ART APPRECIATION

THE CINEMATIC ART

Group 5
 Table of contents
The Cinematic Art 1
Elements of Film 2
Film Grammar 3
Subject Matter and Film Forms 4
Technical Considerations 5
Video making and Filmmaking 6
Language of the Camera 7
Camera Movements 7.1
Rules of Framing 7.2
Editing 7.3
Filmmaking Phases 7.4
Filmmaking Team 7.5
Journey through time: Romanticism and Modernity 8
Art and the Industrial Revolution 8.1
Revivalism 8.2
Modernism in the 20th Century 8.3
End of the Myth of Progress 8.4
Summary 9
01

The Cinematic Art

Movie is the youngest of the arts genre. Several terms, are used to
refer to Movie itself, ( cinema, film and motion picture) . Cinema is
derived from the French "cinematographe", a term coined by Louis
and Auguste Lumiere to describe the motion picture apparatus they
created in 1890. By 1899, the term "cinema" referred to a hall where
"motion pictures" where shown.

Film is derived from the fact that Visual and later audio are recorded
on a strip of celluloid film coated with light sensitive material. Movie
and Motion picture comes from film's ability to create the illusion of
movement on screen. A less popular and less common name is
"photoplay".
Nickelodeon was also a term used, from nickel (five US cents) and
"odeon" from the Greek "oideion" meaning a music hall. Cinema
would evolve into two strand of films, the feature and the
Documentary. The Feature Cinema which tells fiction or non-fiction,
followed many features of the theatre such as the plot, characters,
and when sound was added to the film dialogue.

Meanwhile, the Documentary’s early form was akin to the variety

stage show where short clips were strung together separated by
captions. In 1897, movies using French projector were shown in
Manila. In no time, movies produced similar to stage drama minus the
sound.
NICKELODEON NICKEL
Movies would remain silent and to compensate, a piano player was
hired to accompany the action on stage, while at set points in the
movie, a written dialogue was projected. In 1927, “SOUND” came to
film and the era of the talkies began. George Eastman, founder of
Eastman Kodak company, had already invented the roll of film in
1884 to capture images and make moving pictures, there is no way to
integrate and synchronize film with sound.
A breakthrough was made when sound was converted to a black and
clear image called the "sound track" or strip and place side by side
with the picture that was to be projected. As technology of video and
audio recording, editing and sound mixing, projecting and transmitting
became easier and cheaper.
In the era of sound, the voice-over followed the quick-paced
announcing by the emcees of Vaudeville. Feature film making was
dominated by large studios.

In United States, these were; The Hollywood studios of Metro-

Goldwyn-Mayer, Universal, Warner Brothers, and in Animation,
Disney.

In Italy, it was Cinecitta.

In United Kingdom, Pinewoods.

Asia had its own large studios such as Shaw Brothers Studio in
Hongkong.
In the early years of Philippine Cinema, the competing studios were:
Filippine Film (1934); Parlatone Hispano-Filipino (1935); Excelsior
pictures (1937); Sampaguita (1937); LVN pictures (1938); and X’Otic
Films (1939).

Before World War II, there were six film companies making more than
50 films annually, There was even a Cebu Film industry but came to
abrupt end when the war started. That industry of Bertoldo - Balodoy
in 1938, a black - and - white film directed by Piux Kabahar, a well-
known theatre artist and playwright in Cebu.
 02

Elements of Film
The literary element in a film involves the development of the script,
which may start with a storyline, character sketches, location
descriptions, and background material. This is then broken into
sequences, creating a detailed narrative for the film.

The script for a movie can be original, adaptation, or remake. It

includes scenario script, scene location, dialogues, sound and music
notations, and transitions. The director interprets the script, guiding
actors and technical crew through the sequence. The actors are "on
screen" or "before the camera," while the technical crew is "behind
the camera.“
Visual elements encompass the visible aspects of a film, including
sets, props, costumes, actors' looks, hairdo, prosthetics, makeup, and
blocking. They also include how actors move through the set, their
facial expressions, mannerism, and performance. Lighting, whether
bright or soft, also plays a significant role in the visual design.

Cinematography involves the placement, angle, and movement of the

camera, known as panning, and the chosen lens, all of which
contribute to the final image that the viewer will see and respond to.
Editing video and audio is a crucial aspect of film composition, similar
to visual arts composition, as it involves assembling the final product
of the film.
Editing is the process of arranging and sequencing shots in a film,
rather than continuously shooting from beginning to end as per the
script. The film editor and director make crucial decisions on shot
sequence, duration, transitions, and visual effects. Scenes may be
shot multiple times, often involving camera movement and new
angles. The director decides which shots are included in the final cut.

If a director is not satisfied with a scene or after a review, they may

call for a cure, a short segment that replaces a shot during editing.
These measures are typically avoided due to potential production
costs and delays.
Sound editing is a crucial process in film production, balancing
recorded sound on set, refining it, and working with sound effects and
music. It involves combining video and audio editing, with an audio
bed being placed first to establish timing.

During sound editing, the director may call actors for a dubbing
session, repeating their lines while viewing the edited video. Dubbing
is used when sound is unclear due to delivery or technical issues.
03
Film Grammar
One way to look at film is to make an analogy between it and human
language:

1. Single still image. Just as language begins with a letter, so does

film with a single l image. By itself, the still image may have little or
unclear meaning as the image can be led to multiple possibilities.

