PRESENTATION

CASE STUDY OF EMERGING AREAS OF TECHNOLOGIES

SELF-DRIVING CARS AND

VEHICULAR COMMUNICATION
GURU TEGH BAHADUR INSTITUE OF TECHNOLOGY

PRESENTED BY :
Angad Singh
Maheep Seharawat
Ishan Pant
Prakhar Sharma
INTRODUCTION TO SELF-DRIVING CARS AND VEHICULAR
COMMUNICATION
Self-driving cars, also known as autonomous vehicles, are vehicles that can
operate without human intervention. They use a combination of sensors, cameras,
and machine learning algorithms to navigate roads, avoid obstacles, and make
decisions in real-time.

Deep learning is a subset of machine learning that involves training artificial

neural networks to recognize patterns in data. Deep learning algorithms can
process large amounts of data from sensors and cameras in real-time, allowing
self-driving cars to detect and respond to changes in their environment quickly
and accurately.
Overview of Deep learning techniques for self-driving cars

Deep learning techniques for self-driving cars include convolutional neural

networks (CNNs), recurrent neural networks (RNNs), and deep reinforcement
learning (DRL).

CNNs are used for object detection and recognition, while RNNs are used for
sequence modeling and prediction. These techniques have been used to
develop advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) and fully autonomous
vehicles, and continue to be an active area of research and development in the
field of self-driving cars.
Self-driving AI-based architectures:
Self-driving AI-based architecture is the technological framework that
underpins autonomous vehicles. Here’s an overview of a typical self-driving
AI-based architecture:

1) Sensors:
Autonomous vehicles are equipped with an array of sensors, including LiDAR
(Light Detection and Ranging), radar, cameras, ultrasonic sensors, and GPS.
These sensors collect data about the vehicle’s surroundings.

2) Perception Module and Mapping:

The perception module processes the data from sensors to create a comprehensive
understanding of the vehicle’s environment. Deep learning techniques
Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), are used for tasks such as object
detection, lane recognition etc. Autonomous vehicles must precisely determine
their location and create high-definition maps of the environment. This is done
through GPS data
3) Control Systems and Planning:
Control systems are responsible for the vehicle’s motion control, including
acceleration, braking, and steering. Machine learning algorithms and rule-based
systems are employed for decision-making. The planning and decision-making
module uses data from perception and localization to make high-level decisions
about the vehicle’s path and actions. This involves route planning, obstacle
avoidance, and responding to dynamic traffic conditions. The planning and
decision-making module uses data from perception and localization to make
high-level decisions about the vehicle’s path and actions. This involves route
planning, obstacle avoidance, and responding to dynamic traffic conditions.

4) Connectivity and Processing:

The perception module processes the data from sensors to create a comprehensive
understanding of the vehicle’s environment. Deep learning techniques
Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), are used for tasks such as object
detection, lane recognition etc. Autonomous vehicles must precisely determine
their location and create high-definition maps of the environment. This is done
through GPS data
5) Redundancy and Safety Measures:
Safety is paramount in autonomous driving. Redundancy measures are integrated
to ensure the vehicle can operate safely even in the event of system failures.

6) Testing and Simulation:

Extensive testing is crucial to validate the performance and safety of autonomous
vehicles.

7) Machine Learning Models and Algorithms:

Machine learning and deep learning models are employed throughout the
architecture for tasks like object detection, path planning, decision-making.
OVERVIEW OF VEHICULAR COMMUNICATION
Vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication enables vehicles to wirelessly exchange
information about their speed, location, and heading. The technology behind V2V
communication allows vehicles to broadcast and receive omni-directional
messages (up to 10 times per second), creating a 360-degree “awareness” of other
vehicles in proximity. Vehicles equipped with appropriate software can use the
messages from surrounding vehicles to determine potential crash threats as they
develop. The technology can then employ visual, tactile, and audible alerts—or, a
combination of these alerts—to warn drivers. These alerts allow drivers the
ability to take action to avoid crashes.
Vehicles that could use V2V communication technology range from cars and
trucks to buses and motorcycles. Even bicycles and pedestrians may one day
leverage V2V communication technology to enhance their visibility to motorists.
Additionally, vehicle information communicated does not identify the driver or
vehicle, and technical controls are available to deter vehicle tracking and
tampering with the system.V2V communication technology can increase the
performance of vehicle safety systems and help save lives.
CNN, RNN and other DL algorithms for self-driving cars
These algorithms are used for various tasks decision-making, and control.
1) Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs):
CNNs are primarily used for computer vision tasks in self-driving cars. They
excel at tasks like object detection, lane recognition, traffic sign detection, and
semantic segmentation.
2) Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs):
RNNs are often used for decision-making, trajectory planning, and control in
autonomous vehicles. They help the car make sense of sequential data and past
observations.
3) Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM):
LSTMs are a specialized type of RNN designed to handle long sequences of data.
They are used for tasks requiring memory of past events and sequences.
4) Deep Reinforcement Learning:
Deep reinforcement learning is used to train self-driving cars to make decisions in
complex and dynamic environments.
5) Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs):
GANs are employed for generating synthetic data and augmenting datasets used
for training perception models in self-driving cars.
 CHALLENGES FACED IN SELF DRIVING CARS

1. Safety Concerns:
Ensuring the safety of self-driving cars is one of the most significant challenges. The systems must be able to handle a wide range of
unpredictable situations, such as adverse weather conditions, unexpected road obstacles, and complex traffic scenarios.

2. Regulatory and Legal Issues:

The legal and regulatory framework for self-driving cars is still evolving. Issues such as liability in the event of accidents, insurance
requirements, and compliance with existing traffic laws need to be addressed to facilitate the widespread adoption of autonomous
vehicles.

