Professional Documents
Culture Documents
CE-301
Construction Engineering
and Management
Lecture - 2
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Basic Terminology
Many definitions for
• Project these words have been
proposed.
• Construction Management
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Project Characteristics
A Project…
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What is a Project? (Definition #1)
A project is a temporary
endeavour undertaken
to create a unique product,
service, or result
(Guide to the Project Management – Body of Knowledge,
the Project Management Institute, 3rd. Ed., 2004, p. 5)
What is a Project? (Definition #2)
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What are Subprojects?
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Subprojects
Example: The Beijing Olympic Games 2008
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Selection of the Project Manager
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Selection of the Project Manager
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Types of Organizational Structures
Types of Organizational Structures
1. Functional organizations
The most prevalent organizational structure in
the world today is the basic hierarchical
structure (Figure 1). This is the standard pyramid
with top management at the top of the chart and
middle and lower management spreading out
down the pyramid. The organization is usually
broken down into different functional units, such
as engineering, research, accounting, and
administration.
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Figure 1: Functional Organization
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Functional Organization
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Functional Organization
The functional organization also has a number
of weaknesses. When it is involved in multiple
projects, conflicts invariably arise over the
relative priorities of these projects in the
competition for resources. Also, the functional
department based on a technical specialty often
places more emphasis on its own specialty than
on the goals of the project. Lack of motivation
and inertia are other problems.
However, many companies use the functional
organization for their project work as well as
their standard operations. 18
Project Organizations
The opposite of the hierarchical, functional
organization is the single-purpose project or vertical
organization. In a projectized organization, all the
resources necessary to attain a specific objective
are separated from the regular functional structure
and set up as a self-contained unit headed by a
project manager. The project manager is given
considerable authority over the project and may
acquire resources from either inside or outside the
overall organization. All personnel on the project are
under the direct authority of the project manager for
the duration of the project.
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Figure 2: Project Organization
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Project Organizations
The advantages of the project organization
come from the singleness of purpose and the
unity of command. Motivation is developed in the
working personals through this type of
organizational structure.
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Project Organizations
The project organization, however, is not a
perfect solution to all project management
problems, as some have suggested. Setting up
a new, highly visible temporary structure upsets
the regular organization. Facilities are duplicated
and resources are used inefficiently. Another
serious problem is the question of job security
upon termination of the temporary project.
Personnel often lose their “home” in the
functional structure while they are off working on
a project.
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Matrix organizations
The matrix organization is a
multidimensional structure that tries to
maximize the strengths and minimize the
weaknesses of both the project and the
functional structures.
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Figure 3: Matrix organization
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Matrix organizations
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