2. Shot. A shot is a single, continuous recording. It can be likened to a

word.

3. Scene. A scene is a series of related shots and is like a sentence.

Scenes are separated by transitions, which are like punctuations in a
sentence.
4. Sequence. A sequence is a series of scenes that portray a major
portion of the whole story. It can be likened to a paragraph. Finally,
the total composition, like a short story or a novel, is the edited film.

D. W. Griffith is said to have developed film grammar. Griffith was a

director writer, and producer best remembered for his epic movies
Birth of a Nation (1915) and Intolerance: Love's Struggle throughout
the Ages (1916).

Griffith worked grandly which set the standard for epic films in the era
of silent films and in the subsequent era of talkies.
 04
Subject Matter
and Film Forms
The subject matter of a film can be anything. It can be nonfiction as in
documentaries, or fiction as in feature films. Filipinos were involved in
film almost from its inception and had a dedicated audience who
preferred films in Tagalog or Visayan. Thus, the forms and types of film
that came from abroad were imitated. Film terminology was likewise
adapted to the vernacular (although vernacular terms were also coined).
Film forms can be divided into documentary, in Philippine terminology
dokyu; and feature.“
The dokyu is primarily informational. It uses shots taken from actual life;
for instance, a documentary on dynamite fishing will use footage of
fishermen who resort to this destructive method of fishing. Experts or
interviewees may appear on screen; these are known in movie parlance
as talking heads. Animation and Computer-generated Imagery (CGI) may
also be used.
On the other hand, feature films are varied. However, we cannot hold
for a strict contrast between the two because elements of comedy
may enter a drama and vice versa.
Drama films focus on conflicts, usually involving personal familial, or
social problems.

A variety of drama is the Serial film, an offshoot of the Hollywood

serial. First appearing before World War II, the Hollywood serial
ended each episode with uncertainty or a cliff-hanger. This ending
encouraged audiences to return to the movie house week after week,
the usual schedule for change of films. It is better known as
telenovela in which can be melodramatic, that is, overly emotional
reactions that does not commensurate to the cause.
 DRAMA FILM

DOKYU/ SERIAL FILM

DOCUMENTARY
FILM
Comedy is a type of entertainment that is meant to make people
laugh. There are different kinds of comedy, like slapstick and romantic
comedy. Slapstick comedy is funny because of the silly things the
characters do. Romantic comedy is a love story that also has funny
moments, singing, and dancing. Some famous comedy actors and
actresses in the Philippines are Pugo and Tugo; Dolphy and
Panchito; Tito, Vic, and Joey, and Dely Atay-atayan.

They were inspired by American and British comedians like Laurel

and Hardy, The Three Stooges, and Charlie Chaplin. In the
Philippines, they have their own version of Charlie Chaplin called
Canuplin.
Aksyon movies are action movies with lots of fighting. They can be made
up stories or based on real people and events. Some movies are about
heroes who fight for the oppressed, like Nardong Putik and Hostage:
Hanapin si Batuigas. There are also fantasy movies like Ang Panday.

Fantasy is when things happen in a made-up world, either in the past or

the future. Some movies are based on stories from books, like the
Spanish-era korido and awit. They made movies about stories like Ibong
Adarna, Siete Infantes de Lara, and Florante at Laura. They also made
movies about mythical characters like Bernardo Carpio and creatures like
mermaids. There were even movies about Filipino superheroes, like
Darna; Kapitan Kidlat; Zoom, Zoom, Superman; and Captain Barbell.
Darna was first a comic book character and then became a movie
character. Her creator was inspired by Superman.
 ACTION FILM

COMEDY FILM FANTASY FILM

Historical films are movies that tell stories about things that happened a
long time ago and real people who lived during that time. Some movies
have been made about Filipino heroes like Tandang Sora, Diego Silang,
and Dagohoy. One more recent movie is called Heneral Luna. Another
type of historical movie is called a biopic, which is about one person's life
or an important time in their life. An example of this is a Filipino movie
called Ignacio de Loyola Soldier Sinner, Saint, which is about a man
named Ignacio who was a soldier but then became a saint after a big
battle. He dedicated his life to God and helped other people find faith too.

Period movies are movies that take place in the past and show what life
was like back then. They have old-fashioned clothes, props, and
manners. Futuristic movies are about what life might be like in the future,
with cool technology and new ideas.
HISTORICAL FILM PERIOD FILM
Epic movies are really big and have lots of exciting things happening.
They can be about history or made up stories. One example is a
movie called Oro Plata Mata, which is about a rich family during
World War II. It's a mix of history and fiction.

Horror movies are meant to scare people and often have creatures
like vampires and ghosts. Some popular horror movies are Zuma and
Shake, Rattle, and Roll.

Musical films in the Philippines are funny and have singing and
dancing. There are different types of musicals, like ones based on
plays and ones with American influences. Some examples of musical
films in the Philippines are Kakabakaba Ka Ba? , Pabling, and Ang
Larawan.
 HORROR FILM

EPIC FILM MUSICAL FILM

Animation movies are made by bringing pictures or objects to life
using special techniques. There are different ways to make
animations, like drawing pictures by hand or using models and
photography. In the Philippines, clay animation became popular with
a character named Gumby. Animation has been used in Philippine
films since the 1950s. Sometimes, animations are used for special
effects in movies. Although Filipino animators work for foreign
companies, the animation industry in the Philippines is still active and
creative. Worldwide animation using CGI has replaced human made
illustration excepts in a few cases.

