Professional Documents
Culture Documents
CAUSES OF
ANOXIC NECROSIS
Tujuan Pembelajaran
Memahami anoksia dan nekrosis anoksia
sebagai penyebab tersering kematian sel
Memahami membran plasma (PM)
Mendeskripsikan senyawa organik dan
anorganik alami sebagai penjejas PM
Mendeskripsikan senyawa buatan manusia
sebagai penjejas PM
Memahami mitokondria, lisosom, badan
mikro, mikrotubulus, filamen, sitoskeleton,
nukleolus, retikulum endoplasmik, dan
matriks ekstrasel
Mendeskripsikan material normal sel
S.Ked (FK UNDIP); dr (FK UNDIP)
M.Kes (Patobiologi) (FK UNDIP)
THT-KL (FK UNDIP)
Dr (Ilmu Kedokteran) (FKKMK UGM)
MM (Administrasi Rumah Sakit) (Pasca UMS)
WD 3 FK UNDIP (2016-2019)
Dekan FKIK UNIB (2019-sekarang)
Dewan Pakar PB IDI (2018-2021)
Ketua PMI Kota Semarang (2021-2026)
HAK CIPTA & PATEN = 10 Judul
HAK PATEN MERK = 1 Judul
Awal Prasetyo
• Stresses
• Anoxia
• The Commonest Causes of Anoxic Necrosis
• Atherosclerosis
• Other main consequences in very large & partially
unsupported arteries
• Complex pathological processes of Atherosclerotic plaques
• Key atherosclerosis-related subjects
• Natural History of Human Atherosclerotic Lesions
• Different pathogenesis theories & mechanism
• The present summary conclusions on pathogenesis
• The present strategy for rational preventive, arresting & regression-
inducing treatment
• Currently unsolved problems that await future solution
• Currently unsolved problems that await future solution
• Hypertension
STRESSES
• Anoxia
• Other Metabolic Stresses
• Stresses Leading to Hypertrophy & Hyperplasia
• Stresses Leading to Atrophy
• Stresses Leading to Abnormal Accumulation of
Materials in Cells
• Stresses Leading to Loss of Organelles & Chemicals
in Cells
• Genetic Injury (Molecular Genetic)
• Injury due to Living Invanders (Infectious Agent)
ANOXIA
• Most common, important of lethal injury.
• A complete withdrawal of oxygen from a cell (i.e;
vascular occlusions, stenosis or ruptures)
(Hypoxia is a diminishes oxygen supply caused by diminishes of
blood suply [ischemia])
• The anoxic necrosis produced in most organs (heart, liver,
kidney, spleen) result in a coagulation necrosis, due to the
coagulation of cell proteins by lactic and phosphoric acid.
• The produced in the brain results in a liquifaction necrosis,
because the most of breakdown products of myelin,
a water soluble main brain component.
The Commonest Causes of Anoxic Necrosis
Anoxia
• Is the most common & most lethal causes of necrosis.
• Is the most frequent destroyer heart & brain (why, ?) (those
organs whose loss cannot be survived & whose cells cannot be
regenerated once lost).
• Is the most frequent cause of death of the whole
organism.
The most common & important causes of anoxic
necrosis
• Occlusion of arteries by thrombosis
• The marked stenosis of arterial lumen
• The rupture of arteries
The most frequent causes of deadly arterial
stenosis, occlusion or rupture, are;
Atherosclerosis & Hypertension (alone or in concert)
ATHEROSCLEROSIS
• A chronic, progresive disease of medium & large
arteries, alters & thicken the arterial wall.
• May promote occlusion thrombosis, leading to
necrosis (infarction) or part of organs supplied
(heart attack & thrombotic stroke)
• May produce a gradual but relentless stenosis,
leading to gradual destruction of dependent organ
parts.
Atherosclerosis
• An extremely complex & polymorph disease of arteries
• Initially stimulating myosit proliferation
• In advance stages: completely destroys normal muscular & elastic
substance, replace it with collagen, lipid & calcium deposits.
• Make an artery be; thicken, rigid, fragile
Two Main consequences in medium and small arteries:
1) Narrowing the lumen vessels, diminished blood flow, hypoxic
atrophy & scarring the organ.
