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L1 KEY CONCEPTS --

INTRODUCTION TO Dr Guillaume Cingal


cingal@univ-tours.fr
POSTCOLONIAL STUDIES - 2
Two potentially different meanings of "post"

Source :
David Iverson. ‘Postcolonialism’.
Encyclopaedia Britannica.
https://www.britannica.com/topic/postcolonialism

Last accessed Sept 8th, 2021.


Definitions

Colonialism Imperialism
is when « one nation is « an extension by one country of
subjugates another nation, its authority over another
often imposing their territory ».
language ». Source : Dr Allen Sens – ‘Imperialism’
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lO-4DkFh5ww
Source : ‘Colonialism’
The Pacifist Web channel
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jp3ClAYgyp8
Two main waves of colonial expansion
15th-18th centuries 19th century

Map of the Americas in 1750 Map of the world’s major colonial influences in 1910
(Wikimedia Commons) (Wikimedia Commons)
Two main waves of colonial expansion –
From England to the British Empire
“In the 17th and 18th centuries, the crown
exercised control over its colonies chiefly in 1st wave
the areas of trade and shipping. In
accordance with the mercantilist philosophy
of the time, the colonies were regarded as a
source of necessary raw materials for England
and were granted monopolies for their
products, such as tobacco and sugar, in the example
British market. In return, they were expected 1661
to conduct all their trade by means of English
first English settlement in Africa
ships and to serve as markets for British
 James Island (on the Gambia River)
manufactured goods.”
Encyclopaedia Britannica
URL: https://www.britannica.com/place/British-Empire
Two main waves of colonial expansion –
From England to the British Empire
“The 19th century marked the full flower of the British
Empire. Administration and policy changed during the 2nd wave
century from the haphazard arrangements of the 17th
and 18th centuries to the sophisticated system
characteristic of the Colonial Office. [...] By the 1850s it
had become a separate department with a growing
staff and a continuing policy; it was the means by which
discipline and pressure were exerted on the colonial
governments when such action was considered
necessary.”

Encyclopaedia Britannica
URL: https://www.britannica.com/place/British-Empire
A very complex military and economic history

as demonstrated
with one example
of only one part
of Africa

Source: ‘Colonization of Western Africa’.


Encyclopaedia Britannica. URL:
https://www.britannica.com/place/western-Africa/Colonizatio
n
Violence & British liberal imperialism
“What we find, when looking at the history of the
British Empire across 200 years and vast swaths of
territory, is that violence was not a one-off
occurrence. Rather, it was systemic and part and
parcel of Britain’s liberal imperialism. If we want to
understand the legacy of the British Empire, we
must center state-directed violence and ask the
question: How and why did it unfold and what
impact did it have on the shaping of our modern
world?”
Caroline Elkins

2022
Reassessing the colonial ‘experience’
« A mon tour de poser une équation : colonisation = chosification.
J'entends la tempête. On me parle de progrès, de « réalisations », de maladies
guéries, de niveaux de vie élevés au-dessus d'eux-mêmes. Moi, je parle de sociétés
vidées d'elles-mêmes, de cultures piétinées, d'institutions minées, de terres
confisquées, de religions assassinées, de magnificences artistiques anéanties,
d'extraordinaires possibilités supprimées.
On me lance à la tête des faits, des statistiques, des kilométrages de routes, de
canaux, de chemins de fer.
Moi, je parle de milliers d'hommes sacrifiés au Congo-Océan. Je parle de ceux qui, à
l'heure où j'écris, sont en train de creuser à la main le port d'Abidjan. Je parle de
millions d'hommes arrachés à leurs dieux, à leur terre, à leurs habitudes, à leur vie, à
la vie, à la danse, à la sagesse. Je parle de millions d'hommes à qui on a inculqué
savamment la peur, le complexe d'infériorité, le tremblement, l'agenouillement, le
désespoir, le larbinisme. »
Aimé Césaire. Discours sur le colonialisme (1950).
« On m'en donne plein la vue de tonnage de coton ou de cacao exporté,
d'hectares d'oliviers ou de vignes plantés.
Moi, je parle d'économies naturelles, d'économies harmonieuses et viables,
d'économies à la mesure de l'homme indigène désorganisées, de cultures
vivrières détruites, de sous-alimentation installée, de développement agricole
orienté selon le seul bénéfice des métropoles, de rafles de produits, de rafles de
matières premières.
On se targue d'abus supprimés.
Moi aussi, je parle d'abus, mais pour dire qu’aux anciens – très réels – on en a
superposé d'autres – très détestables. On me parle de tyrans locaux mis à la
raison ; mais je constate qu'en général ils font très bon ménage avec les
nouveaux et que, de ceux-ci aux anciens et vice-versa, il s'est établi, au détriment
des peuples, un circuit de bons services et de complicité. »

Aimé Césaire. Discours sur le colonialisme (1950).


So – how can we understand what happened?

Three main instruments of control

* economic control

* political control (war and creating local élites)

* social control (language, education, culture, religion)

Source : Dr Allen Sens – ‘Imperialism’


https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lO-4DkFh5ww

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