Hayao Miyasaki’s Studio Ghibli which uses the mythical creatures

Totoro as mascot been holding on to the hand-illustrated animation.
Bomba films depict nudity and sex and have been castigated as soft
porn. Bomba has been called bold, wet look, or ST (sex trip).But in
1982, after the Experimental Theater Cinema of the Philippines which
at one time was under Imee Marcos - did not receive did not receive
government subsidy, it capitalized on its exemption from censorship
by exhibiting bold, "artistic" movies at the Manila Film Center, Movie
such as Isla (1984), Boatman (1984), and Scorpio Nights (1985) were
made during this time.

Alternative, indie (from independent), and experimental films break

through conventional barriers, types, stories, and techniques of
moviemaking. Produced by small outfits independent of big studios
where played by theatre actors and amateurs; an alternative to
productions of mainstream studios
 BOMBA FILM

ANIMATION FILM ALTERNATIVE, INDIE

 05

Technical
Considerations
Analog technology in film refers to physical film strips of light-sensitive
celluloid that are developed chemically and then edited by the cut-
and-paste method which literally involves cutting the film strip and
sticking it to another strip using an adhesive. Some cell phones have
exceeded what older video cameras could do in terms of resolution.

Digital hardware and software address many needs in professional

editing namely:

Asset management is like taking care of videos and audios.

There are special tools that help save, organize, and use these
videos and audios again. This saves money because we don't have
to make new ones.
  Audio recording, editing, and mixing is about making sure
the sounds in a project sound good. There are special devices that
help store and manage sounds, edit them, and make them sound
clear. They also help fix bad recordings.

Enhancement refers to the process of improving audio and

video quality. This can include correcting errors, creating graphics,
and adding special effects. Software is used to enhance colors,
sharpen images, and clean up audio by removing unwanted noise.
However, there are limitations to what can be fixed, such as poorly
recorded footage or excessively noisy audio. Enhancement also
involves modifying the tone of recordings to give them a different
atmosphere.
 Broadcasting has been greatly improved by digital
technology, allowing films to be distributed through various platforms,
including the internet.

Quality assurance software is used to verify captions, video

descriptions, and languages, while other aspects of quality assurance
may require human intervention.
06
Videomaking and
Filmmaking

36
While it is called “Filmmaking” in the digital age, the film strip is no
longer used.
Far more common is the use of digital video equipment, whether
dedicated, handheld video cameras; or cameras in mobile phones.
The technology for image capture and storage is different from the
film camera because what is stored in digital camera are binary
codes that can be replayed as images.

1. Lighting(natural/artificial), is an essential element in

filmmaking. Without light, no image can be captured on film.
• Portable reflectors & filters may be used reflect or soften the light
falling on the subject.
2. Cameras(analog/digital), are used to record film.
• Analog camera refers to a camera that uses film strip to record
image. This strip is light sensitive and captures an image which
appears once the strip is developed using a chemical bath.
• Digital camera uses a CCD (charge couple device), an integrated
circuit in a silicon matrix where light-sensitive elements called
pixels generate a charge from photon or particles of light hitting
the surface. The pattern of charges can be read by electronics and
turned into a digital copy of the light patterns on the surface.

• Lens aperture controls the amount of light that is recorded digitally.

The aperture is increased or decreased by a device called the
diaphragm. It assures WYSIWYG (What You See Is What You
Get)
 CAMERA

LIGHTING LENS
 07

Language of the
Camera
LANGUAGE OF CAMERA
A. Camera Shots - how much space the audience sees in a
particular frame.

1. Extremely Wide Shot (EWS) or Establishing Shot

• Shows panorama of an environment where the subject is scarcely
visible because he/she is overwhelmed by the surroundings.

2. Very Wide Show (VWS)

• Subject is barely visible and is shown within an environment.

3. Wide Shot (WS) or Long/Full Shot

• Subject takes the full frame and is shown from head to foot.
Extremely Wide Shot Very Wide Show

Wide Shot
4. Medium Shot (MS) or Mid Shot
• Shows more part of a subject while giving an impression of the whole
subject; usually shows a person from the head to the torso.

5. Close-up (CU) Shot

• Part or feature of a subject takes up the whole frame.

6. Medium Close-up (MCU) Shot

• Halfway between MC and CU.

7. Extreme Close-up (ECU) Shot

• Shows extreme detail.

8. Point of View (POV) Shot

• Shows scenery from the point of view of the subject.
Medium Shot Medium Close-up

Close-up (CU) Shot

Extreme Close-up

Point of View
B. Camera Angles – refers to how an image is composed and the
point of view from which a shot is taken.

1. Eye-level – taken at the eye-level of the cinematographer directing

the shot.

2. High angle – taken from a point of view above the subject taken.

3. Low angle – shows a scene taken below eye level.

4. Bird’s-eye view – are taken from an extremely high angle.

5. Worm’s-eye view – shows scenes taken at almost floor level.

Eye-level Low angle

High angle
Bird’s-eye view Worm’s-eye view
6. Slanted angle – has the horizon at an angle not straight or flat as
usual.

