CONTRAST MEDIA

TOPICS

◉ INTRODUCTION
◉ CLASSIFICATION
◉ ORAL CONTRAST
◉ IV CONTRAST
◉ TYPES OF IV CONTRAST
◉ IDEAL PROPERTIES OF CM
◉ STUDIES INVOLVING CM
◉ ADVERSE EFFECT OF CM
◉ TREATMENT OF CM
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 CONTRAST MEDIA

• A contrast media is a substance used to increase the contrast of structures or fluids

within the body in medical imaging.
• Contrast media was discovered in 1896 By WALTER BRADFORD
• In 1898, the first contrast studies were carried out on the upper gastrointestinal
tract of a cat using bismuth salts.
• Inspired air became the first recognised contrast agent in radiographic
examinations of the chest.
• In MRIs, contrast agents shorten (or in some instances increase) the relaxation
times of nuclei within body tissues in order to alter the contrast in the image.
• Contrast agents are commonly used to improve the visibility of blood vessels and
the gastrointestinal tract.

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TWO WAYS OF INCREASING CONTRAST
MEDIA

◉ To reduce density of organ by filling hollow

air
◉ By filling with liquid with more atomic no. like
iodine or barium

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TYPES OF CONTRAST
MEDIA

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 OIL BASED CONTRAST MEDIA

Earlier we use oil based contrast media in GIT like:-

◉ Lipiodol(Iodised Oil)
◉ Myodril(used in myleography should be removed
after procedure which is painful procedure)

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ORAL CONTRAST IS OF
THREE TYPE

NEGATIVE NEUTRAL
POSITIVE
-AIR -WATER
-BaSO4
-WATER -MANNITOL

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ON WHAT BASIS DO WE
CONSIDER WATER AS
NEUTRAL AND NEGATIVE?
◉ When HU value of water is 0 we consider it
neutral
◉ When density of water is lesser than soft tissue
density we consider it as negative

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 MANNITOL

◉ Mannitol is one of best of oral contrast media .

(DIURETIC)
◉ Oral mannitol is palatable, cheap, easy to
prepare , has better luminal distension than oral
positive contrast, allows optimal differentiation
between lumen and bowel wall and is of
importance in ct abdominal angiographies in
differentiation between bowel and blood vessels.
◉ It provide better luminal distension than oral
contrast and allow optimal differenciation .
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BARIUM

◉ Barium sulfate (BaSO4), often just called barium in radiology

parlance, is an ionic salt of barium (Ba), a metallic chemical
element with atomic number 56.
◉ Barium sulfate forms the basis for a range of contrast
media used in fluoroscopic examinations of the gastrointestinal
tract.
◉ barium sulfate is insoluble in water.

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We now use barium sulphate contrast media
because of :-

◉ High atomic no
◉ Density high
◉ Insoluble in water
◉ Non absorbable
◉ Non toxic
◉ Cheap
◉ Easily available

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IODINE CONTRAST MEDIA

◉ Iodinated contrast media are contrast agents that

contain iodine atoms used for x-ray-based imaging modalities
such as computed tomography (CT).
◉ They can also used in fluoroscopy, angiography and
venography, and even occasionally, plain radiography.
◉ Iodine has a particular advantage as a contrast agent because
the k-shell binding energy (k-edge) is 33.2 keV, similar to the
average energy of x-rays used in diagnostic radiography .

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TYPES:-

◉ Iv contrast media are differentiate in to two parts :-

Ionic contrast media
◉ Ionic contrast media dissociates in to charge particles when it enters a solution(i.E. Blood).
◉ Ionic compound breakdown in to cations(+ve) and anions(-ve ) charge particles.
◉ Ionic monomers are diatrizoate sodium (hypaque) , iothalamate meglumine (conray)
◉ Ionic dimers are hexabrix ( ioxaglate meglumine)
Non ionic contrast media
◉ Non ionic contrast media referred as low osmolar
◉ Non ionic contrast media do not dissolve in to solution when it enters.
◉ Non ionic monomers are iohexol (omnipaque) , iopromide ( ultravist)
◉ Non ionic contrast media are iodixanol(visipaque) , iopamidol (isovue)

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AIR AND CO2 CONTRAST
MEDIA

◉ It is used in ct colonography.
◉ C02 or air is administered via flexible nectal
catheter.
◉ Room air is delievered using air bulb
insufflator to distend the colonwith air.
◉ C02 is delievered using automated insufflation
system
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IDEAL PROPERTIES OF
CONTRAST MEDIA

◉ Safe
◉ Non toxic
◉ Should not cross blood-brain barrier
◉ Similar physiological properties when compared to blood saliva
◉ Biological Inertness
◉ Opacification
◉ Easy injectibilty
◉ Selective excretion like excretion by kidney is favourable
◉ Cost effective

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 STUDIES INVOLVING
CONTRAST MEDIA

◉ SIALOGRAPHY
◉ ANGIOGRAPHY
◉ MRI
◉ UROGRAPHY
◉ BARIUM STUDIES
◉ COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY

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 ADVERSE EFFECTS OF
CONTRAST MEDIA
◉ Stomach cramps
◉ Diarrhea
◉ Nausea
◉ Vomiting
◉ Constipation
◉ Itching
◉ Red skin
◉ Swelling of the throat
◉ Difficulty breathing or swallowing
◉ Agitation
◉ Fast heartbeat
◉ Bluish skin color
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TREATMENT OF ADVERSE
EFFECTS

◉ High dose of oxygen is supply at a rate of 10/12 litre per

minute via face mask .
◉ Cortic steroids play a role in a acute reaction but they
are effective to reducing the late reactions.
◉ Epinephrine is a powerful sympathomimetic agent
activate both alpha and beta adrenergic receptors ,
thereby increasing the cardiac contractility & cardiac
rate and smooth muscle bronchodilation.

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Thanks!
Any questions ?

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