2) Thrombosis over cracked atherosclerotic plaques resulting
suddent occlusion & anoxic necrosis
(thrombosis never develops in normal arteries & always materializes
in atherosclerotic or inflamed arteries). FIGURE 2-1
Other main consequences in very large & partially
unsupported arteries
• Diffuse dilatation
• Localized aneurysma
• Rupture
• Massive hemorrage
Complex pathological processes of Atherosclerotic plaques
• Endothelial injury (inflammation); Lipid uptake by myocytes
• Monocyte infiltration; Monocytic lipid uptake
• Disintegration of lipid-filled (foam) cells
• Massive extracellular lipid deposition
• Elastin destruction; Smooth muscle proliferation
• Massive collagen synthesis
• Acid mucopolysaccharides accumulation
• Progressive destruction of the original media
• Angiogenesis (plaque capillarization)
• Calcium deposition
• Necrosis of the lession cap
• Cracking of the lession surface
• Intra-plaque hemorrhage
• Supra-plaque trombosis
Key atherosclerosis-related subjects
1) Natural history of human atherosclerotic lessions
Earliest Lesions
• The atherosclerotic process begins most frequently in the
innermost arterial wall with thin flat lesions that display mix of;
1) Arterial (endothelial) injury/ inflammation response
2) Proliferative reaction to that injury
3) Lipid deposition in the area of injury & repair
FATTY STREAK
Injury Lipid
Exudation Predisposition
Hemodynamic Insult
• High blood turbulence & shear at arterial tree
(increase permeability, loss of
electronegative sialic acid coat, increased transendothelial
pinocytosis, loosening interendothelial junctions & increase
intracellular histamin synthesis in the endothelium).
• High blood pressure
(increased transendothelial
pinocytosis & loosening interendothelial junctions).
Gambar Mekanisme peningkatan permeabilitas mikrovaskuler terhadap plasma. A. Transpor normal lambat dari petanda
plasma (1) dalam vesikula pinositik (2) melintasi sitoplasma endothelial (3) masuk ke ruang subendothelial (4) sedangkan
junction endothelial tertutup (5). B. Transpor pinositik amat besar meningkatkan (1) petanda plasma melintasi endothelium
dalam suatu kondisi inflamasi. Pada beberapa kasus, pertemuan jalinan (2) vesikula pinositik membentuk saluran temporer
(3) melalui sitoplasma endothelial. C. Plasma keluar melalui junction endothelial (1) mengikuti kontraksi sel endothelial
(2). D. Plasma keluar melalui gap (celah) (1) dalam tubulus endothelial akibat destruksi segmental (2) dari sitoplasma
endothelial.
Gambar. Mekanisme peningkatan permeabilitas mikrovaskuler terhadap plasma.
A. Transpor normal lambat dari petanda plasma (1) dalam vesikula pinositik (2) melintasi
sitoplasma endothelial (3) masuk ke ruang subendothelial (4) sedangkan junction endothelial
tertutup (5)
Gambar B. Transpor pinositik amat besar meningkatkan (1) petanda plasma melintasi
endothelium dalam suatu kondisi inflamasi. Pada beberapa kasus, pertemuan jalinan (2)
vesikula pinositik membentuk saluran temporer (3) melalui sitoplasma endothelial
Gambar C. Plasma keluar melalui junction endothelial (1) mengikuti kontraksi sel
endothelial (2).
Gambar D. Plasma keluar melalui gap (celah) (1) dalam tubulus endothelial akibat destruksi
segmental (2) dari sitoplasma endothelial.
Causes of the Injury Components in the Earliest Lesions#2
Metabolic Insult
• Lipids (hyperlipemia increase permeability, lipid
deposition injure its smooth muscle cell of arterial wall).
• Elevated blood bile acid consentration, injure the
endothelium.
• Diabetes, attack arterial wall (endothel & myocytes) via
hyperlipemia & keto acid.
• Amino acid changes (homocysteinemia); cathecolamin &
angiotensin; kidneys disease; mineral metabolism
changes (Ca, Mg, Cu).
Causes of the Injury Components in the Earliest Lesions#3
Exogenous Chemical
• Smoking, endotheliotoxic effect of nicotine.
• Endotoxin.
• Crotalaria alkaloids.
• Cyanide.
Viral Agents
• Coxsackie virus B, cause necrosis of arterial myocytes.
Immune Insults
• Circulatory Ag-Ab complex, can injure endothelium (rejection of
coronary arteries in heart-transplant)
Compression, Obstruction, or Destruction of Adventitial Lymphatics
• Arresting lymphatic drainage of arterial wall.
Mechanisms of Myocyte Proliferation the Earliest Lesions