7. Dutch tilt or Dutch angle – is a camera shot where the angle is

tilted extremely to one side.

 It is also known as German, Oblique, Canted, or Batman

Angle.
 It evokes disorientation, insanity, drunkenness and the like.
 It was used in German films in the 1930’s and 40’s.
Slanted angle

Dutch tilt or Dutch angle

CAMERA MOVEMENTS – a filmmaking technique that
describes how a camera moves about to help enhance a story.

1. Panning – involves to moving the camera sideways from left to

right vice versa.
2. Zoom – makes an image appear nearer or farther from the camera.
• Zoom-in – nearer
• Zoom-out – farther
3. Tracking or Trucking – involves following the subject being filmed.
This done by mounting the camera on a platform that runs on a rail or
by mounting it on a vehicle.
• The Extremely Wide Shot may move from a low to a high angle and
vice versa. This down using a dolly, which a camera mounted on a
crane, or what is becoming more common, a camera drone.
 Tracking
Panning or
Trucking

Zoom-in Zoom-out
RULES OF FRAMING
1. Framing – the way elements are arranged in the frame. Essentially
what the camera sees.
-A shot is not taken randomly by just pointing at a subject. A shot is
composed or framed to get a satisfactory image.
• The Rule of Thirds – involves mentally creating equally spaced
vertical and horizontal lines on a potential shot or image, then
placing points of interests on this grid’s lines and intersection
points.
-The theory is that the filming style will create more pleasing visuals to
the viewer’s eye.
-It is a composition guideline that places your subject in the left or
right of an image, leaving the other two thirds more open.
EDITING

• In the analog era when film was shot using the film strip or large
roll of film, video and audio editing took the step of cutting a strip of
film physically, then splicing or sticking the film together.

• The digital revolution changed all that with the introduction of video
editing software programmed to resemble the steps used in analog
editing.

Five steps in Editing

1. Import footage or digitalized video from the camera to the
computer.
2. Create a sequence by dragging the desired clips to the time line.
Adjust clip length when needed. Once the clips are in place, work on
the transitions between them. Fade out, fade in and fade to black are
some of the transition effects that may be used. Be careful not to add
too many transition effects as they can be distracting.

3. Add and adjust the audio elements – the music, ambient sound,
and special effects.

4. Save the edited video and add the title.

5. The video may also be exported to the internet using a preferred

platform.
FILMMAKING PHASES

• Filmmaking is a team effort. Knowing how a professional team is

organized and how jobs are defined can help a team plan for a
better production.

1. Preproduction – preparation phase

2. Production – actual shooting

3. Postproduction – involves editing both the video and audio content

of the film.
THE FILMMAKING TEAM
1. Producer – The person (or institution) responsible for getting the
project started. The producer is often the financier of the film but may
also invite and organize other parties to finance the film project.
2. Marketing – is responsible for advertising and promoting the film to
assure it an audience. Marketing therefore sells the film and helps the
producer recoup costs.
3. Creatives – Under the creatives are personnel who ensure that film
is done and completed on time, with little loss of time, and within the
project budget.
4. Executive Producer – represents the producer and oversees that
the production of the film. He/she protects the investment of the
producer.
5. Director – the main creative person who manages the work of the
scriptwriter, actors and actresses, and the technical crew. He/She
also approves the design of the film and works with the audio and
video editors for the final look of the film.
6. Cinematographer – is responsible for creating the look that a
director wants. They usually have a team in charge of camera, lights
and sounds.
7. Scriptwriter – is responsible for writing the script, which is the
guideline for making the film. In addition to dialogue, the script
contains information on setting, scene design, sounds, music and
transitions from sequence to sequence.
8. Best Boy – is the Hollywood term for the person in charge of
lighting and grip. Lighting involves the whole setup of electricals.
9. Gaffer – is the head or chief electrician.
10. Grip – works closely with the camera technicians, especially
those who handle cameras mounted on crane or dolly, or placed in an
unusual position.
In preparation for a shoot, designers prepare sketches of set,
costume and props for approval of the director. The designers might
work with consultants, especially for history and period movies. Once
the designs are approved, these are sent to prop makers or
manufacturers who do all that is needed prior to the actual shoot.

11. Costume, props, makeup and special effect crews – are I charge
of making sure that the actors and the sets are ready for the shoot.
12. Production Assistants – are all-around, on hand assistants who
help the creatives, the actors and the crew.
In all large productions, there are safety people involved, such as
doctors and nurses, firemen, or policemen to avoid the occurrence of
injuries in the set; ensure security od all members involved in the
production; and keep onlookers orderly when shooting in a crowded
space, like the streets of a city.
13. Actors, Actresses and extras – are the people before the camera,
they appear on screen. They influence the viability of a film as a
creative work and as a financial venture.
Actors and Actresses are dealt with separately because there is a
whole industry of talent management. Box office-making actors and
actresses enjoy some autonomy and are not completely under the
director, who must encourage, motivate and coach the actor or
actress. Some actors bring their own makeup artists and may even
negotiate what they wear and how they look on camera.
 08

Journey through time:

Romanticism and Modernity
The Industrial Revolution, which began in England in the late 18th
century, significantly influenced art from the 19th to 20th centuries.
The introduction of steam-powered engines led to the creation of
large factories, which replaced human labor. This revolution
transformed society, creating the proletariat, who migrated from rural
areas to work in factories.

