NMDA RECEPTOR

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 FUNCTIONS OF GLUTAMATE
1. Glutamate acts as the major excitatory transmitter in
the brain

2. Excess glutamate causes neuronal damage and death,

principally by elevating cellular Ca+2. This phenomenon
has significance for a number of pathologies such as
Alzheimer’s disease, ALS, Ischemia and Hypoxia,
Epilepsy and Schizophrenia.

3. Glutamate receptors are involved in a physiological

phenomenon called long-term potentiation (LTP) - a
cellular model of learning and memory. The NMDA
receptor activation is an absolute requirement for
LTP induction, however, AMPA and metabotropic
glutamate receptors also play important roles.
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SYNTHESIS AND RELEASE OF GABA

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 GABA

Gambar 46. Metabolisme γ amino butirat

Catatan: PLP = piridoksal fosfat.
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GABAA RECEPTOR

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 FUNCTIONS OF GABA

1. GABA acts as the major inhibitory transmitter

in the brain

2. GABA has been implicated in several neurological and

psychiatricdisorders of humans including Huntington’s
chorea, epilepsy, alcoholism, Parkinson’s disease and
anxiety disorders.

3. Antiepileptic and anxiolytic properties of

benzodiazepine and phenobarbital suggest an
important role of GABA in epilepsy as well as
anxiety disorders.