Professional Documents
Culture Documents
PROCEDURES
KENNETH M. LUCIANO, RRT
DEFINITION OF
CONTRAST MEDIA
CM are diagnostic agents that are instilled into body
orifice or injected into the vascular system, joints and
ducts to enhance subject contrast in anatomic areas
where there is low subject contrast.
Radiolucent
Appears black (increased density) on the radiograph (air,
nitrogen, carbon dioxide).
1. OIL
Example: Pantopaque, Dionosil
- Used in Myelogram and Bronchogram Studies
2. TABLETS
Example: Biloptin (Iopodate), Telepaque, (Iopanoic Acid)
Cholebrine (iocetamic acid) Bilisectan (Iodoalphanoic
acid) and Cistobil
- Used in Gall Bladder Studies
3.POWDER
Example: Barium Sulfate (Baryntgen)
- Used in GIT, Esophogram, Barium Enema, and Small
Intestinal Studies.
4.LIQUID
Example – all iodinated and non-ionic contrast medium.
POSITIVE
CONTRAST MEDIA
1. BASO4 (BARIUM SULFATE)
For examination of the esophagus
For small intestine
For upper GI series
2. IODINATED FORM
Are used in the examinations of the GI, kidneys,
gallbladder, pancreas, heart, brain, uterus, spinal
column, arteries, veins and joints.
Atomic number of 53.
IMPORTANT FACTORS IN SELECTING
CONTRAST MEDIUM
Water solubility
in vascular applications an immediate dilution with blood.
Viscosity
is a measure of the fluidity of solutions
measured in millipascals (mPa) per second.
The higher the viscosity of the solution, the longer it will
take for the contrast medium to be diluted by blood.
Osmolality-
Adverse reactions to CM have been related to
osmolality.
A measure of the total number of particles in a
solution/kg of water.
BARIUM SULFATE
It absorbs water
It is insoluble in water
It is non toxic
1. COMMERCIAL
It has flavoring and additives
BARODENSE
BAROSPERSE
BARYTGEN
2. PLAIN BaSo4
Has a very unpalatable taste but its advantage lies in the
fact that it adheres well on the mucosa of the organ
BARIUM SULFATE
EFFECTS OF C.M.
1. Histamine imbalance (patient cannot tolerate c.m.)
2. Hemodynamic (occurs during administration of c.m.) –
systemic shock, Myocardial Infarction, Renal Shutdown,
Hypertension, Urticaria
3. Psychosomatic reaction (mild transient effect if patients
are experiencing fatigue or anxiety)
4. Extravasation with burning pain and hematoma.
5. Pyrogenic Reaction
6. Organ Reaction (Chemotoxic and Idiosyncratic)
METHODS OF ADMINESTERING
CM
1. DIRECT METHOD
Barium enema; Retrograde pylography; Cystoscopy
, Arthrography
2. INDIRECT METHOD
a. Oral Method
Contrast media is taken by mouth.
b. Parenteral Method
topical
subcutaneous
intradermal
intramuscular (IM)-deltoid muscle, gluteal muscle
intravenous (IV) - median cephalic vein
-vein at the back of the hand
-vein at the ankle
-vein at the scalp
intrathecal
Categories for CM Reaction
1. Mild/Minor
Non allergic Reaction
Does not require drug or medication
Not life-threatening
Symptoms:
a. Anxiety
b. Light-headedness
c. Nausea/vomiting
d. Metallic taste
e. Mild erythema
f. Warm flush sensation during injection
g. Itching
h. Mild hives
Categories for CM Reaction
2. Moderate/allergic reaction/anaphylactic reaction
Require drug intervention
Symptoms:
a) Urticaria (moderate-severe hives)
b) Laryngeal swelling
c) Bronchospasm
d) Angioedema
e) Hypotension
f) Tachycardia/bradycardia
Categories for CM Reaction