Food production was disconnected from factory work, and laborers,

including women and children, were tied to machine schedules,
competing with crafts like weaving. In the early 19th century,
European art was dominated by Neoclassicism, a revival of ancient
Greek and Roman classical arts.
Nations favored works emulating Greek and Roman mythology,
historical subjects, and allegories glorifying national virtues. National-
states sponsored art academies and salons where Neoclassicism
prevailed.

Artists, thinkers, and philosophers sensitive to the social, economic,

and environmental changes brought by the Industrial Revolution
questioned the unbridled growth of industry and the prevailing belief
in the inevitability of progress brought about by science and industry.

This was the repeated slogan of Modernism, a promised inevitable

progress for humanity and the raising of living standards.
During this period, optimism was fuelled by progress in the economic
sector, with machines revolutionizing weaving, timber cutting, and
lumber preparation, leading to the birth of the horseless buggy and
steamship.

The invention of the lithographic press revolutionized the art world by

replicating handmade illustrations and producing color prints. This
made the dissemination of images and artworks accessible to a wider
audience, and paint production became a more efficient process.

Paints in tubes were manufactured in bulk by factories, and

inexpensive substitutes were created through chemical synthesis.
LITHOGRAPHIC PRESS PAINT TUBES
This change in painting methods made it easier for artists to paint
outdoors, unlike art academies which required mock-ups for
landscapes. Artists now used their easel, canvas, brush, oils,
solvents, and tubes of paints, making outdoor painting more
convenient and feasible. Without tubes of paint, artists like Cézanne,
Monet, Pissaro, and Impressionism would not exist.

The camera revolutionized art, giving birth to cinema by the late 19th
century. It rooted in music, dance, and theater, and as technology
improved, cinema became a recorder of history, educational tool, and
pervasive entertainment technology in the modern era.
In the 19th century, European colonialism expanded, with Britain
conquering India, Belgium making Congo a colony, the Dutch holding
South Africa, and the French expanding into North Africa and
Indochina. Japan also entered the picture, and the US acquired an
empire by acquiring the Caribbean, Cuba, the Philippines, and the
Marianas from Spain. Leopold of Belgium ran Congo as a private
enterprise, employing natives to harvest and process rubber, leading
to many deaths.

Wealth from industry and colonization of India enabled the middle

class and elites in Britain to afford a comfortable lifestyle. The
Victorian Style, named after Queen Victoria, was preferred by the
upper class for its over decorated domestic architecture.
Britain's prosperity was a facade, with industries fuelled by sweatshops,
where children worked in inhumane conditions. Charles Dickens' Oliver
Twist depicted this inhumane working conditions.
Karl Marx's Das Kapital (Capital, written in 1867), critiqued the prevailing
economic order and its negative consequences. Adam Smith, the
principal ideologue, advocated for the free market system, believing it
was the best way for humans to meet societal needs.
Capitalists, driven by self-interest, produced goods that the public
wanted, with the supply dependent on demand. They competed to
improve their goods, as consumers wanted quality and value for money.
However, Smith underestimated the inequality between capitalists and
consumers. Producers with capital could control demand through skillful
advertising, collude with fellow producers to create a monopoly, and
cooperate with banks to make easy loans for products like cars and
appliances.
Producers with capital could control demand through skillful
advertising, collude with fellow producers to create a monopoly, and
cooperate with banks to make easy loans for products like cars and
appliances.
This easy credit was addictive to consumers who wanted more and
better products. The playing field between capitalists and consumers
was not equal, and capitalists controlled demand through skillful
advertising and cooperation.
Marx criticized the capitalist system, which he believed alienated
workers from their work, as capitalists invested in factory and
agricultural workers, while they produced goods for profit. He
believed a clash between social classes needed revolution to protect
the working class, as entrenched capital would not relinquish its
privileged position.
The Arts and Crafts Movement, led by British designers William
Morris, Augustus Welby, Northmore Pugin, and John Ruskin, was an
artistic response to capitalism and the Industrial Revolution. It aimed
to restore workers' pride in craftsmanship and traditional
craftsmanship, promoting handmade over machine-made items. The
movement spread to Europe and the US from 1880 to 1910,
eventually being replaced by Modernism in the 1930s.

Morris, a prominent advocate of the movement, argued that artists

were hand-made designers and craftsmen, advocating for the
creation of free craftspeople during the middle Ages, a period of
greatness in the art of the common people.
The Arts and Crafts Movement, originating in England, influenced
Chicago architects like Frank Lloyd Wright and George Washington
Mayer, who favored straight lines, hipped roofs, and handcrafted
work. The movement also influenced the Mission Revival Style in
California, which borrowed motifs from the California Missions and
favored handcrafted details.

This movement had a significant impact on the Philippines, as

William Parsons, head of the Bureau of Public Works, designed the
Mission Revival-inspired Philippine General Hospital and the
dormitory of the Philippine Normal School. Public school buildings,
known as Gabaldon schools, also used motifs and building
technology from the Spanish colonial era.
ART AND THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

The Industrial Revolution was a transformative era in Europe, driven

by confidence in science and technology. Britain and rest of Europe
embraced machines, replacing tedious tasks like weaving and
making distances easier.

