Cells, human

reproduction
and heredity
1
What are we made up of?

Where do we come from?

Why do we look like our parents?

2
4.1 Cells
A Basic units of living things
What is this model
made up of?

3
A Basic units of living things

toy bricks

4
A Basic units of living things
How about living
things?

5
A Basic units of living things
How about living
things?

cells ( 細胞 )

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7
8
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11
12
A Basic units of living things
• made up of only one cell
unicellular organism ( 單細胞生
物)
e.g.
Amoeba
(×75)

13
A Basic units of living things
• made up of only one cell
unicellular organism ( 單細胞生
物)
e.g.
Bacterium
(×20 000)

14
A Basic units of living things
• made up of more than one cell
multicellular organism ( 多細胞生
物human
A ) adult:
>37 trillion cells!

15
A Basic units of living things

The basic units of living things are

___________.
cells

16
B Observing cells using
microscopes

produce magnified ( 放大的 )

images of objects

17
light microscope
( 光學顯微鏡 )
white blood cell

(×700)

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electron microscope
( 電子顯微鏡 )
white blood cell

(×4000)
19
Cells are 3D!
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21
 4.1 Video 4.1

Knowing the light microscope

Aim
To learn the different parts
of a light microscope

22
 4.1

arm
base

23
 4.1
eyepiece
2

body tube

objective
clips
diaphragm
mirror
or
light bulb
24
 4.1

2
fine
coarse adjustment adjustment
knob knob
arm
stage

base

25
 4.1

3 Eyepieces:
the longer the eyepiece,
the lower the magnification

26
 4.1

4 Objectives:
the longer the objective,
the higher the magnification

27
 4.1

5
Total magnification ( 總放大率 )
of a microscope

magnification magnification
= ×
of eyepiece of objective

28
 4.2 Video 4.2

Using the light microscope

Aim
To learn how to use a light
microscope to observe
objects

29
 4.2

1
put near a
window or
in front of
a lamp

30
 4.2

2
choose a
low-power
eyepiece
choose a
low-power
objective

31
 4.2

3 look through
the eyepiece
with both
eyes open

open the
diaphragm
wide
32
 4.2

adjust until you

see a bright
circle of light

33
 4.2

4
clip a ruler
onto the stage

mm-scale

34
 4.2

5
look from
the side

35
 4.2

5
turn the coarse
adjustment
knob

very close but

does not touch

36
 4.2

6
look through
the eyepiece
with both eyes
open

37
 4.2

6
turn the coarse
adjustment knob
until you see a
clear image

38
 4.2

turn the fine

adjustment
knob to get a
sharp image

39
 4.2

8 Draw the markings on the ruler

as you see them.

diameter of the
field of view

40
 4.2

9
choose the
high-power
objective

Turn the fine adjustment knob to

get a sharp image.
41
 4.2

10 Draw the markings on the ruler

as you see them.

diameter of the
field of view

42
 Skill Video 4.1

Preparing a slide
1
water

specimen

slide
43
 edge touching
2 the water forceps

lower the
cover slip

cover slip
44
3 no air bubbles trapped

tissue
paper

45
 4.2

11

46
 4.2

11

47
 4.2

12 Look at the letter ‘F’ using the

lowest magnification.

48
 4.2

The higher the magnification of

the microscope, the (smaller /
greater) the diameter of the field
of view.

49
 4.2

13 Draw the image.

F
50
 4.2

14 Look at the letter ‘F’ again.

a When you move the slide to the
right, the image moves to the
__________.
left

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 4.2

14 Look at the letter ‘F’ again.

b When you move the slide to the
left, the image moves to the
__________.
right

52
 4.2

The image formed in the microscope

is (magnified / diminished) and
(upright / inverted).

53
1 Plant cells

Let’s observe the structure of plant cells

using a microscope.

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 4.3 Video 4.3

Observing plant cells

Aim
To prepare slides of plant cells and
use a microscope to observe the cells

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 4.3
I Observing onion cells
1
forceps

onion scale
leaf

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 4.3

iodine solution

onion skin

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 4.3

3 Observe the slide under a microscope

with low-power magnification.
Draw some onion cells.

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 4.3

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 4.3
II Observing leaf cells of
a water plant
1
forceps

leaf of water plant

60
 4.3

thin leaf from water

the water plant

61
 4.3

3 Observe the slide under a microscope

with low-power magnification.
Draw some leaf cells.

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 4.3

63
 Plant cells vs animal cells

Plant cells Animal cells

Can you spot the differences/similarities?

64
1 Plant cells

leaf cells (×800)

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1 Plant cells

66
 cell
membrane

nucleus

cytoplasm
1 Plant cells
cell wall ( 細胞 protects, supports
壁) and gives a
regular shape to
the cell

68
69
1 Plant cells
cell membrane controls the
( 細胞膜 ) movement of
substances into and
out of the cell

70
71
1 Plant cells
cytoplasm the place where many
( 細胞質 ) chemical reactions take
place

72
73
1 Plant cells
nucleus contains DNA ( 脫氧核糖核
( 細胞核 ) 酸 ) which controls the
activities of the cell

74
75
1 Plant cells
vacuole ( 液 stores water and
泡) dissolved minerals
( 礦物質 )

76
77
1 Plant cells 3D Model 4.1

chloroplast the site where

( 葉綠體 ) photosynthesis
( 光合作用 ) occurs

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79
80
1 Plant cells
For example:
cells (dark blue)
for controlling the
size of air holes
(×300)

air hole

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1 Plant cells
For example:
cells for
photosynthesis
(×4500)

vacuole
chloroplast
nucleus

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1 Plant cells
For example:
cells for
transporting
water (×300)

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1 Plant cells
For example:
cells for
transporting food
(×100)

84
Correct answer

85
Drawing a specimen
cell for transporting
water in pine
(400)

86
draw with smooth
lines and in proportion

87
put label on sides

cell wall

use straight
labelling line

88
 cell wall

write a title A cell for transporting

water in pine (×400)
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 4.3

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91
2 Animal cells
How about animal cells?

