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TEAM 2
CLASS:SE1929
TECHNIQUES OF INTEGRATION
.
Introduction to the Mean
Value of a Function
The mean value of a function is a concept in calculus that represents the average
rate of change of the function over a specific interval. It is a crucial tool in
analyzing the behavior of functions and their derivatives.
Exercise: Finding the Mean Value
Find the mean value of the function f(x) = 2x^2 + 3x - 4 over the interval [0, 2].
(8.67)/(2-0) = 4.33
Therefore, the mean value of the function over the interval [0, 2] is approximately 4.33.
Mean Value Calculation with
Numerical Integration
Numerical Integration Methods
• Trapezoidal Rule
• Simpson's Rule
Methods for Numerical Integration
Trapezoidal Rule Simpson's Rule
The trapezoidal rule approximates the area under a curve Simpson's rule uses quadratic approximations to
by dividing it into trapezoids. estimate the area under a curve.
TRAPEZOIDAL RULE
• The area of the trapezoid that lies above
the i th subinterval is:
f ( xi 1 ) f ( xi ) x
x [ f ( xi 1 ) f ( xi )]
2 2
SIMPSON’S RULE
b
a
f ( x) dx S n
x
[ f ( x0 ) 4 f ( x1 ) 2 f ( x2 ) 4 f ( x3 )
3
... 2 f ( xn 2 ) 4 f ( xn 1 ) f ( xn )]
• where n is even and ∆x = (b – a)/n.
SIMPSON’S RULE Example 4
2
1
(1/ x) dx
SIMPSON’S RULE Example 4
• Putting f(x) = 1/x, n = 10, and ∆x = 0.1 in Simpson’s Rule,
we obtain:
2 1 x
1 x
dx S10
3
[ f (1) 4 f (1.1) 2 f (1.2) 4 f (1.3)
Simple and easy to implement, but accuracy may be Provides more accurate results, especially for functions
lower than other methods. with complex curvatures, but requires more
computational effort.
Error Estimates in Numerical Integration
1 Local Error 2 Global Error
Local error in numerical integration is the Global error refers to the difference between the
discrepancy between the exact value and the true integral value and the calculated value over
estimated value of the integral at a specific the entire integration domain.
subinterval.
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