However, machines also wreaked havoc on the environment and

human labor. Reactions against the revolution were expressed in
social and economic theories by philosophers like Marx and in art
movements of the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
In the 20th century, art reinvented itself, abandoning Western art
traditions.
Various art movements expressed as "isms" reinvented
Impressionism and Abstract Impressionism. The role of art in
social change was highlighted towards the end of the first half
of the 19th century, but it faced three traumas: World War 1 in
1914, severe economic depression in 1929, and World War 2 in
1939.

Art could not escape being affected by these traumas. The

reason for doing art was questioned as art had been used as
propaganda to advance the Nazi cause.
 ABSTRACT
IMPRESSIONISM

IMPRESSIONISM
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The Arts and Crafts Movement influenced architecture by

reverting to older styles, particularly the Medieval Style. Pugin
advocated for a revival of Gothic architecture, emphasizing
simplicity in furnishings thus, contrasting Victorian shows too
much ornamentation.

This revival led to the emergence of other styles like

Romanesque and Moorish or Mudejar, highlighting the
importance of preserving and interpreting these styles while
contrasting Victorian interior designs that are crammed and
excessive.
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Romanticism, originating in England in the late 18th century
reached its peak during 1800 to 1850, was an artistic and
intellectual movement that emerged as a response to the
Industrial Revolution, Enlightenment ideas about aristocratic
social and political norm, and the rationalization of nature by
science.

Romanticism, advocated the period of emotional and

individualistic revival as it glorifies the past, influenced various
fields such as visual arts, music, literature, history, education,
and natural sciences. It also promoted liberalism and
radicalism, promoting a nationalist perspective and influencing
the writing of history.
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The movement emphasized the authentic source of aesthetic
experience of the beauty in which involves intense emotions
like fear, horror, and terror, and awe above all, particularly in
confronting nature's sublime beauty. This beauty surpasses
monetary value and cannot be imitated by art, but rather
admired and allowed to be a catalyst for art.

From 1820 to the late 19th century, the music of Romantic era
showcased nationalistic passion through orchestral, theatrical,
and solo music performances of performance. This era saw the
rise of the diva, a superstar performer who travelled to cities,
attracting middle-class "paying" audiences.
Impressionism and Art Nouveau emerged not as a result of
negative consequence but a reaction to the prevailing academic
style sponsored by national governments during the 19th
century. In France, art was dominated by state-sponsored art
academies, with biennial salons dominated by neoclassical
styles. In 1863, a group of innovating young artists wanted to
join the salon but were rejected.

Instead, they hung their works on the park fence near the
venue, creating a movement called impressionism from the
Salon des Refuses. Rebellious artists viewed this as a badge of
distinction, as it captured their vision of painting and nature.
Setting aside step-by-step planning of paintings taught in the
national art academies, impressionist artists sought to see
painting and nature with new eyes, focusing on scientific
investigations on optics and the anatomy of the human eye.
They realized that the standard teaching of the academies
about light and seeing was not entirely accurate. Spain's
academies, established in the 18th century, continue to exist
today, including the Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San
Fernando in Madrid, where Filipino artists like Juan Luna and
Felix Resurreccion Hidalgo studied. These academies were
influenced by the tenebrismo of Baroque artists Diego de
Velazquez and Juan Zurbarran, teaching a painting technique
derived from the Renaissance and Baroque.
Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando
TENEBRISMO or TENEBRISM
The standard steps in painting were to cover the canvas with
deep dark chocolate brown, bordering in black, as
underpainting. Impressionists observed nature and captured
light's impact on landscapes, observing that shadows depended
on light falling on an object and reflected light from the
surroundings.
Subjective response is the point of distinction between
Impressionism and Expressionism. Impressionism captures the
moment as perceived by human senses, while expressionism
adds the artist's response to the outside stimulus. Vincent Van
Gogh's Starry Night presents stars as whirling voices of light,
reflecting his subjective response to the scene rather than his
eyes.
“Starry Night” by: Vincent Van Gogh
Technology continued to play a roles in the new styles that
emerged. George Seurat’s Sunday Afternoon on the Island of
La Grande Jatte shows Sunday promenaders at an island on
the Seine River. Seurat painted this scene with pure dabs or
dots of colors, which allowed the eyes to more colors from the
dabs of paint because of optical blending. Suerat’s technique
was called pointillism. He was influenced by color printing
technology.
Post-impressionism shifted from capturing the present moment
to expressing the artist's subjective reaction to the subject. Now
the task was not just to paint what the artist perceived with the
human eye, but to express the artist’s reaction to the subject.
In Paul Gauguin's Vision after the Sermon, pious Breton women
with hats look at the scene as if it were happening in an arena,
the field where Jacob and the Angel wrestle is red. The scene is
bisected diagonally by a slanting tree, introducing a subjective
interpretation of the scene. This style of post- impressionism,
later known as expressionism, aimed to capture the artist's
reaction to the subject rather than capturing it visually.
Expressionism amplified the subjective dimension of art, where
the person of the artist and the subjective response were far
more constitutive of art than nature as perceived by the senses.
Paul Gauguin's
Vision after the
Sermon
Modernism: Into the 20th Century

