‫بسم هللا الرمحن الرحمي‬

Introduction
to Pathology
Presented By:
Dr : Abdiaziz Omar Muse
MBBS College Of Medicine
University Bakht El ruda/Sudan
Master of Tropical infectious
diseases
DEFINITION
• Pathology is the study of disease
• it is related to the study of:
1. the structural,
2. biochemical, and
3. functional changes
• in cells, tissues, and organs that underlie disease.
 It thus serves as the
bridge between the
basic sciences and
clinical medicine, and is
the scientific foundation
for all of medicine.
 the study of pathology is divided into:

1.general pathology

2.systemic pathology
GENERAL PATHOLOGY
concerned with the reactions of
cells and tissues to abnormal
stimuli and to inherited defects.

Deals with the general

principles of the disease
 systemic pathology
examines the alterations in
specialized organs and
tissues that are responsible
for disorders that involve
these organs.
.
The four aspects of a disease process that
form the core of pathology
1. The cause (etiology),
2. the mechanisms of its development
(pathogenesis),
3. the biochemical and structural changes in the cells
and organs (molecular and morphologic changes),
4. the functional consequences of these changes
(clinical manifestations).
 Etiology (Cause)
• there are two major classes of etiologic factors:

A- genetic :
1. inherited mutations
2. disease-associated gene variants, or polymorphisms

B- acquired :
3. infectious
4. nutritional
5. chemical
6. physical
• , most of our common diseases , such as
atherosclerosis and cancer, are multifactorial
and arise from the effects of various external
triggers on a genetically susceptible individual.
 Pathogenesis
• refers to the sequence of events in the
response of cells or tissues to the etiologic
agent, from the initial stimulus to the ultimate
expression of the disease.

• The study of pathogenesis remains one of the

main domains of pathology.
 Molecular and Morphologic
Changes.

Morphologic changes refer to the

structural alterations in cells or tissues that
are either characteristic of a disease or
diagnostic of an etiologic process.
• The practice of diagnostic pathology
is devoted to identifying the nature
and progression of disease by
studying morphologic changes in
tissues and chemical alterations in
patients.
 Functional Derangements and Clinical Manifestations.

• The end results of genetic, biochemical, and

structural changes in cells and tissues are:
• functional abnormalities (Clinical Manifestations)
 Clinical Manifestations
1. Symptoms
2. signs

• as well as :
1. its progress (clinical course)
2. and outcome
 Some additional terms…
• Patient: person affected by the disease.

• Lesion: characteristic changes in tissues and cells

caused by the disease

• Diagnosis: investigations done to know the exact

disease

• Treatment: measures to be taken to cure the disease

• Prognosis: what is going to happen

Empty brains should be filled

end