
1/õ0E0
0.37i0
t
S i L
R

Time constant of LR circuit: τ = L/R

Energy stored in an inductor: U = 1

2Li
2

2
Energy density of B field: u = U
= B
V 2µ0

di
Mutual inductance: φ = Mi, e= dt
−M

EMF induced in a rotating coil: e = NABω sin ωt

i
Alternating current: t
T
i = i0 sin(ωt + φ), T =
2π/ω JT
Average current in AC: i¯= 1
T 0
i dt = 0

1 J
1 T 11/2 i2
RMS current: irms = i2 dt = √i 0 t
T 0 2
T

Energy: E = irms2RT

Capacitive reactance: X c = 1
ωC

Inductive reactance: X L = ωL

Imepedance: Z = e0/i0
6 Modern N

Physics
N0

6.1: Photo-electric effect Population at time t: N = N0e−λt N0

2

t
Photon’s energy: E = hν = hc/λ O t 1/2

Photon’s momentum: p = h/λ = E/c Half life: t1/2 = 0.693/λ

Max. KE of ejected photo-electron: K m a x = hν − φ Average life: tav = 1/λ

Threshold freq. in photo-electric effect: ν0 = φ/h Population after n half lives: N = N0/2n.

Mass defect: ∆ m = [Zmp + (A − Z)mn] − M

hc
( 1) φ
V0
hc
Stopping potential: Vo = e λ − e
e 2
φ
hc
1
λ
Binding energy: B = [Zmp + (A − Z)m n − M ]
φ
− e

c Q-value: Q = Ui − Uf
de Broglie wavelength: λ = h/p
Energy released in nuclear reaction: ∆ E =
∆mc2 where ∆ m = mreactants − mproducts.
6.2: The Atom
Energy in nth Bohr’s orbit: 6.4: Vacuum tubes and Semiconductors

mZ2e4 13.6Z2 D
En = − , En = eV Half Wave Rectifier:
8E02 h2n 2
− n2

Radius of the nth Bohr’s orbit:

˜ R Output

E0h2n2 n2a0 Full Wave Rectifier:

a0 = 0.529˚ A
rn =
πmZe 2
,
rn = ,
˜ Output

Z
Quantization of the angular momentum: l = nh
2π
Grid

Triode Valve: Cathode

Photon energy in state transition: E2 − E 1 = hν Filament Plate

E2 E2
hν hν ∆V
E 1 Emission Absorption E 1
Plate resistance of a triode: r p = ∆i p
p
1
1 ∆ V g =0

Wavelength of emitted radiation: for a Transconductance of a triode: g = ∆i p

m 1
transition from nth to mth state: ∆Vg ∆ V p= 0
1 l
1 1 1 ∆V p
= RZ n2 − m2
2
Amplification by a triode: µ = −
λ ∆Vg ∆ i p= 0
1
Relation between rp, µ, and gm: µ = rp × gm

I Kα
Kβ
X-ray spectrum: λmin = hc
eV Ie Ic
Current in a transistor: Ie = Ib + Ic
λ
λ min λα
Ib
√
Moseley’s law: ν = a(Z − b) α and β parameters of a transistor: α = I
β =
Ie
c ,
X-ray diffraction: 2d sin θ = nλ II c
b , β= α
1−α

Heisenberg uncertainity principle:

Transconductance: gm = ∆Ic
∆ p∆ x ≥ h/(2π), ∆E∆t ≥ ∆V b e

h/(2π) Logic Gates:

AND OR NAND
A B NORA B A+B A BXOR A + B AB¯ + A¯ B
6.3: The Nucleus 0 1 1 0
0 0 0
Nuclear radius: R = R 0 A 1 / 3 , R0 ≈ 1.1 × 10−15 0
1
1
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
m 1 1 1 1 0 0 0
Decay rate: dt = −λN
dN