Modernism is an umbrella term that includes many art

movements or "isms of art". Isms were promoted by group of
artist that used periodicals to explain the aims of their
movement. Modernism is a Post-impressionism and had
antecedents that rebelled against academic art.
ART NOUVEAU (1890-1910) is an antecedent and was a "total
style" that embraced arts and crafts. The style was a total
because it was not limited to architecture but expressed itself in
fine arts (even in typefaces); interior design; and in the
decorative arts of furniture, textile, household silver, and other
utensils.
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Art Nouveau drew its inspiration from nature. Art Nouveau
advocated a philosophy that art should be a way of life.
Commission houses of European where art nouveau dictated
the style of a residence. By the end of the first decade of the
20th Century, the style was replaced by Deco and Modernism.

Art Deco dominated European art before World War II, reaching
its height in the 1920s and 1930s. Just like Art Nouveau, Art
Deco was a total art expressed in architecture, theatre,
furniture, fashion, jewellery and accessories. And also in the
new transportation inventions - trains, cars, and ocean liners.
 Art Deco was influenced by many sources. A style of deco that
used the step pyramid was influenced by the ancient
architectural structures such as the stepped pyramid of the
Maya and the ziggurat of Mesopotamia, likewise a step
pyramid. This type of deco was known as ziggurat deco. Deco
geometricism was similar to cubism. Its choice of vibrant colors
showed the influenced of fauvism.

When designing furniture the art deco artist inspiration is the

various furniture styles. Rococo style of Louis XVI, the style of
Louis Philippe I were combined with styles from Persia, India,
China and japan and from the Central America Maya.
In 1930s, Art Deco appeared and it is called Streamline
Moderne (1930-1939) it was inspired by cars and ships. It was
more geometric than Art Deco and preferred smooth and
streamline forms similar to that of steamships.
Symbolism, a literary and visual art movement, emerged in the
late 19th century, emphasizing ideas through symbols and
subjectivity over realism. It was first used by Gustave Kahn and
Jean Moréas in 1886 and influenced painters like Edvard
Munch, Gustav Klimt, and Pablo Picasso.
In 1909 futurism began in Italy manifesto by Filippo Tommaso
Marinetti, who also coined the term. Visually, it followed the
intersecting planes of cubism and the vibrant colors of fauvism.
SYMBOLISM FUTURISM
It painted automobiles, trains, and buildings of the future while
glorifying speed and dynamism. It found resonance in Russia
when the literary group Hylaea issued the manifesto A slap in
the face of public Taste in 1912. Like Italians, they were
fascinated with the speed and restless spirit of urban living.
Futurists welcomed the Bolshevik Revolution l, Russian
Futurism ended in 1920 when the Bolsheviks were in power.

A variety of Futurism that developed in London was Vorticism. It

was propagated by artist Wyndham Lewis through the Blast
Magazine, the mouthpiece of the vorticist movement. It claim
that the movement is independent of the art movement in
Europe. The movement ended with World War I.
Constructivism, was the version of Cubism and Futurism, a
Russian movement that emerged in the 1910s, embraced the
idea that art should be "constructed" from modern materials like
plastic, steel, and glass. This influenced visual arts and
architecture, as well as practical arts like fashion, ceramics, and
graphics.
Constructivists migrated to Germany, France, and Britain after
1917, while Suprematism, a modernist Russian movement,
started in the same era (1910s). Kazimír Malevich, its founder,
emphasized the importance of pure feeling and perception in
pictorial arts. Fauvism, pioneered by Henri Matisse, was
influenced by Impressionism and Post-impressionism's use of
vibrant colors.
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Fauvists used crude brush strokes and pigments straight from
the tube, creating raw, barbaric paintings. Other Fauvists
included André Derain, Maurice de Vlaminck, and Georges
Braque. Cubism, a direct descendant of Fauvism, was more
structured and logical, analyzing geometrical structures of
subjects.

Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque are associated with

Cubism, with the movement discarded past conventions that
mimicked nature and focused on presenting objects from
multiple angles. Cubism found resonance in sculpture and
architecture, despite painting being the most common medium
of expression.
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Dadaism was describe by Dadaist Hugo ball, a movement
aimed at promoting the true perception and criticism of the
times, was a response to the disconcerting times of World War
I. Dadaists, who lived during this time, were anti-rationalists,
challenging the art establishment for elitism and aversion to
repressive regimes.

The term "Dada" was chosen by Tristan Tzara as the name for
Dadaism in his 1918 version of the Dada Manifesto. The
etymology of Dadaism comes from a French word meaning
"horse horse" or "toy horse" in children's nurseries.
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De Stijl, a Dutch movement in art, architecture, interior design,
and crafts, focused on creating simple and straightforward art.
Influenced by Parisian Cubism, the movement attracted
painters, sculptors, artisans, typographers, and poets, including
renowned artists like Piet Mondrian, Theo van Doesburg, and
architect Gerrit Rietveld.