3. Cybersecurity:
Self-driving cars rely heavily on sensors, cameras, and communication systems, making them vulnerable to cyber attacks. Securing
these vehicles against hacking and ensuring the integrity of their systems is a significant challenge.
4. Cost of Technology:
The technology required for autonomous driving, including high-quality sensors, computing power, and advanced
algorithms, can be expensive. Reducing the cost of these components is crucial for making self-driving cars more
accessible.

5. Human-Machine Interaction:
Ensuring a smooth and safe transition between autonomous and human driving modes, as well as designing effective
interfaces for human interaction with the vehicle, is an ongoing challenge.
 Challenges Faced in Vehicular Communication
1. Interoperability:
Ensuring that vehicles from different manufacturers and with different communication technologies can effectively communicate with each
other is a significant challenge. Standardization efforts are crucial to achieving interoperability and promoting widespread adoption.
2. Reliability and Low Latency:
Vehicular communication requires low-latency and high-reliability networks to support safety-critical applications. Achieving consistent and
low-latency communication in dynamic and unpredictable traffic environments poses a technical challenge.
3. Scalability:
As the number of connected vehicles increases, the vehicular communication system must be able to scale to handle the growing volume of
data and traffic. Scalability is essential to maintain performance and responsiveness.
4. Spectrum Allocation and Congestion:
The limited availability of radio spectrum for vehicular communication can lead to congestion, affecting the reliability and performance of
communication systems. Efficient spectrum management and allocation are critical to address this challenge.
5. Integration with Existing Infrastructure:
Retrofitting existing road infrastructure with communication capabilities and ensuring compatibility with older vehicles are challenges that
need to be addressed for the seamless integration of vehicular communication systems.
 OPTIMIZATION OF SELF DRIVING CARS
1. Sensing Technology:
Enhance sensors for better environment perception, including LiDAR, radar, and cameras, for comprehensive real-time
data collection.
2. AI Algorithms:
Continuously refine machine learning algorithms to improve decision-making processes and response times in varied
traffic scenarios.
3. Safety Protocols:
Implement redundant safety measures, fail-safes, and emergency protocols to ensure passenger and pedestrian safety.
4. Energy Efficiency:
Optimize routes and driving patterns to conserve energy and minimize environmental impact, maximizing electric vehicle
range.
5. Regulatory Compliance:
Collaborate with authorities to establish standardized regulations, ensuring legal and ethical adherence while promoting
widespread adoption and trust.
 APPLICATION OF SELF DRIVING CARS
1. Enhanced Safety:
One of the primary motivations behind self-driving cars is the potential to reduce accidents caused by human error. Autonomous vehicles
can be equipped with advanced sensors, cameras, and machine learning algorithms to navigate safely and avoid collisions.
2. Traffic Efficiency:
Self-driving cars can communicate with each other and the surrounding infrastructure, leading to smoother traffic flow and reduced
congestion. This can result in more efficient use of roadways and a decrease in overall travel time.
3. Environmental Benefits:
Autonomous vehicles can be programmed to optimize fuel efficiency and reduce emissions. Additionally, improvements in traffic flow
and reduced congestion can contribute to overall environmental sustainability.
4. Transportation as a Service (TaaS):
Self-driving cars could facilitate the transition from individual car ownership to a transportation-as-a-service model. Users might rely on
a fleet of autonomous vehicles operated by companies, similar to ride-sharing services, leading to potential cost savings for consumers.
5. Emergency Services and Healthcare:
Autonomous vehicles could be used for emergency medical services, transporting patients to hospitals more efficiently. In remote areas
or during disasters, self-driving cars equipped with medical facilities could provide critical support.
 APPLICATIONS OF VEHICULAR COMMUNICATION
1. Collision Avoidance:
V2V communication enables vehicles to exchange information about their speed, position, and direction. This information can be used to
warn drivers of potential collisions, allowing them to take corrective actions and avoid accidents.
2. Intersection Management:
Vehicular communication can facilitate the coordination of vehicles at intersections. Vehicles can communicate with each other to
optimize traffic flow, reduce congestion, and enhance safety by preventing collisions at intersections.
3. Traffic Signal Optimization:
V2I communication allows vehicles to communicate with traffic signals and infrastructure. This can be used to optimize traffic signal
timings based on real-time traffic conditions, reducing delays and improving overall traffic flow.
4. Emergency Vehicle Assistance:
Vehicular communication can be used to give priority to emergency vehicles, such as ambulances and fire trucks, by clearing the road
ahead and changing traffic signal timings to ensure a quick and safe passage.
5. Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control (CACC):
V2V communication enables vehicles to cooperatively adjust their speeds based on the speed and acceleration of surrounding vehicles.
This can lead to smoother traffic flow and improved fuel efficiency.
 FUTURE TRENDS IN SELF DRIVING CARS TECHNOLOGY
1. Improved Hardware:
Advances in hardware, including more powerful GPUs and custom AI accelerators, will accelerate the
development and deployment of deep learning in self-driving cars.
2. Federated Learning:
Federated learning allows models to be trained across multiple decentralized devices, enhancing data privacy and
enabling distributed updates to self-driving systems.
3. Edge AI:
Moving AI computation to the edge (onboard the car) will enable faster response times and reduce dependence
on cloud computing.
4. Multi-Modal Perception:
Integrating data from various sensors (cameras, LiDAR, radar) into a single deep learning model will improve
scene understanding.
5. AI Ethics:
Ethical considerations will play an increasingly vital role in the development and deployment of AI-driven self-
driving systems.
 THANK YOU

2022 PRESENTATION