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 4.4 Video 4.4

Observing animal cells

Aim
To prepare a slide of ox eye cells and
use a microscope to observe the cells

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 4.4

1
cornea ( 角膜 )

microscope
slide

ox eye

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 4.4

methylene blue
solution

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 4.4

2
cover slip

96
 4.4

3 Observe the slide under a microscope

with low-power and then high-power
magnification.

Draw some cells.

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 4.4

98
2 Animal cells 3D Model 4.2

human cheek
cell (500)

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2 Animal cells

cytoplasm
cell membrane
nucleus

NO cell wall and

large vacuole

100
101
102
2 Animal cells
For example:
nerve cells
(×100)

nucleus

103
2 Animal cells
For example:
muscle cells
(×700)

nucleus

104
2 Animal cells
For example:
liver cells
(×100)

nucleus

105
2 Animal cells
For example:
skin cells
(×2000)

nucleus

106
B Observing cells using
microscopes

Both plant cells and animal cells

have a cell membrane, cytoplasm
nucleus
and a __________.

107
B Observing cells using
microscopes

However, only plant cells have a

vacuole
cell wall and a large __________.
Some plant cells also have
chloroplasts for photosynthesis.
___________

108
1a When the word ‘pod’ is observed
under the microscope, the image
seen is ‘pod’.

T F
109
1b The nucleus of a cell is the site
where photosynthesis occurs.

T F
110
 2 Which of the following structures
can be found in plant cells and
animal cells?
Cell Large
Structure Cell wall Cytoplasm Nucleus Chloroplast
membrane vacuole

Plant
    
cell  (in green
cells)
Animal
cell   

111
C DNA in the nucleus
• genetic material ( 遺傳物質 )
• carries genetic information ( 遺傳信
息 ) which instructs a cell what to do

DNA (deoxy-ribo-nucleic-acid)

112
 C DNA in the nucleus
Example:
DNA instructs certain cells in the eyes
how much pigment to make
with little pigment with lots of pigment

113
C DNA in the nucleus
• genetic material ( 遺傳物質 )
• carries genetic information ( 遺傳信
息 ) which instructs a cell what to do

determines the traits ( 性狀 )

book of life ( 生命天書 )

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115
C DNA in the nucleus

116
C DNA in the nucleus

DNA

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C DNA in the nucleus
cell
chromosome
( 染色體 )

nucleus
(×6500)
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DNA Chromosome

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Chromosomes
C DNA in the nucleus
• chromosomes exist in pairs
in the body cells come from

male parent female parent

( 父本 ) ( 母本 )
each body cell has two sets
of chromosomes
121
 Chromosomes exist in pairs

From dad From mom From dad From mom

C DNA in the nucleus
In a human body cell, there are
46 chromosomes (23 pairs)

1 2 3 4 5

6 7 8 9 10 11 12

13 14 15 16 17 18

19 20 21 22 23

123
C DNA in the nucleus

sex chromosomes
23 ( 性染色體 )
124
Shorter= Y Longer = X

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C DNA in the nucleus male

one X chromosome

23
one Y chromosome
126
C DNA in the nucleus female

two X chromosomes

23

127
Are you XX or XY?

128
C DNA in the nucleus

chromosomes found in the

The _____________
nucleus of each cell contain DNA.
DNA is the genetic material. It carries
genetic information which determines
the traits of a living thing.

129
C DNA in the nucleus

46
There are ________ chromosomes in
a human body cell.

130
C DNA in the nucleus

Human males and females have

(the same / different) sex
chromosomes.

131
D Cells can divide, grow and
differentiate
number of cells increases
cell division ( 細胞分裂 )

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133
Before cell division…

1 All DNA in the nucleus makes a copy

of itself.
134
 each contains one copy of
the DNA of the original cell

2 The nucleus divides into two.

135
3 The cytoplasm divides into two equal
parts.

136
two cells
are formed

4 The cell membrane and the cytoplasm

separate.

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nutrient nutrient full size

138
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DDqDms
QwfLU

139
 undifferentiated
cell
cell differentiation
( 細胞分化 )

muscle cell red blood cell nerve cell

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141
D Cells can divide, grow and
differentiate

New cells are formed by a process

cell division
called _____________.

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D Cells can divide, grow and
differentiate

Cells become specialized for

particular functions in a process
cell differentiation
called _________________.

143
E Levels of organization
of living things
cell
the basic unit of living things

muscle cell epithelial cell

144
Similar cells work together as a tissue
for a particular function.

muscle tissue epithelial tissue

145
Different tissues work together as an
organ for a particular function.

stomach

146
Different organs work together as a
system for a particular function.

digestive
system

147
Different systems work together to
maintain life.

human

148
149
E Levels of organization
of living things

The levels of organization in most

living things are:
tissue
cell ➔ __________ organ
➔ __________
➔ __________
system ➔ living thing

150
1a DNA determines the traits of
a living thing.

T F
151
1b The number of cells increases
by cell division.

T F
152
1c Different organs form a tissue to
carry out a particular function.

T F
153
2 The photo shows the chromosomes
found in a body cell of a person.

1 2 3 4 5 6

7 8 9 10 11 12

13 14 15 16 17 18

19 20 21 22 Y X

154
2 Which of the following statements is
correct?
A There are 22 pairs of
chromosomes.
B There are 45 chromosomes.
C The two sex chromosomes come
from the mother of that person.
D The cell is taken from a female.
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