Bauhaus, founded in 1919 by architect Walter Gropius, aimed

to teach art's connection to science and technology. It
emphasized craft, technique, and experimentation, focusing on
fine arts, industrial design, and architecture. Bauhaus rejected
academic art and emphasized practical skills, resembling
medieval guilds.
DE STIJL BAUHAUS
It viewed art as a research science rather than an adjunct to
humanities, Bauhaus looked at art more as a research science
rather than a humanistic field so Bauhaus emphasized
experimentation and problem-solving. Bauhaus would lay the
foundation of modern design where a problem, practical and
physical or social and psychological, was being met through
design. From Bauhaus came the concept of ergonomically
designed furniture, that is, furniture that corresponded to the
shape and dynamic movement of the human body.
Surrealism was influenced by the rise in psychology and its
discovery of the unconscious, as expressed in the writings of
Sigmund Freud.
In 1924, Andre Breton published The Surrealist Manifesto to
express that the Surrealist group among them were Louis
Aragon, Robert Desmos, Paul Elvard, Jacque Baron, and
George Malkine-intended to unite the conscious with the
unconscious. They worked in a variety of genres and media
such poetry, literature, the visual arts, and film.

One example is the movie The Cabinet of Dr Caligari (1920)

directed by Robert Wiene. It was a German silent film whose
visual style has been described as Expressionist and Surrealist
for it did not have naturalistic landscapes and sets. Instead, it
had distorted landscapes with buildings at an angle, and
shadows and streaks of light painted directly on the set.
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Abstract Expressionism, a non representational art movement
in New York during the 1930s and 1940s, was influenced by
Surrealism and matured in the 1940s. Key artists included
Jackson Pollock, Mark Rothko, Barnett Newman, Clyfford Still,
Willem de Kooning, Franz Kline, Lee Krasner, and Robert
Motherwell.
Social Realism emerged in the late 1920s and continued until
the late 1950s in the US, during a volatile era where capitalist
entrepreneurs made significant wealth, workers' conditions
were poor, and labor unions were formed to bargain for better
benefits. The success of Bolsheviks in Russia led to the
establishment of communist cells in the US, attracting the
working class.
ABSTRACT EXPRESSIONISM
SOCIAL REALISM
Art in this movement was figurative, realistic, and demonstrated
social concern. The movement grew in the US where artists
were influenced by the works of Mexican muralists Diego
Rivera and Jose Clemente Orozco.

During the Great Depression, artists viewed themselves as

critics of society, influenced by Karl Marx and Vladimir Lenin's
writings. They formed social realist groups, publishing
magazines, organizing unions, and advocating for anti-capitalist
reform in America. They portrayed workers as heroes, unlike
Ashcan school artists who were outliers.
END OF THE MYTH OF PROGRESS
The Industrial Revolution's myth of progress was shattered by
three crises:
FIRST, World War I, the invention of the airplane, and the
invention of the interrupter gear for planes. The Great War,
which involved many countries, exposed the industry's shift
towards war material production between 1915 and 1917.
Chemical factories developed poison gas, while the airplane
was used for reconnaissance and war. Tanks overcame trench
warfare, and trap bullets allowed for night-time path detection.
Other war machines were invented, such as flamethrowers,
depth charges, and pilotless drones. Technology was not in
service of human progress but of destruction.
SECOND, The Great Depression, the longest economic
downturn in the Western industrialized age, occurred from 1929
to 1939 in the US. It began after the October 1929 market crash
and was caused by deep deficits in the economy.

Bank panics began in 1930, leading to investors demanding

cash deposits and banks losing confidence in their solvency.
This resulted in 13-15 million Americans being jobless by 1933,
with nearly half of banks bankrupt. Bread lines, soup kitchens,
and increased homelessness became common.
THIRD, World War II, following the Depression, halted the
former by directing war costs into industries like steel, rubber,
and armaments. It also boosted food companies, such as
canned foods and dehydrated meals, which were crucial for the
US K-ration, the food provisions for American soldiers.

World War II resulted in devastating destruction, including the

atomic bombs at Hiroshima and Nagasaki. This severe blow led
to a period of uncertainty and negativity in the post-war years,
with art reflecting this uncertainty. Post-war art repudiated the
past and expressed the fragility of human existence, influencing
the reconstruction era that followed. This period marked a
significant shift in human society.
 09

SUMMARY
The beginning of cinema goes back to the experiments of
Eadward Muybridge but came into commercial production with
the Lumière brothers in France and Thomas Edison in the US.
The advances of cinema went hand-in-hand with technology.
From the silent film, cinema was given sound; celluloid film
made it more convenient to make films (movies). In the US, the
film industry developed into large studios that had their own
stars and film crew.
As in theater, film has literary and visual component; however,
film has an added technological component of cinematography
and sound design. Film follows similar principles of composition
as theater, however, because action is recorded, this
composition takes the form of video and sound editing
Although cinema is the youngest of all the art genres, it is the
most involved because it uses all the art genres and adds the
technology of filmmaking-camera. lighting, sound, editing, etc.
The expressive elements of film are: literary, visual
(incorporating cinematography) and sound elements. Editing is
the equivalent of composition in other art genres. The camera
serves as a surrogate to the human eye in filmmaking, thus,
camera movement and focus are important factors in the
storytelling or documenting of a film. Philippine cinema was
born in the late 19th century, a few years after the Lumière
brothers introduced their camera.
 END OF
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